A incidência de doenças crônicas atinge índices epidêmicos, sendo responsável por mais de 60% da mortalidade mundial. Medidas preventivas são adotadas e, entre elas, uma alimentação balanceada. Nesta inclui-se o consumo de frutos e vegetais, especialmente os de coloração vermelha e laranja, ricos em carotenoides, fitonutrientes que muitas vezes assumem papel de antioxidantes, prevenindo a incidência destas doenças. No presente trabalho foram obtidas linhagens quase isogênicas (NILs) de tomateiro contendo os alelos at, B, Del, gf, og, r, t e y, os quais afetam a composição de carotenoides. Tais linhagens constituem uma importante ferramenta para estudos de nutracêutica, como os testes de biodisponibilidade de diferentes tipos de carotenoides no plasma sanguíneo, após ingestão, o que foi testado no presente trabalho através do emprego de HPLC e ratos da linhagem Wistar. Além disso, frente às diferentes ofertas de cores e composições metabólicas de tomates disponíveis no mercado, as NILs permitiram o ajuste de parâmetros de colorimetria como um método rápido para identificar os principais mutantes da via de biossíntese de carotenoides presentes em linhagens comerciais. Ressalta-se que, muitas vezes as cores podem enganar e não trazer vantagens nutricionais, como é o caso do consumo de linhagens comerciais contendo a mutação yellow flesh (r). Por fim, as NILs foram utilizadas para verificar se as mutações alterando a composição de carotenoides possuíam alguma penalidade em termos de produtividade ou outros parâmetros de qualidade de fruto (Teor de Sólidos Solúveis, acidez). Os resultados mostraram-se de aplicabilidade e geraram um banco de dados passível de expansão, para novos mutantes que alterem a cor do tomate e fazendo uso de outros backgrounds. Tais dados podem ser usados tanto para programas de melhoramento visando a qualidade nutricional, quanto para o comércio atacado, beneficiando o consumidor final. / The incidence of chronic disease reaches epidemic levels, accounting for over 60% of global mortality. Preventive measures are adopted, and among them, a balanced diet. This includes the fruits and vegetables consumption, especially the red and orange ones, rich in carotenoids, phytonutrients which often assumes the role of antioxidants preventing these diseases incidence. In this study, tomato near isogenic lines (NILS) containing the alleles B, Del, gf, og, r, t and y, were obtained, affecting the carotenoid fruit content. Such lines are an important tool for nutraceutical studies, like different carotenoids bioavailability tests in blood plasma after ingestion, which was tested in this work by HPLC employment and Wistar rats. Moreover, in the face of different colors and metabolic contents offerings of tomatoes available at the market, NILs allowed the adjustment of colorimetric parameters as a fast way to identify carotenoids biosynthetic pathway key mutants present in commercial strains. It is highlighted that many times colors can mislead and not bring nutritional benefits, like the consumption of commercial strains containing the mutation yellow flesh (r). At the end, NILs were used to verify if the carotenoid content mutations had some penalty in terms of productivity or other fruit quality parameters (Soluble Solids Content, acidity). The results showed relevant and generated a database capable of expansion to new fruit color tomato mutants even in other genetic backgrounds. Such data can be used both for nutritional quality breeding programs, both for the wholesale trade, benefiting the end user.

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure.</p> </font></p>

<p>Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure. In this study pregnant rats have been divided into 4 groups: a group which received nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day) subcutaneously, a group that received the tomato juice only (6mg/kg body weight/day per os), a third group that received the combination of tomato juice ( 6mg /kg body weight/ day per os) and nicotine (1mg/kg body weight /day subcutaneously ) . The control group that received saline (1mg/kg body weight /day) subcutaneously and water. The injections were done during pregnancy and lactation until weaning at postnatal day 21. The results showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation leads to a gradual damage of the lung parenchyma and slower formation of the alveoli during the equilibrated phase of the lung growth leading to a decrease in the internal surface area required for gas exchange. Supplementation with tomato juice during gestation and lactation prevents all the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring. Since nicotine induce an increase in the oxidant levels of the mother and the fetus, my results imply that lycopene protected the lungs of the offsprings against the oxidants and thus against changes in the program that controls lung development as the animals age. This is supported by the observation that at postnatal day 84 the antioxidant.</p>

<p>Tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation is a common habit and accounts for a significant percentage of fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The offspring is as a result exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is thus expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use NRT for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal and neonatal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include / intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. This study aimed at investigating&nbsp / the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring / to establish whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung&nbsp / development and function in the offspring / and to determine if nicotine cases premature aging of the lungs of the offspring. It was therefore shown that maternal exposure to nicotine during&nbsp / gestation and lactation ad no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation had no effect on the growth parameters of&nbsp / the offspring, but resulted in compromised lung structure and function. The morphometric results demonstrated decrease in alveolar number, increase in alveolar size, and decrease in lung&nbsp / parenchyma of the nicotine exposed animals showing a gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma. Structural alterations include emphysematous lesions, where the latter was&nbsp / accompanied by an increase in alveolar size (Lm), and a decrease in the tissue volume of the lung parenchyma. Thickening of alveolar walls was also evident and serves as an indication of&nbsp / remodeling of the extracellular matrix, also a characteristic of emphysema. A consequence of the gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma is a decrease in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange. The present study showed that the emphysematous lesions were conceivably a result of a reduced rate of cell proliferation accompanied by the increase in&nbsp / senescent cells numbers in the alveolar walls of the exposed offspring. The data of this study suggests that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces premature&nbsp / aging of the lungs of the offspring rendering the lungs of the offspring more susceptible to disease later in life. Since these structural changes occurred later in the life of the offspring and long&nbsp / after nicotine withdrawal, it is suggested that it is programmed during gestation and lactation. Smoking and NRT result in an increased load of oxidants in the mother and fetus. It also reduces&nbsp / the level of anti-oxidants and thereby compromising the ability of the mother to protect the fetus. It is hypothesized that this oxidant-antioxidant imbalance will program the lungs to age&nbsp / prematurely. The supplementation of the mother&rsquo / s diet with tomato juice, rich in lycopene, other anti-oxidants such as vitamin C, as well as phytonutrients protected the lungs of the offspring&nbsp / against the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure. This supports the hypothesis mentioned above. The study further showed that the effects of grand-maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on the lungs of the F1 offspring is also transferred to the F2 offspring. This is most likely via the paternal and maternal germ line. Since tomato juice supplementation of the mother&rsquo / s diet with tomato juice prevented&nbsp / the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring, it is conceivable that it will prevent transfer of these changes to the F2 generation.&nbsp / </p>

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Lycopene is a potent carotenoid antioxidant shown to decrease the risk of chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress and has recently begun to be studied in relation to osteoporosis. However, studies specifically associating intervention with lycopene and a decreased risk for osteoporosis have not yet been conducted, and the mechanisms by which lycopene affects bone have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the hypotheses that supplementation with lycopene would increase antioxidant capacity while decreasing oxidative stress parameters; subsequently decreasing bone turnover markers, and thus the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Specifically, experiments were designed to determine whether lycopene acts in its antioxidant capacity to improve bone health, and to delineate the mechanisms of these effects. These hypotheses were investigated through a cross-sectional study, a randomized controlled clinical study, and in vitro studies on human osteoblast cells. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that intervention with the potent antioxidant lycopene significantly increased concentrations of the 5-cis isomer and resulted in significantly decreased oxidative stress parameters in postmenopausal women. This decrease in oxidative stress parameters resulted in significantly decreased concentrations of the bone resorption marker crosslinked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx). The typical diet of participants included a relatively low intake of lycopene, and the corresponding serum lycopene concentrations were not as effective in decreasing biomarkers of oxidative stress and bone resorption as those obtained from supplementation with lycopene to increase 5-cis serum lycopene. Studies on the paraoxonase enzyme suggest that lycopene is most effective in quenching oxidative stress to decrease bone turnover markers when the internal antioxidant defenses are insufficient or decremented. Mechanisms demonstrated by the in vitro findings suggest that cis lycopene is capable of both preventing and repairing the damaging effects of oxidative stress in osteoblasts. Overall, this thesis provides evidence that lycopene acts through its antioxidant capacity to decrease oxidative stress parameters and bone turnover markers, and may, therefore, reduce the risk for osteoporosis. Based on these findings, the consumption of lycopene by women to improve overall bone health should be considered.

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure.</p> </font></p>

<p>Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure. In this study pregnant rats have been divided into 4 groups: a group which received nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day) subcutaneously, a group that received the tomato juice only (6mg/kg body weight/day per os), a third group that received the combination of tomato juice ( 6mg /kg body weight/ day per os) and nicotine (1mg/kg body weight /day subcutaneously ) . The control group that received saline (1mg/kg body weight /day) subcutaneously and water. The injections were done during pregnancy and lactation until weaning at postnatal day 21. The results showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation leads to a gradual damage of the lung parenchyma and slower formation of the alveoli during the equilibrated phase of the lung growth leading to a decrease in the internal surface area required for gas exchange. Supplementation with tomato juice during gestation and lactation prevents all the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring. Since nicotine induce an increase in the oxidant levels of the mother and the fetus, my results imply that lycopene protected the lungs of the offsprings against the oxidants and thus against changes in the program that controls lung development as the animals age. This is supported by the observation that at postnatal day 84 the antioxidant.</p>

<p>Tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation is a common habit and accounts for a significant percentage of fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The offspring is as a result exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is thus expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use NRT for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal and neonatal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include / intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. This study aimed at investigating&nbsp / the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring / to establish whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung&nbsp / development and function in the offspring / and to determine if nicotine cases premature aging of the lungs of the offspring. It was therefore shown that maternal exposure to nicotine during&nbsp / gestation and lactation ad no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation had no effect on the growth parameters of&nbsp / the offspring, but resulted in compromised lung structure and function. The morphometric results demonstrated decrease in alveolar number, increase in alveolar size, and decrease in lung&nbsp / parenchyma of the nicotine exposed animals showing a gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma. Structural alterations include emphysematous lesions, where the latter was&nbsp / accompanied by an increase in alveolar size (Lm), and a decrease in the tissue volume of the lung parenchyma. Thickening of alveolar walls was also evident and serves as an indication of&nbsp / remodeling of the extracellular matrix, also a characteristic of emphysema. A consequence of the gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma is a decrease in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange. The present study showed that the emphysematous lesions were conceivably a result of a reduced rate of cell proliferation accompanied by the increase in&nbsp / senescent cells numbers in the alveolar walls of the exposed offspring. The data of this study suggests that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces premature&nbsp / aging of the lungs of the offspring rendering the lungs of the offspring more susceptible to disease later in life. Since these structural changes occurred later in the life of the offspring and long&nbsp / after nicotine withdrawal, it is suggested that it is programmed during gestation and lactation. Smoking and NRT result in an increased load of oxidants in the mother and fetus. It also reduces&nbsp / the level of anti-oxidants and thereby compromising the ability of the mother to protect the fetus. It is hypothesized that this oxidant-antioxidant imbalance will program the lungs to age&nbsp / prematurely. The supplementation of the mother&rsquo / s diet with tomato juice, rich in lycopene, other anti-oxidants such as vitamin C, as well as phytonutrients protected the lungs of the offspring&nbsp / against the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure. This supports the hypothesis mentioned above. The study further showed that the effects of grand-maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on the lungs of the F1 offspring is also transferred to the F2 offspring. This is most likely via the paternal and maternal germ line. Since tomato juice supplementation of the mother&rsquo / s diet with tomato juice prevented&nbsp / the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring, it is conceivable that it will prevent transfer of these changes to the F2 generation.&nbsp / </p>

Šiais laikais nemažas dėmesys atkreipiamas į paukščių laikymo sąlygas ir jų lesalų kokybę. Siekiant pagerinti vištų imunines savybes, jų produktyvumą bei produkto rodiklius, kasmet atliekami tyrimai, įterpiant į lesalus įvairius priedus. Todėl mano darbo tikslas ištirti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką dėsliųjų vištų produktyvumui ir kiaušinių kokybei, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. Siekiant darbo tikslo įgyvendinimo iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką vištų dedeklių dėslumui, lesalų sąnaudoms ir išsaugojimui, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. 2. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką kiaušinių kokybiniams parametrams, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. 3. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką jusliniams kiaušinių rodikliams, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. Išvados: 1. Vištų kūno masė atitiko linijų derinio Lohmann Brown auginimo rekomendacijas. 2. Antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtakoje vidutinis kiaušinių svoris per visą bandymo laikotarpį tik II tiriamojoje grupėje buvo 3 proc., didesnis, lyginant su kontroline grupe (p>0,05). 3. Per visą laikotarpį tiek I tiriamojoje tiek ir II tiriamojoje grupėse kiaušinių skaičius buvo 10 ir 6 proc., o dėjimo intensyvumas buvo 11 ir 4 proc. mažesnis, lyginant su kontroline grupe (p>0,05). 4. Lesalų sąnaudos 1 kg kiaušinių masės gauti buvo 1 proc. didesnės, o santokvino priedas 2 proc. sumažino lesalų sąnaudas, palyginus su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the work: to analyse antioxydant lycopene and santoquin influence for laying hens and quality of eggs productivity, using rapeseed oil in the feed. The tasks of work:1. To set antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for laying hens and quality of eggs productivity, using rapeseed oil in the feed. 2. To set antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for egg qualitative parameters, using rapeseed oil in the feed. 3. To set and to analyse antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for sensoring egg parameters, using rapeseed oil in the feed. Methods of the work: research. The test were made by approved methodology. Feeding test was performed on thirty 30 weeks old Lohman Brown cross laying hens, which were divided into 3 groups. Each group consists of 10 hens. Lohman Brown laying hens were feeded with bulky compuonds feeds with addition of rapeseed oil (control group). Laying hens of a group I were fed feeds containing 4 percentage rapeseed oil + lycopene (0.5 g / kg), and group II - 4.5 percentage rapeseed oil + santoquin (0.15 g / kg). During the test laying hens were held in individual cages with stationary trough feeders and waterers on equal feeding and keeping conditions. Laying hens were fed with compounds feeds of 125 g per day. The results of research: According to the influence of antioxidants lycopene and santoquin, to compare with control group, the average of egg weight during the test period was higher in II group of 3 percentage (p> 0... [to full text]