Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules prédit l'existence du boson de Higgs,dont le canal de désintégration privilégié à basse masse est la production de paires de quarks beaux. L'identification des jets issus de tels quarks dans le détecteur ATLAS, situé sur l'anneau du LHC, tient donc un rôle majeur dans la physique des particules moderne.Dans ce document, un aperçu des méthodes d'étiquetage de ces jets b utilisées dans ATLAS ainsi que l'optimisation d'un algorithme en particulier, JetProb, sont présentés. La préparation à la mesure de l’efficacité de ces algorithmes dans les données est également développée. Enfin, après la prise de données à 900 GeV au centre de masse puis à l'énergie record de 7 TeV en 2009-2010, les premiers résultats concernant l'étude des traces chargées et la mise en place de l'étiquetage des jets b dans les données ont été obtenus et sont rassemblés ici. La comparaison avec la simulation montre un bon accord et les premiers candidats jets b et événements top observés sont étudiés. / The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of the Higgs boson,which preferentially decays to b quark pairs at low mass. The identification of jets stemming from such quarks in the ATLAS detector, placed at the LHC, is thus one of the keysto modern particle physics.In this document, an overview of the b-tagging methods used in ATLAS as well as the optimization of a specific algorithm, JetProb, are presented. The preparation to the measurement of these algorithms efficiency in data is also developed. Finally, after the first datataking at 900 GeV and then at the record energy of 7 TeV in 2009-2010, the first results on charged track studies and b-tagging commissioning were obtained and are gathered together here. Comparison with simulation shows a good agreement and the first b-jet and top events candidates are studied.

Après une description du LHC, de l'expérience Atlas et des systèmes calorimétriques à argon liquide, cette thèse montrera une étude qui vise à valider la simulation des gerbes électromagnétiques en utilisant des muons cosmiques. Nous discuterons ensuite de la reconstruction des pions neutres et de la cartographie de la matière dans le trajectographe interne en utilisant des photons convertis avec les premières données. Pour finir, nous présenterons les résultats obtenus concernant la recherche du boson de Higgs dans le canal H->ZZ->4l avec les données 2011 et une énergie √s=7TeV dans le centre de masse. / After a description of the LHC, the ATLAS experiment and the liquid argon calorimeter system, this thesis will show a study to validate the simulation of electromagnetic showers using cosmic muons. Then, we will discuss about neutral pion reconstruction and about the material mapping of the inner tracker using converted photons with the first data. Finally, we will present the results concerning the search for the Higgs boson in the H-> ZZ-> 4l channel with the 2011 data and a energy √s = 7TeV.

ALFA (Absolute Luminosity for ATLAS) vise à mesurer la luminosité absolue pour l'expérience ATLAS avec une incertitude de 2 - 3\% et la section efficace totale. La luminosité est reliée au nombre d’événements. Plus la luminosité est élevée, plus le nombre d’événements est élevé. C'est donc une quantité importante pour les collisionneurs en général et notamment pour le LHC (Large Hadron Collider). LHC est constitué de deux faisceaux circulant dans deux chambres à vide différentes et collisionnant aux quatre points d'interaction où les principales expériences de physique sont positionnées (ATLAS, CMS, ALICE et LHCb). Les détecteurs constituant ALFA insérés dans des Pots Romains sont positionnés à 240 m de distance du point d'intéraction d'ATLAS après six quadrîpoles et deux dipôles qui constituent la partie de ligne faisceau utile à ALFA et localisée sur le LHC.Les détecteurs sont constitués de fibres scintillantes pour détecter les protons élastiques issus du Point d'Interaction. Ces protons sont transportés au travers des différents aimants qui constituent la ligne de faisceau considérée et qui nécessite une optimisation des paramètres optiques pour les besoins de la mesure. Nous appellerons les optiques fort β, les optiques utilisées durant les périodes expérimentales dédiées à ALFA. Les paramètres des optiques fort β ont été simulés afin de remplir le cahier des charges demandé pour ALFA et elles ont été testées sur le LHC en 2011 et 2012 pendant un certain nombre de périodes expérimentales spécifiques aux optiques fort β sur le LHC.Ces périodes expérimentales se sont terminées en 2013 avant l'arrêt du LHC. Les paramètres optiques ont été mesurés et comparés aux simulations.Certains paramètres ayant des valeurs bien meilleures que celles attendues. Cela a aussi permis de regardes quelques incertitudes sur les paramètres optiques et d'évaluer l'impact de certains de ces paramètres sur la mesure de section efficace totale. / ALFA (Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS) aims at measuring the absolute luminosity for the ATLAS experiment with an incertitude down to 2-3 \% and the total elastic cross section. The luminosity is related to the number of events, the highest the luminosity, the highest the number of events. This is, then, an important quantity for colliders like LHC (Large Hadron Collider). LHC is made of two beams circulating in two different beam pipes and colliding at four interaction points where the four physics experiments are located (ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, LHCb). ALFA detectors inserted into Roman Pots (RPs), have been placed around ATLAS at 240 m distance from the collision point (IP1) after six quadrupoles magnets and two dipoles defining the ALFA beam line which is part of the LHC ring.The detectors are made of scintillating optics fibers to catch elastic protons generated at IP1. These protons are tracked through the LHC magnets beam line which needs to be optimized in terms of optics parameters. We call high β optics, the optics used for special ALFA runs measurements. The high β optics parameters have been simulated to fulfill the ALFA requirements and have been tested on LHC in 2011 and 2012 during a certain number of LHC special runs. It has ended at the end of 2013. The parameters have been measured and compared with simulations. Some of them achieving a better value than expected. It allowed us to calculate systematic uncertainties and to evaluate the impact of some optics parameters on the total elastic cross section measurement.

ALICE est dédié à l'étude d'un état de la matière nucléaire dans lequel les quarks et les gluons ne sont plus confinés dans les hadrons, qui est appelé Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). La production de bottomonia (états liés beauté antibeauté) est sensible au QGP parce-que les états du bottomonium sont formés avant la formation du QGP et traversent le plasma pendant son évolution. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est la mesure des modification des mésons Upsilon dans le canal de désintégration en deux muons en collisions Pb-Pb à √SNN = 5.02 TeV. En outre, un nouveau framework pour l'analyse des performances des détecteurs utilisés pour l'identification des muons a été réalisé et utilisé pour l'analyse des données du RUN1 et RUN2 du LHC. Enfin, et avec l’objectif d’optimiser des résultats de l’analyse, un nouvel algorithme d’identification de muons a été développé. Cet algorithme deviendra nécessaire pour faire face aux nouvelles conditions de prise de données du RUN3, pendant lequel une reconstitution quasi-en ligne du détecteur est prévue. / ALICE is devoted to the study of a deconfined state of nuclear matter called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons behave as free particles. The bottomonium (bound states of beauty-anti beauty quark) production is affected by the presence of the QGP, since bottomonium states are produced sooner than the QGP and witness the whole evolution of the plasma. In this analysis the data coming from Pb-Pb collisions have been analysed in order to detect possible modifications of the production rates in the dimuon decay channel, with respect to the rates observed in proton-proton collisions. Furthermore, the performances of the detectors involved in the muon identification during the LHC RUN1 and RUN2 has been tested using a new analysis framework implemented as part of this thesis. Finally, in order to optimize the results of future analyses, a new muon identification algorithm has been developed and tested. This algorithm will become necessary in the LHC RUN3 running conditions, when the much higher luminosity will require a quasi online reconstruction of data.

De nombreuses recherches ont été consacrées aux signatures des modèles supersymétrique depuis le Run1 du LHC qui a fourni des données à 7 et 8 TeV. Parmi ceux-ci, la recherche du chargino-neutralino (C1, N2) dans les états finals avec 1 lepton, 2 b-jets compatibles avec un boson de Higgs et une énergie transverse manquante. L'analyse des données collectées par ATLAS à 8 TeV en 2012 a permis d'exclure à 95% C.L. les modèles simplifiés pour lesquels le neutralino le plus léger (N1) est non massif et les C1, N2 sont de moins de 250 GeV. La présente analyse utilise les données collectées par ATLAS en 2015, 2016 et montre une meilleure sensibilité au signal due à l’augmentation de l'énergie des collisions au Run 2 jusqu'à 13 TeV. Cependant, les résultats sont compatibles avec les prédictions du modèle standard et ainsi les limites sur les masses de C1, N2 sont élevées et permettent d'exclure a 95% C.L. les modèles avec C1, N2 de moins de 680 GeV pour un N1 non massif. L'identification des b-jets joue un rôle important dans cette analyse. Dans cette thèse, on présente aussi des études sur la robustesse des performances du b-tagging avec diverses conditions de détection pour le détecteur a pixels, le plus important pour l'étiquetage de saveur des jets. Comme la plupart des recherches SUSY au LHC, cette analyse est effectuée en utilisant un modèle simplifié, ainsi le spectre de masse est choisi manuellement et les désintégrations SUSY considérées sont forcées. Suspect3 est l'un des outils théoriques utilisés pour interpréter les résultats de la recherche en modèles SUSY réalistes. Cette thèse présente la version SuSpect3 post-découverte du Higgs que nous développons. / During the LHC 8 TeV Run1, many searches were dedicated to the supersymmetric models. Among those, the search for the chargino-neutralino (C1, N2) pair production in final states with 1 lepton, 2 b-jets consistent with a Higgs boson and missing transverse energy. This search had negative outcome resulting in excluding C1, N2 masses up to 250 GeV for a massless lightest neutralino (N1) at 95% C.L.. The Run1 search used the 8 TeV ATLAS data collected in 2012. In this thesis, this search with ATLAS at LHC 13 TeV Run2 is presented, it uses 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ ATLAS data collected in 2015 and 2016. This Run 2 search provides an unprecedented sensitivity to high mass C1, N2 production. However, no evidence of new physics is observed and tighter new limits are placed on the C1, N2 production, with significant improvements over previous searches: C1, N2 masses up to 680 GeV for a massless N1 are excluded at 95% C.L. The identification of b-jets plays a significant role in this analysis. In this thesis, we present studies of the robustness of b-tagging performance with various conditions of the pixel detector, being the most important sub-detector for b-tagging. As most SUSY searches at the LHC, this analysis is carried out using Simplified Model of SUSY, i.e. the mass spectrum is chosen by hand and the considered SUSY decays are forced. Suspect3 is one of the theory tools utilized to map the search result into realistic SUSY models. This thesis presents the post Higgs discovery SuSpect3 version we have been working on. This version takes advantage of the very important new Higgs boson mass input to constrain other basic model parameter currently given as an input.

Nesta dissertação, revisamos o desenvolvimento do mecanismo de Higgs e a sua importância para a estruturação do Modelo Padrão da física de partículas elementares sob um ponto de vista histórico e contemporâneo. Foi enfatizado como a introdução de um dubleto escalar complexo com as simetrias de gauge do modelo fez com que algumas partículas adquirissem massa. Foi apresentado o contexto da descoberta do bóson de Higgs consumada em 2012 e possíveis discrepâncias nos resultados obtidos no Large Hadron Collider que poderiam indicar a possibilidade de física nova, em especial no canal de decaimento H . Estudamos as contribuições para a largura deste bóson em dois fótons com a introdução de novas partículas fermiônicas e escalares. Uma síntese do cálculo da largura deste canal, assim como as técnicas envolvidas para realizá-lo, são apresentadas. Considerando apenas as duas contribuições dominantes, foi estimado um valor de 9,165 keV para a largura do decaimento, resultando em uma razão de ramificação de 2,24 · 10^. / In this dissertation, we review the development of the Higgs mechanism and its importance to the structure of the Standard Model of elementary particles physics from a historical and contemporary point of view. It was emphasized how the introduction of a complex scalar doublet with the gauge symmetries of the model induces some particles to acquire mass. It was presented the context of Higgs boson discovery accomplished in 2012 and possible discrepancies in the results obtained at the Large Hadron Collider which may indicate the possibility of new physics, in particular in the H decay channel. We studied the contributions to the width of this boson decay into two photons with the introduction of new fermionic and scalar particles. A synthesis of computation of this channel width, as well as techniques involved to accomplish it, are presented. Considering the only two dominant contributions, it was estimated a value of 9.165 keV for the decay width, resulting in a branching ratio of 2.24 · 10^{3}.

Injection in the LHC is a delicate moment, since the LHC collimation system cannot offer adequate protection during beam transfer. For this reason, a complex chain of injection protection devices has been put in place. Among them, the SPS scrapers are the multi-turn cleaning system installed in the SPS aimed at halo removal immediately before injection in the LHC. The upgrade in luminosity of the LHC foresees beams brighter than those currently available in machine, posing serious problems to the performance of the existing injection protection systems. In particular, the integrity of beam-intercepting devices is challenged by unprecedented beam parameters, leading to interactions potentially destructive. In this context, a new design of scrapers has been proposed, aimed at improved robustness and performance. This thesis compares the two scraping systems, i.e. the existing one and the one proposed for upgrade. Unlike any other collimation system for regular halo cleaning, both are "fast" systems, characterised by the variation of the relative distance between the beam and the absorbing medium during cleaning, which enhances the challenge on energy deposition values. Assets/liabilities of the two systems are highlighted by means of numerical simulations and discussed, with particular emphasis on energy deposition in the absorbing medium, time evolution of the beam current during scraping and losses in the machine. Advantages of the system proposed for upgrade over the existing one are highlighted. The analysis of the existing system takes into account present operational conditions and addresses the sensitivity to settings previously not considered, updating and extending past studies. The work carried out on the upgraded system represents the first extensive characterisation of a multi-turn cleaning system based on a magnetic bump. Results have been obtained with the Fluka-SixTrack coupling, developed during this PhD activity from its initial version to being a state-of-art tracking tool for cleaning studies in circular machines. Relevant contributions to the development involve the handling of time-varying impact conditions. An extensive benchmark against a test of the scraper blades with beam has been carried out, to verify the reliability of results. Effcts induced in the tested blades confirm the high values of energy deposition predicted by the simulation. Moreover, the comparison with the time profile of the beam intensity measured during scraping allowed the reconstruction of the actual settings of the blades during the test. Finally, the good agreement of the quantitative benchmark against readouts of beam loss monitors finally proves the quality of the analyses and the maturity of the coupling.

La matière qui nous entoure est formé de hadrons, eux-même constitués de quarks et de gluons. Ces derniers sont des composants élémentaires qui n'existent pas sous forme libre. Cependant nous savons à l'heure actuelle que la matière confinée dans des hadrons peut, dans des conditions de haute température et/ou de haute densité baryonique, se retrouver sous une forme déconfinée de plasma de quarks et de gluons. Pour réaliser expérimentalement les conditions permettant de former ce plasma de quarks et de gluons, nous avons besoin d'une machine capable de faire entrer en collision des noyaux à des énergies très élevées: cela est notamment possible au CERN, où se situe le plus grand accélérateur de particules du monde, le Large Hadron Collider, qui a permis de faire entrer en collisions des noyaux de plomb à une énergie par paire de nucléons de 2.76 et 5.02TeV, et des protons à des énergies allant de 0.9 à 13TeV. Les collisions entre noyaux de plomb permettent, en particulier, d'atteindre les conditions de densité d'énergie nécessaires à la formation de la phase de plasma de quarks et de gluons. Ce travail de thèse contribue à ce programme de physique par l'étude de la production de mésons neutres légers en collisions proton-proton à 13TeV, référence nécessaire pour comprendre les observations en collisions plomb-plomb. L'étude des mésons neutres légers a été menée dans le canal dimuonique par l'analyse du spectre de masse invariante des dimuons de masse inférieure à 1.5 GeV/c², permettant notamment de mesurer les sections efficaces des mésons eta, rho/omega et phi / The ordinary matter surrounding us is made of hadrons which in turn are composed of quarks and gluons. These latter are elementary constituents which cannot be observed in a free state. However it is at present recognized that this matter confined within hadrons can undergo, under extreme conditions of high temperature and/or highnet baryonic density, a transition to a state of deconfined quarks and gluons whichcalled quark gluon plasma. The conditions required to form this quark gluon plasma can be experimentallyachieved using a machine capable of colliding nuclei at very high energies: this is particularly the case at CERN where is located the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, which collided Pb ions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 to 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair and protons of 0.9 to 13 TeV. Pb-Pb collisionssuch relativistic energies definitely allow for the suitable density conditions to form the quark gluon plasma phase. This thesis work contributes to this physics program by studying the production of neutral light mesons in collisions of proton-proton at 13 TeV, which provides the necessary reference to understand further observations done in Pb-Pb collisions. This study has been performed in the dimuon decay channel by analyzing the dimuon invariant mass spectrum in the region of masses lower than 1.5 GeV/c2 , giving accessthe measurement of the cross sections of eta, rho/omega and phi mesons

Um novo estado, o Plasma Quark-Gluon (QGP), é formado quando a matéria comum formada por hadrons é submetida a condições extremas de temperatura e/ou densidade. Acredita-se que esse estado esteja presente nos primeiros momentos do universo e que seja relevante para entender propriedades da cromodinâmica quântica. O QGP é criado e caracterizado em aceleradores de partículas por meio de colisões de íons pesados. No entanto, uma estrutura alongada em psedorapidez (\\textit{double ridge}) na distribuição da correlação angular entre duas partículas foi encontrada em sistemas pequenos, como pp e p--Pb. Essa estrutura assemelha-se àquela observada nas colisões com íons pesados, onde sua interpretação está ligada ao comportamento coletivo que gera uma anisotropia azimutal nos produtos finais das colisões. Essa estrutura não era esperada em sistemas pequenos e sua interpretação física ainda está em debate, em particular no que diz respeito ao papel da hidrodinâmica e das condições iniciais. Uma medida para este efeito com partículas provenientes de quarks pesados ainda não haviam sido realizadas no momento em que este trabalho foi iniciado e esta medida poderia esclarecer questões sobre as diferentes interpretações. Os quarks pesados são uma sonda interessante caso o QGP seja formado devido ao seu tempo de formação inicial, reagindo a toda a evolução do meio. Neste trabalho, os quarks pesados são estudados medindo-se os elétrons provenientes dos decaimentos semi-leptônicos de hádrons que contêm quarks \\textit{charm} ou \\textit{beauty} e outros quarks leves (\\textit{open heavy flavor}). Os hadrons não são reconstruídos e usa-se um método de extração de sinal para remover elétrons de outras fontes. As correlações angulares de elétrons de decaimento de hadrons de quarks pesados com partículas carregadas em colisões de p--Pb a $\\sqrt{s_{m NN}}$ = 5,02 TeV medidos com o experimento ALICE em rapidez central ($ | \\eta | <0,8 $) são apresentadas. As distribuições mostram sinais de anisotropias azimutais que são quantificadas pelo coeficiente $ v_2 $. O $ v_2 $ para elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados é positivo com mais de $ 5 \\sigma $ de significância, fornecendo uma forte indicação de anisotropias azimutais similares ao \\textit{double ridge} para partículas contendo quarks pesados em colisões de alta multiplicidade de p--Pb. Esta é a primeira medida do $ v_2 $ para elétrons vindos de quarks pesados em colisões p--Pb. / A new state of mater, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is formed when the ordinary hadronic matter is put under extreme temperature and/or density conditions. This state is believed to be present in the first moments of the universe and it is relevant to understand properties of the quantum chromodynamics. The QGP is created and characterized in particle accelerators by colliding heavy ions. However, a double-ridge long-range structure in the two-particle azimuthal correlation distribution was found in small systems, such as pp and p--Pb. This structure resembles the one observed in heavy-ion collisions, where its interpretation is linked to collective behavior that generates an azimuthal anisotropy in the final products of the collisions. This structure was not expected in small systems and its physical interpretation is still in debate, in particular regarding the role of hydrodynamics and initial conditions. A measurement for this effect with particles coming from heavy quarks was not done by the time this work started and this measurement could shed light into the different interpretations. Heavy quarks are an interesting probe in case the QGP is formed due to their early formation time, experiencing the whole evolution of the medium. In this work, heavy quarks are examined by measuring electrons originating from the semi-leptonic decays of hadrons that contain a heavy quark (charm or beauty) and other light quarks (open heavy flavor). The hadrons are not reconstructed and a signal extraction method is used to remove electrons from other sources. The azimuthal angular correlations of heavy-flavour hadron decay electrons with charged particles in p--Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{m NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV measured with ALICE detector at mid-rapidity ($|\\eta| < 0.8$) are studied. The distributions show signs of azimuthal anisotropies which are quantified by the $v_2$ coefficient. The $v_2$ for heavy-flavor electrons is found to be positive with more than $5\\sigma$ significance, providing very strong indication of long-range azimuthal anisotropies for heavy-flavour particles in high multiplicity p--Pb collisions. This is the first measurement of the $v_2$ for electrons coming from heavy-flavor hadron decays in p--Pb collisions.

Les mesures de la luminosité intégrée pour les expériences auprés de collisionneur ont un intérêt majeur. Ces mesures participent à la détermination des sections efficaces de production des processus étudiés, elles quantifient également les performances de l'accélérateur et des expériences. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées par l'expérience LHCb pour déterminer la mesure de la luminosité absolue enregistrée durant la campagne 2010 de prise de données des collisions proton-proton à une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse: outre la méthode classique applelée "Van der Meer scan" une nouvelle technique est développée permettant une détermination directe des paramètres de chaque faisceau en localisant les interactions faisceau-faisceau et les interactions faisceau-gaz résiduel. Cette méthode n'est possible que grace à la résolution du détecteur de vertex de LHCb et sa proximité avec la zone des faisceaux de protons et les paramètres tels la position, les angles et les largeurs des faisceaux peuvent être mesurés. Les deux methodes sont décrites et leurs résultats discutés. De plus les techniques utilisées pour étendre les mesures de luminosité absolue à l'ensemble de la prise de données 2010 sont décrites. / Absolute luminosity measurements are of general interest for colliding-beam experiments at storage rings. These measurements are necessary to determine the absolute cross-sections of reaction processes and are valuable to quantify the performance of the accelerator. LHCb has applied two methods to determine the absolute scale of its luminosity measurements for proton-proton collisions at the 2010 LHC run at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. In addition to the classic ``van der Meer'' scan method a novel technique has been developed which allows a direct imaging of the individual beams to be made by measuring both proton-gas and proton-proton interactions. The beam imaging method is made possible by the high resolution of the LHCb vertex detector and the close proximity of the detector to the beams, and allows beam parameters such as positions, angles and widths to be determined. We describe both methods and compare the two results. In addition, we present the techniques used to transport the absolute luminosity measurement to the full data-taking period.