<p>A1302</p><p>Introduction: Peru is a country that is undergoing a process of democratic transformation. Local and international development agencies are established in Peru in order to support this process. In the last decade, there has been an encouragement for these agencies to use strategic management in their project work. The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is an objective-oriented approach that has become widely employed for the planning, implementation and evaluation of development projects. The so called “vertical logic” of the LFA, rests on the assumption that project stakeholders can predetermine and agree on how certain activities will lead to the accomplishment of a hierarchy of formally stated goals.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the applicability of the vertical logic of LFA on development projects in Peru.</p><p>Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this paper is based on theories and arguments raised for and against Management By Objectives (MBO) from which the LFA originates. In addition, the special features of the development sector are discussed in regard to this rational goal approach.</p><p>Method: This paper has been carried out as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Peru where representatives of local as well as international development agencies have been interviewed.</p><p>Empirical findings and Analysis: This paper highlights the special characteristics of development work in Peru. Projects are typically large with abstract, complex goals and multiple stakeholders. In addition, they are carried out in an environment typified by significant instability and change. These characteristics potentially make some of the features inherent in the vertical logic of LFA, such as strict planning and goal congruency, unrealistic. This potentially limits its usefulness as a strategic management tool.</p>

Cellular adhesion plays a crucial role in the biological function of cells, allowing them to communicate and signal, as well as physically anchor, by enabling them to adhere to either other cells or the extra cellular matrix (ECM). This process is regulated by several factors including intrinsic bond kinetics, internal cellular signaling, environment, force exerted on the bond, and force history of the bond. Concerning the force and force history dependence, the observation of catch bonds in integrin binding has asked as more questions than it has answered. To explore the force and force history dependence this process, each bond was loaded to a peak force before relaxing to a much lower force that was held for the duration of the measurement. Two different integrins were studied, both of which have in previous works exhibited a catch bond. Furthermore, the effects of different metal ion conditions and an allosteric antagonist were also studied to elucidate the conformational effects on force priming of integrin. What was observed was that I domain, or αA domain, possessing integrin, whether tested against its more active or less active binding state, changed very little in terms of off rate once the priming force was applied. However in the I domain, or αA domain, lacking integrin, the observed off rate changed as well. It seems that force priming is capable of causing integrin to bind in a stronger manner regardless of the other conditions used to either activate or inhibit binding. However the way in which the binding is strengthened depends on the receptors structure.

<p>Same, Same, but Different</p><p>-a Minor Field Study of the Future Red Cross Women’s Project,</p><p>Malindi Branch, Kenya.</p><p>In May 2005, we received a scholarship from the Swedish International Development Agency, SIDA, to conduct a Minor Field Study about the future women’s project at the Malindi Red Cross branch, Kenya. The branch has since May 2002 been involved in a Twinning cooperation with the Swedish Red Cross Southeast Region.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is by using the Logical Framework Approach and the Intersectional perspective, to examine the situation for women in Malindi and the work of the Red Cross branch, in order to propose guidelines for the future Red Cross women’s project. The questions asked were: How can the guidelines for the women’s project be formulated in order for the vision of the Red Cross to be reached? What changes within the individual, societal and political sphere have to be accomplished in order to meet the needs and interests of different women in Malindi?</p><p>The work of the Red Cross is in a political science perspective interesting as it through its role of a humanitarian organisation and NGO, plays an important role in the Kenyan civil society, performing activities and providing services that originally should be supplied by the government.</p><p>We have found that it is not possible to talk about the woman in Malindi, due to the fact that women’s backgrounds, problems, needs and interests are different. Therefore it is of great importance that the Red Cross in order to accomplish its vision, i.e. to reach the most vulnerable, includes a gender and an intersectional approach into its activities and outreaches. There is a desire in Kenya to politicize the gender issue, however the future will show the will to actually implement these laws and reforms needed for the empowerment of the women. Moreover, different gender structures can only be achieved through the questioning of the traditional gender roles from both men and women and in this process we have recognised the Red Cross as an important moulder of public opinion. Finally we also want to suggest an inclusion of the gender- and the intersectional perspective into the method of LFA, since the traditional model is not sufficient in considering the different needs of different people.</p>

A1302 Introduction: Peru is a country that is undergoing a process of democratic transformation. Local and international development agencies are established in Peru in order to support this process. In the last decade, there has been an encouragement for these agencies to use strategic management in their project work. The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is an objective-oriented approach that has become widely employed for the planning, implementation and evaluation of development projects. The so called “vertical logic” of the LFA, rests on the assumption that project stakeholders can predetermine and agree on how certain activities will lead to the accomplishment of a hierarchy of formally stated goals. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the applicability of the vertical logic of LFA on development projects in Peru. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this paper is based on theories and arguments raised for and against Management By Objectives (MBO) from which the LFA originates. In addition, the special features of the development sector are discussed in regard to this rational goal approach. Method: This paper has been carried out as a Minor Field Study (MFS) in Peru where representatives of local as well as international development agencies have been interviewed. Empirical findings and Analysis: This paper highlights the special characteristics of development work in Peru. Projects are typically large with abstract, complex goals and multiple stakeholders. In addition, they are carried out in an environment typified by significant instability and change. These characteristics potentially make some of the features inherent in the vertical logic of LFA, such as strict planning and goal congruency, unrealistic. This potentially limits its usefulness as a strategic management tool.

No description available.

Gold mine waste poses a significant challenge for rehabilitation practitioners and can negatively impact on soil, air, surface water and groundwater quality. This, in turn, can affect the environmental quality of humans and other biota in nearby settlements and surrounding ecosystems. All mines are required to have a plan in place to impede or mitigate these environmental impacts and to ensure that all legislation is complied with to apply for closure. Site closure is the eventual goal of all mine residue complexes, as it is the stage at which a company becomes released from all legal and financial liability. The South African legislation is comprehensive and essentially requires that all latent and residual environmental impacts are addressed and that an end land-use designation is put in place that conforms to the principles of sustainable development. The Chemwes Tailings Storage Facility complex near Stilfontein was monitored to provide a strategic assessment of the state of the rehabilitation, and to provide recommendations for the successful remediation of problem sites. A combination of vegetation sampling, landscape function assessments and substrate chemical analyses were conducted to gain a predictive understanding of rehabilitation progress. The monitoring was conducted over two years across a chronosequence of rehabilitating sites from tailings dam slopes and an adjacent spillage site. An undisturbed grassland and a starter-wall served as reference sites. The data were first analysed independently and then by making use of multivariate data ordinations. This allowed for holistic investigations of the relationships between sites, substrate chemistry, vegetation composition and landscape function. The results showed that the tailings dams had a distinctly different suite of vegetation from the reference sites, but had no statistically significant differences in composition across the rehabilitating chronosequence. There were positive correlations between rehabilitation site age and landscape function indices, suggesting that some aspects of ecosystem development were occurring over time. In some sites, deterioration in the substrate quality as a growth medium was observed with increases in acidity and salinity. This was most likely caused by pyrite oxidation in the tailings and the high concentrations of free salts. The increasing acidity and salinity resulted in vegetation senescence and declines in landscape function. However, those sites that possessed higher landscape function appeared to have the ecosystem processes in place that temporarily suppressed negative chemical changes. Whilst this was encouraging,the rehabilitation chronosequence had not yet proven the self-sustainability that it would require for closure purposes. Further monitoring would be required over time. The sustainability of the rehabilitating chronosequence was brought into question by the high acid-forming potential of the tailings growth medium. Concerns were also raised over the ability of the established vegetation cover to persist under conditions of increasing stress and disturbance. Furthermore, the land-use capabilities of the sites are limited by current rehabilitation procedures and various recommendations were made to rectify this. A more streamlined monitoring framework for the tailings complex was also proposed. The contribution of this work lies in its holistic integration of monitoring techniques and the meaningful analysis of ecosystem function, an aspect largely ignored in minesite rehabilitation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Gold mine waste poses a significant challenge for rehabilitation practitioners and can negatively impact on soil, air, surface water and groundwater quality. This, in turn, can affect the environmental quality of humans and other biota in nearby settlements and surrounding ecosystems. All mines are required to have a plan in place to impede or mitigate these environmental impacts and to ensure that all legislation is complied with to apply for closure. Site closure is the eventual goal of all mine residue complexes, as it is the stage at which a company becomes released from all legal and financial liability. The South African legislation is comprehensive and essentially requires that all latent and residual environmental impacts are addressed and that an end land-use designation is put in place that conforms to the principles of sustainable development. The Chemwes Tailings Storage Facility complex near Stilfontein was monitored to provide a strategic assessment of the state of the rehabilitation, and to provide recommendations for the successful remediation of problem sites. A combination of vegetation sampling, landscape function assessments and substrate chemical analyses were conducted to gain a predictive understanding of rehabilitation progress. The monitoring was conducted over two years across a chronosequence of rehabilitating sites from tailings dam slopes and an adjacent spillage site. An undisturbed grassland and a starter-wall served as reference sites. The data were first analysed independently and then by making use of multivariate data ordinations. This allowed for holistic investigations of the relationships between sites, substrate chemistry, vegetation composition and landscape function. The results showed that the tailings dams had a distinctly different suite of vegetation from the reference sites, but had no statistically significant differences in composition across the rehabilitating chronosequence. There were positive correlations between rehabilitation site age and landscape function indices, suggesting that some aspects of ecosystem development were occurring over time. In some sites, deterioration in the substrate quality as a growth medium was observed with increases in acidity and salinity. This was most likely caused by pyrite oxidation in the tailings and the high concentrations of free salts. The increasing acidity and salinity resulted in vegetation senescence and declines in landscape function. However, those sites that possessed higher landscape function appeared to have the ecosystem processes in place that temporarily suppressed negative chemical changes. Whilst this was encouraging,the rehabilitation chronosequence had not yet proven the self-sustainability that it would require for closure purposes. Further monitoring would be required over time. The sustainability of the rehabilitating chronosequence was brought into question by the high acid-forming potential of the tailings growth medium. Concerns were also raised over the ability of the established vegetation cover to persist under conditions of increasing stress and disturbance. Furthermore, the land-use capabilities of the sites are limited by current rehabilitation procedures and various recommendations were made to rectify this. A more streamlined monitoring framework for the tailings complex was also proposed. The contribution of this work lies in its holistic integration of monitoring techniques and the meaningful analysis of ecosystem function, an aspect largely ignored in minesite rehabilitation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This thesis focused on examination of influence of changes structure and volume of grants on financial situation of selected farming companies. In the first part, the history of SZP, legal form of EU and CR and first of all the survey of grants which were possible to obtain in years 2004 {--} 2006 and after a year 2007 is stated. The second part of the thesis is attends to evaluation of financial situation of selected farming companies, which are dividend into 2 groups according to area where they are farming (region of LFA, marginal area). Resalts of analyse are stated in this part. Changes which occured in endowment policy in new plan period 2007 {--} 2013 are stated in this part too.

The purpose of this work was to analyze the current state of agricultural undertaking from the perspective of where the firm draws fund from the EU and national resoureces. Based on this analysis, the proposed new financial incentives for the development of selected farm and also has developed a pilot project proposal.

La leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) est l'hémopathie maligne la plus fréquente des pays occidentaux. Elle se caractérise par une accumulation de cellules leucémiques dans le sang, la moelle osseuse et les organes lymphoïdes secondaires. Malgré les nouvelles thérapies, la LLC reste incurable. Dans la LLC, comme dans tout cancer, le microenvironnement tumoral, un milieu complexe contenant des cellules immunitaires pouvant être pro-tumorales, prend une part croissante aussi bien dans la physiopathologie que le pronostic. La recherche de nouvelles thérapies ciblant les interactions des cellules leucémiques avec ce microenvironnement représente aujourd'hui une piste prometteuse pour traiter cette pathologie. Les " nurse-like " cells (NLC) semblaient être les macrophages associés aux tumeurs (TAM) de la LLC. Ces cellules, retrouvées dans les ganglions lymphatiques de patients, favorisent in vitro la survie des cellules leucémiques. Elles partagent avec les TAM de nombreuses caractéristiques telles que des capacités immunosuppressives, un profil transcriptomique proche et une implication dans la résistance aux traitements. Nous l'avons confirmé par une analyse fonctionnelle et phénotypique. Nos travaux indiquent clairement que les NLC sont les TAM de la LLC avec une forte expression de CD68 et de CD163 et qu'elles favorisent la survie des cellules leucémiques. Suite à ce travail, nous avons déterminé l'impact pronostique des NLC dans la LLC, en émettant l'hypothèse que, comme dans d'autres cancers, une forte infiltration par les TAM pouvait être de mauvais pronostic. Nous avons alors montré que le taux de NLC présentes au sein du ganglion lymphatique chez le patient est corrélé à la progression de la LLC. Les NLC relarguent également un facteur soluble le CD163 soluble (sCD163) dans le sang des patients, dont le taux est corrélé à des marqueurs de mauvais pronostic dans la LLC tels que le statut IgHV non muté, le caryotype complexe et les mutations de TP53. Enfin, le taux de sCD163 est un marqueur pronostique indépendant dans la LLC : un fort taux étant associé à un raccourcissement du temps avant retraitement, de la survie sans progression et de la survie globale des patients. Ensuite nous avons étudié l'impact d'une thérapie innovante, l'ibrutinib, un inhibiteur de tyrosine kinase ciblant spécifiquement la Bruton Tyrosine Kinase, sur ces NLC. In vitro, les monocytes se différencient toujours en NLC et leur phénotype n'est pas modifié. De plus, ces cellules sont toujours capables de protéger les cellules leucémiques de l'apoptose. Finalement, nous avons mis en évidence qu'elles pouvaient participer à la chimiorésistance, en protégeant in vitro les cellules leucémiques de l'ibrutinib mais pas du dasatinib, de l'idélalisib, du vénétoclax, de la bendamustine et du rituximab. L'ensemble de nos résultats indique que cibler les NLC est une piste prometteuse dans le traitement de la LLC. Les interactions cellulaires entre NLC et cellules leucémiques pourraient représenter une cible thérapeutique intéressante. Nous avons montré qu'in vitro le contact entre NLC et cellules leucémiques est nécessaire à la survie de ces dernières. Suite à une étude transcriptomique, nous avons mis en évidence plusieurs couples moléculaires potentiellement impliqués dans ces interactions. Seul le couple LFA3/CD2 s'est révélé être nécessaire dans ce contact via un mécanisme dépendant d'Akt et son blocage inhibe totalement les effets pro-survie des NLC sur les cellules leucémiques. En conclusion, les NLC via des interactions dépendantes du couple LFA-3/CD2 protègent les cellules leucémiques de l'apoptose in vitro. De plus, elles participent à la chimiorésistance en protégeant aussi les cellules leucémiques de l'ibrutinib. Elles relarguent également du sCD163, dosable dans le sérum, un facteur pronostique indépendant de la LLC. La recherche de nouvelles thérapies plus spécifiques, ciblant les NLC constitue donc une piste thérapeutique intéressante dans la LLC. / Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common hemopathy in western countries. This pathology is characterized by an accumulation of leukemic cells in blood, bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs. Despite new therapies, CLL is still incurable. In CLL, the microenvironment, a complex media containing immune cells witch can favor the tumor, takes now a large place in the physiopathology and the prognosis. The research of new therapies targeting interactions between CLL cells and microenvironment is a promising runway to find new drugs in CLL. "Nurse-like" cells (NLC) should be the tumor associated macrophages (TAM) of CLL. This cells, found in the lymph node of CLL patients, protect CLL cells against in vitro apoptosis. They share with TAM many characteristics including immunosubversive proprieties chemoresistance induction and a close gene expression profiling. We confirmed that by functional and phenotypical analysis. Our results indicate that NLC are the TAM of CLL with a high expression of CD68 and CD163 and that NLC can protect CLL cells against in vitro apoptosis. Thus, we focused on the clinical impact of NLC in CLL. Because in several cancers a high infiltration of TAM is correlated with a poor clinical outcome, we hypothesized that NLC infiltration should be associated with CLL outcome. We showed that infiltration of NLC in the lymph node can be correlated with the progressivity of CLL. Moreover, NLC release a soluble factor, the sCD163 (soluble sCD163), in the blood of CLL patients. High levels of this factor, can be correlated with previously established prognostic makers in CLL such as TP53 mutations, unmutatted IgHV status and complex karyotype. Finally, sCD163 was an independent prognostic marker in CLL and high levels are associated with shorter time to next treatment, progression free survival and overall survival. Next, we studied the impact of ibrutinib, a new therapy in CLL, on NLC. Ibrutinib is a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor witch targets specifically the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase. In vitro, NLC differentiated from ibrutinib treated patients have the same phenotype as NLC from untreated patients and are still able to protect CLL cells against apoptosis. To end, we tested if in vitro NLC could protect CLL cells against chemotherapy and showed that NLC protect CLL cells against ibrutinib but not against idelalisib, dasatinib, venetoclax, bendamustin and rituximab. All our previous studies reveal that NLC are a good target to find new therapies in CLL. We focused our work on the interaction between NLC and CLL cells. First, we demonstrated that the NLC/CLL cells contact is necessary to prevent CLL cells death in vitro. Next, by gene expression profiling, we screened several couple of molecules potentially implicated in these interactions. Finally, only LFA-3/CD2 couple was necessary for this contact through an Akt pathway dependent and the inhibition of this couple totally inhibited the pro-survival effect of NLC on CLL cells. To conclude, NLC protect CLL cells from in vitro apoptosis through LFA-3/CD2. Moreover, they protect CLL cells against ibrutinib and so facilitate the chemoresistance. They release sCD163, an independent marker in CLL, which can be measured in the serum. The research of new targets, which can be considerate as more specific, targeting NLC is still an interesting way to find new therapies in CLL.