Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is first isolated as a 16-kDa secreted protein from cultured fluid of phytohemagglutinin-activated human T-cell leukemia SKW-3 cells. Recently LECT2 has shown to be synthesized by human hepatocytes and stimulates the growth of chondrocytes. LECT2 is involved in chemotactic factor to neutrophils and may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Besides, LECT2 is evolutionarily conserved and acts as a repressor in the Wnt/£]-catenin signaling pathway. Wnt/£]-catenin signaling is implicated in liver carcinogenesis. However, the exact roles of LECT2 in liver carcinogenesis are not yet well characterized. This study is to investigate the extra roles of LECT2 in Wnt signaling. Our results showed that adenoviral administration of LECT2 over-expression suppress oncogenic processes such as migration, invasion, proliferation and colony formation, as well as alteration in cell cycle distributions. In animal model significantly suppress liver malignancies in orthotopic Novikoff hepatoma. In conclusion, we show that ad-LECT2 gene delivery attenuated cell carcinogenesis process via downregulated Wnt/£]-catenin signaling in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Besides LECT2 over-expression represents a novel therapeutically factor for hepatocelluar carcinoma.

Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est la deuxième cause de mortalité par cancer dans le monde. Plusieurs études attestent du rôle du microenvironnement tumoral (MET) comme acteur fondamental de la carcinogenèse. A l’aide de modèles murins mimant un sous groupe de CHC fréquent, notre équipe avait identifié la molécule LECT2 comme un effecteur moléculaire important du MET dans le contrôle de l’agressivité tumorale.L'objectif de ma thèse a été d’adresser le rôle fonctionnel de LECT2 dans le microenvironnement immunitaire au cours du CHC.A l’aide de modèles murins, nous observons que l’absence de LECT2 entraine une accumulation importante de cellules myéloïdes dans le MET. Nous montrons que ces cellules myéloïdes sont immatures, arborent des capacités immunosuppressives puissantes vis-à-vis des lymphocytes T et ont un programme transcriptionnel permettant une action promotrice de tumeurs. De façon intéressante, l’accumulation de ces acteurs dans le microenvironnement est associée à l’émergence de nodules tumoraux indifférenciés exprimant des marqueurs de transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse/cellules progénitrices/métastases.D’un point de vue mécanistique, nous avons démontré une perte de différenciation plus importante des hépatocytes en absence de LECT2 dans des conditions d’activation de la signalisation β-caténine. Nous montrons également par des expériences de co-culture que les cellules myéloïdes infiltrant les tumeurs en absence de LECT2 ont une forte capacité à induire une perte de différenciation des hépatocytes.Enfin, nous avons analysé l'expression de LECT2 dans une vaste cohorte d’échantillons humains de CHC. Nous montrons que la diminution d’expression de LECT2 corrèle fortement avec 1)- la présence d’invasion vasculaire, 2)- la perte de différenciation des hépatocytes tumoraux et 3)- la présence d’infiltrats inflammatoires.L’ensemble de ces données démontre que LECT2 agit comme un régulateur essentiel dans la cancérogénèse hépatique à travers son action double sur les hépatocytes et sur la fonction des cellules myéloïdes infiltrant les tumeurs. Ainsi, ces travaux identifient LECT2 comme un biomarqueur potentiel ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives de traitement du CHC. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second cause of cancer-rel ated death worldwide. Several studies highlighted the tumor microenvironment (TEM) as a key player in cancer from initiation to progression steps of tumorigenesis. Using relevant HCC mouse models, our team identified the chemokine-like LECT2 as a critical actor of liver TEM in the control of tumor aggressiveness.The aim of my thesis was to address functionally the role of LECT2 in the immune microenvironment during HCC.Using mouse models, we observed that the absence of LECT2 induces a significant accumulation of myeloid cells in the TEM. We showed that these myeloid cells were immature, harbored strong immunosuppressive capabilities on T cells and expressed a transcriptional program sustaining tumor progression. Interestingly, the accumulation of these actors in the microenvironment is associated with the emergence of poorly differentiated tumor nodules expressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition / progenitor / metastasis markers.Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LECT2-deficient hepatocytes in the context of β-catenin activation were able to perform EMT like WT hepatocytes do after TGF-β1 challenge. In co-culture experiments, we demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in the absence of LECT2 have a strong ability to induce hepatocyte EMT.Finally, we analyzed the expression of LECT2 in a vast cohort of HCC liver samples and found that downregulation of LECT2 expression strongly correlates with 1) - the presence of vascular invasion, 2) – histological grade and 3) - the presence of inflammatory infiltrates.Altogether, our data demonstrate that LECT2 acts as a strong regulator of liver tumor aggressiveness through its dual action on hepatocytes and impact on the function of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. This work identifies LECT2 as a new biomarker for HCC and pave the way to new therapeutic strategies.

Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is a zinc-binding multi-functional protein comprising three disulfide bonds, that is involved in multiple disorders of worldwide concern. Recently LECT2 was found to be involved in amyloidosis (ALECT2) and is believed to be the third most common form of systemic amyloidosis. The disease progression of ALECT2 is relatively slow, and the aggregation assembly is foremostly associated with the kidneys and the liver, but also other organs in the later onset of the disease. This study involved developing a protocol for producing His6-TEV-LECT2 including expression in E.coli BL21(DE3), refolding, and purification. The protocol resulted in a sufficient yield for initial measurements for characterization and biophysical analysis with the following methods: mass spectrometry (MS), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorimetry. The produced protein was characterized as LECT2 predominantly in its oxidized form. A brief biophysical analysis was made where LECT2 started to unfold already at physiological temperature with a midpoint at 50°C. Additionally, under chemical denaturation LECT2 unfolded with a midpoint of 3 M urea in a cooperative transition without any intermediates. Further on, wavelengths for monitoring the unfolding and the aggregation simultaneously were identified. The unfolding process occurred under 20 sec in 6 M urea and correlates with a double-exponential model. The LECT2 aggregates resemble protofibril-like structures and aggregates species from monomer up to hexamer were found, suggesting simple monomeric addition towards a growing fibril as the aggregation mechanism. The content of aggregates in the sample was notably decreased upon disulfide bond reduction highlighting the importance of further investigating the role of the disulfide bonds in the destabilization and aggregate formation of LECT2.