Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte nachgewiesen werden, dass bei in vitro kultivierten kaninen dermalen Fibroblasten einer Hunderasse nach einer bestimmte Kultivierungszeit replikative Seneszenz entsteht und dass das replikative Vermögen dieser Zellen in der Zellkultur abhängig vom Alter des Spendertieres ist. Dreißig Beagle aus zwei Versuchstieranstalten wurden als Hautspender genutzt. Diese Tiere wurden in die drei Altersgruppen jung, adult und alt unterteilt. Mit Hilfe einer Hautstanze wurde bei allen Tieren im Bereich der rechten Skapula ein Hautstück gewonnen. Diese Hautstücken wurden in Zellkulturflaschen verbracht. Die aus diesem Explantat auswandernden Zellen stellten die Grundlage für die Primärkultur dar. Die Zellen wurden in regelmäßigen Abständen subkultiviert. Dabei wurden immer die Gesamtzellzahl und die Vitalität der Kulturen bestimmt. Diese Werte bildeten die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Parameter des replikativen Vermögens der Zellen. Auf Grundlage der erstellten Wachstumskurven konnte die Generationszeit der Zellen berechnet werden. Parallel zur Kultivierung der Zellen erfolgte die morphologische Betrachtung der Zellen mit Hilfe eines Phasenkontrastmikroskops und histologischen Färbungen, die unter dem Lichtmikroskop näher beurteilt wurden. / This thesis aims to demonstrate that, after a certain period of time, replicative senescence develops in canine dermal fibroblasts of a certain dog breed when cultured in vitro. It is also shown that the replicative capacity of these cells is related to the age of the donor animal. Thirty Beagles from two experimental facilities were used as skin donors. The animals were divided in three age groups: young, adult and old. Skin samples from the right scapula were taken from all animals by means of a punch biopsy and transferred to cell culture vessels. The primary culture was based on the cells emigrating from these explants. The cells were subcultured at regular intervals, at which the total number of cells and the vitality of the cultures were also determined. Based on these parameters, the replicative capacity of the cells was calculated and growth curves were created, which were then used to calculate the generation times of the cells. Parallel to cultivation, the cells underwent morphological dissection using a phase contrast microscope on the one hand and a light-optical microscope with histological staining on the other hand.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Kassel, 2007.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Mannheim, 2007.

Dans l'industrie du pétrole et des moteurs, les écoulements de fluides non-miscibles sont fréquemment rencontrés : écoulements d'hydrocarbures dans les conduites, séparation en production, injection de carburant dans les moteurs, procédés de raffinage, etc.Pour modéliser ce type d'écoulement, deux approches sont possibles. Soit l'écoulement est décrit de façon macroscopique et les phénomènes locaux (rupture et coalescence des gouttes, glissement des phases, compaction locale, etc.) sont modélisés à l'aide de lois de fermeture analytiques ou empiriques. Soit l'écoulement est modélisé de manière directe à l'échelle de la goutte et on s'attache à décrire précisément l'interface et les interactions entre les phases. C'est cette dernière approche que nous avons proposé d'adopter pour étudier des écoulements à phase dispersée liquide-liquide, et plus particulièrement les phénomènes de rupture et coalescence, collision ou déformation de gouttes. Ainsi, le but principal de ce travail de thèse a été le développement d'un code de simulation numérique directe capable de modéliser un écoulement diphasique liquide-liquide, afin d'étudier en détail les effets de coalescence et de rupture entre les gouttes. Ce travail a nécessité l’utilisation d’une technique de suivi d’interface appropriée et le développement d’un solveur des équations de Navier-Stokes incompressible pour calculer le champ de vitesse, ainsi qu’une méthode de couplage entre ces deux solveurs pour la simulation des écoulements diphasiques. Notre outil numérique a été validé sur de nombreux cas tests académiques et appliqué à l'étude du processus de séparation liquide-liquide. / The flow of immiscible fluids is a frequent issue in the petroleum industry: hydrocarbon in pipelines, separation process for production, fuel injection in engines, refinery treatment processes, etc.There are two possible approaches to model this type of flow. In the first one, the flow is described macroscopically. In this case, local phenomena (breakage or coalescence of droplets, phase slip, local compaction) are modeled thanks to analytic closure laws or empiric laws. In the second approach, the flow is simulated indirectly on a scale of droplet and we want to describe precisely the interface and the interactions between phases. We propose here to consider the second method to study liquid/liquid dispersed flows and especially the phenomena of breakage or coalescence and collision or distortion of the droplets.Thus, the main purpose of this work was the development of a direct numerical simulation code that is capable to model a liquid-liquid two-phase flow, in order to study in detail the effects of droplets coalescence and breakage. To model a two-phase flow, it is necessary to choose an appropriate interface tracking method and to develop a solver for Navier-Stokes incompressible equations to compute the velocity and pressure values. Also, a coupling method that is able to handle the discontinuous quantities at the interface has to be implemented. Our numerical tool has been validated on numerous academic test cases and applied to study the process of liquid-liquid separation.

Knowing how much fuel there is in a car is important for a predictable driving experience. Such knowledge will dictate how a person drives, when to refuel and how long they can drive. However unprocessed fuel level signals are highly noisy and therefore misleading.To ensure a good and predictable driving experience it is important to estimate the fuel level. The way this thesis has tackled this problem is by comparing and evaluating different filtering methods.The estimation algorithms were designed based on a saddle type tank developed by Volvo Car Corporation. The fuel level sensor consists of a floater arm and can only detect fuel levels within its maximal and minimal positions. The tank size can deviate from the standard volume and it will affect the measurement. Acceleration, angular orientation and fuel consumption are all factors that disturb fuel level estimation and therefore their relationship to the estimation problem is investigated. An experiment was devised to investigate the relationship between angular orientation, fuel volume and fuel level readings. ARX based models were made including angular orientation or acceleration. The relationship was concluded to be non-linear. The Kalman, $H_{\infty}$, Particle and Recursive Least Squares filters were compared. The Kalman and RLS filters had the most desirable traits and were therefore further developed. Both Kalman and RLS resulted in smooth estimates on the driving cycles tested.The Kalman filter provided a steadier estimate and could be easily tuned for faster convergence to zero. The Kalman filter can easily be changed to accommodate parametric uncertainties which improve its robust qualities.However the relationship between angular orientation and fuel level readings are non-linear. Therefore the RLS method was considered more robust for a reduced biased fuel reading under angular orientations. In conclusion the most desirable filter is a filter that provides the best traits from both filters.

Mudanças na taxa de acumulação e na natureza da matéria orgânica sedimentar, e suas relações com as variações climáticas e flutuações do nível relativo do mar durante os últimos 8.500 anos cal. A.P. foram investigadas em dois testemunhos provenientes do Saco de Ribeira, Enseada do Flamengo, e junto à praia do Lázaro, Enseada da Fortaleza, na região de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. Para o estudo as amostras coletadas foram submetidas a diversas análises - granulometria, teor de CaCO3, teores de Carbono orgânico, Nitrogênio e Enxofre totais, e razões isotópicas de carbono. Datações 14C, calibradas para a idade calendário, permitiram estabelecer um modelo de idades para as variações sedimentares detectadas. Intervalos de clima mais quente, 8.000-6.000 anos cal. A.P., foram acompanhados de um aumento na taxa de acumulação de carbono T.A.C. (10-13 g m-2 ano-1), seguida de diminuição após 5.000 anos cal. A.P., para valores inferiores a 2 g m-2 ano-1. Variações climáticas regionais, possivelmente relacionadas a chuvas torrenciais, próximos ao máximo transgressivo, de 5.100 anos 14C A.P., foram detectadas pelo aumento nos valores de T.A.C. (10-12 g. m- 2 ano-1), aumento nas taxas de acumulação de massa (T.A.M.) e deposição de sedimentos mais grossos, acompanhados de aumento na tendência continental da natureza da matéria orgânica. As maiores tendências continentais da matéria orgânica sedimentar, registradas aproximadamente entre 1.500-1.200 anos cal. A.P., podem ser decorrentes de uma oscilação negativa do nível do mar. No geral, todos os resultados estão de acordo com as curvas de variação do nível relativo do mar, já descritas na literatura. As análises sedimentares da região estudada revelaram um evento regressivo-trangressivo, que ainda não havia sido referido para o Estado de São Paulo. A partir de ~2.000 anos cal. A.P., o mar teria atingido um nível mais baixo que o atual, com o mínimo provavelmente entre 1.500-1.200 anos cal. A.P., e encontra-se em ascensão até os dias atuais. As características anóxicas e a matéria orgânica sedimentar de origem planctônica registradas junto à praia do Lázaro, em meio a condições de energia relativamente mais alta, em ~900 anos cal. A.P., foram consideradas como resultado de condições óxicas das águas, acompanhadas de altas taxas de produtividade, e subseqüente degradação da matéria orgânica, existentes no período anterior. / Changes in the organic carbon accumulation rates (Corg A.R.) and organic matter source characteristics and their relation to climate and relative sea level changes during the last 8.500 cal. yr. B.P. were investigated in two sediment cores from 2 embayments - Flamengo and Fortaleza inlets - northern coast of São Paulo State. Sediment samples were analysed for grain size, organic Carbon, total Nitrogen and Sulphur contents, and ?13C ratio. Radiocarbon datings provided a model age to the sedimentary deposits. The warm climate interval 8.000-6.000 cal. yr. B.P. was accompanied by an increase in the Corg A.R. (10-13 g.m.-2 yr -1) and a decrease (~2 g.m.-2 yr -1) in the last ~5.000 cal. yr. B.P. Regional climate changes, as stormy weather, that may have ocurred near the maximum transgressive period called Santos Transgression at 5.100 yr. B.P., were recorded in the sedimentary profiles by relatively hight T.A.C. and T.A.M. values, coaser grain size sediment delivery, and enhanced terrestrial organic matter source characteristics. Improvement of terrestrial origin of the sedimentary organic matter recorded between 1.500-1.200 cal. yr. B.P in the studied area was mainly related to a negative sea-level oscillation. All the results are in general agreement with the existing sea level change curves. The sedimentary profiles suggest a negative sea-level fall event, that had\'nt been described yet for São Paulo State. It\'s proposed that the negative oscillation would have begun at ~2.000 cal. yr. B.P.and reached a minimum probably between 1.500-1200 cal. yr. B.P. The relative sea level has been rising since then. Anoxic conditions accompanied by algal origins of sedimentary organic matter, observed in the sedimentary profile from Fortaleza inlet at 900 cal. yr. B.P, during a more oxidizing environment are considered as a result of a previous well oxygencontaining water column and high productivity rates.

Thesis (MTech Biomedical Technology)--Cape Peninsula University of Cape Town, 2005 / In clinical radiotherapy, experiments are performed to determine optimal conditions of the radiation prior to radiotherapy. These experiments focus on the relative biological effectivness(RBE) determination and are predominantly applied in high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations i.e. fast neutrons, as the RBE values for such radiations vary greatly. In general, the RBE of a certain radiation relative to a given reference radiation flCo gamma) varies widely with the energy, dose, dose rate, fractionation, type of tissue and end-point used. Experience with neutron therapy at iThemba LABS has shown that treatment with more fractions and lower doses per fraction may be beneficial for some patients. To calculate the iso-effective treatment dose needed, an appropriate alp ratio for early effects is needed. In this study, the repair of mouse jejunum was measured for split-dose irradiations to determine if a suitable alP ratio for neutrons could be estimated using the known value for gamma rays and the applicable RBE.. Crypt stem cell survival was measured 3.5 days after split-dose exposures to p(66)/Be neutrons and 6OCo gamma rays. Dose response curves for both treatment modalities and for both acute and fractionated exposures were constructed by counting crypts of Leiberkhiin at the base of the villi in haematoxylin and Eosin-stained sections of mouse jejunum. Using a RBE value of 1.64 and an alP ratio of 7Gy noted for tbe fractionated photon exposures, an alP ratio of 11.5 IV could be estimated for neutrons.

Les mousses sont des assemblées de bulles de gaz dans une matrice liquide et sont utilisées dans plusieurs applications telles que par exemple l'isolation thermique et phonique, le forage pétrolier. Cependant, elles sont instables et tendent donc à disparaître. Les mécanismes qui gouvernent la stabilité d'une mousse et son effondrement restent encore incompris au niveau fondamental. Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier le couplage physico-chimique et rhéologique au sein d'une mousse par des simulations numériques, au niveau d'un amas de bulles cisaillées, afin de mieux comprendre l'origine de cette instabilité / Foams are gaz bubbles assemblies in a liquid matrix and are used in several applications such as for example the thermal and phonic insulating, ore drilling. However, they are instables and trend to disappear. the mechanisms that gouverns the foam stability and its collapse are still not well understood from a fundamental point of vue. The goal of this thesis work is to study the physico-chemical and rheological coupling in a foam, by numerical simulations of a cluster of sheared bubbles, in order to better understand the origin of this foam instability

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The findings of the study indicate that knowledge of logic does help to improve the ability of students to make logical connections (deductions) between and from statements.The results of the study, however, do not indicate that knowledge and understanding of logic translates into improved proving ability of mathematical statements by students. / South Africa

Scientific evidence points to a changing global climate. The most vital and visible impacts of this phenomenon for sea-level communities are sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and more frequent severe coastal storms. However, limited research has been conducted to date to project the damage from rising maximum water levels and corresponding storm surges, and their impacts on the sustainability of coastal communities. This research focuses on the urban coastal community of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.), Canada as part of the C-Change International Community University research Alliance (ICURA), “Managing Adaptation to Environmental Change in Coastal Communities: Canada and the Caribbean.” The stochastic process that underlies, maximum observed water levels in Charlottetown, is modeled using historical data. Maximum observed water levels and storm surges are represented by fitted conditional and marginal univariate probability density functions. The statistical package “Easy-Fit” is used as a tool for analyzing goodness of fit to the historical data for maximum observed water levels in Charlottetown. A System Dynamics (SD) model, using STELLA, is developed to simulate the projected impacts of maximum observed water levels on the City of Charlottetown. The SD model captures the dynamics of the four pillars of community sustainability, namely Environmental, Economic, Social-Cultural and Human sectors identified for the City of Charlottetown. The model defines and evaluates the robustness of alternative adaptation strategies for various model scenarios to projected storms over a long-term planning period. The results quantify the vulnerability of Charlottetown. The analysis of the results from implementing 3 main adaptation strategies for protection, accommodation, and retreat scenarios as well as the ones from the most common current response of “doing nothing”, provide information on the dynamic and pillar-related impacts of storms on Charlottetown. Analysis of these strategy options clearly indicates that doing nothing in the face of more frequent severe storms is an inefficient strategy. Model results show that the protect strategy is unlikely to deliver complete protection, and the retreat option is costly and not well received. The accommodation strategy including a combination of protection options and controlled retreat will provide the most robust option for the coastal City of Charlottetown. The SD model and analysis provides a framework for the evaluation of adaptation strategies for alternative coastal communities.