Zearalenone (ZEA) an estrogenic mycotoxin and, therefore the reproductive system as one of its main targets of toxicity. Besides being a mycotoxin and toxigenic immunosuppressive, the ZEA hematological changes and promotes an imbalance in the oxidative system, especially in antioxidant enzymes. Thus, lycopene, a carotenoid antioxidant potential is considered one of the most potent free radical scavengers and may be used as an alternative therapy to reduce or prevent the toxic effects of ZEA. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with lycopene (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day was held the acute treatment with ZEA (40 mg/kg, p.o.), and after 48 hours was performed euthanasia of animals. We analyzed reproductive, hematological, histological, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in blood, testes, epididymis, kidneys and livers. ZEA hematotoxicity caused by increased total leukocytes and hemoglobin and hematocrit increased and decreased the number of lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes and platelets. In regard to reproductive and hormonal parameters changes in testicular histology and decreased testosterone levels and sperm motility and count were observed. The activity of GST (Glutathione-S-transferase), GR (Glutathione reductase) and ALA-D (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) was reduced by the action of ZEA in the testes. The glutathione system was amended by ZEA by decreasing the reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and GSH / GSSG. The analyzed pro-inflammatory parameters were increased by the action of mycotoxin. Pretreatment with lycopene prevented the onset of toxic effects induced by ZEA in virtually all parameters and thus, this antioxidant may be used as an alternative to the prevention of damage by ZEA. / A Zearalenona (ZEA) é uma micotoxina estrogênica tendo, portanto, o sistema reprodutivo como um dos seus principais alvos de toxicidade. Além de ser uma micotoxina toxigênica e imunosupressora, a ZEA altera parâmetros hematológicos e promove um desequilíbrio no sistema oxidativo, especialmente nas enzimas antioxidantes. Assim, o licopeno, um carotenóide com potencial antioxidante, é considerado um dos mais potentes scavengers de radicais livres e pode ser utilizado como alternativa terapêutica a fim de reduzir ou impedir os efeitos tóxicos da ZEA. Camundongos Swiss machos foram pré-tratados com licopeno (20 mg/kg, p.o.) por 10 dias consecutivos. No 11° dia foi realizado o tratamento agudo com a ZEA (40 mg/kg, p.o.), e após 48 horas foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais. Analisamos parâmetros reprodutivos, hematológicos, histológicos, inflamatórios e marcadores de estresse oxidativo em amostras de sangue, testículos, epidídimos, rins e fígado dos animais. A ZEA provocou hematotoxicidade através do aumento de leucócitos totais assim como aumento de hemoglobina e hematócrito e diminuiu o número de hemáceas além de linfócitos e plaquetas. Em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos e hormonais alterações na histologia testicular e diminuição dos níveis de testosterona e da contagem e motilidade espermática foram obervadas. A atividade das enzimas GST (Glutationa-S-transferase), GR (Glutationa Redutase) e ALA-D (Ácido delta aminolevulínico desidratase) foram reduzidas pela ação da ZEA nos testículos. O sistema glutationa foi alterado pela ZEA através da diminuição da glutationa reduzida (GSH) e aumento da glutationa oxidada (GSSG) e da relação GSH/GSSG. Os parâmetros pró-inflamatórios analisados foram aumentados pela ação da micotoxina. O pré-tratamento com o licopeno preveniu o aparecimento dos efeitos tóxicos induzidos pela ZEA em praticamente todos os parâmetros analisados e assim, este antioxidante pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa na prevenção dos danos causados pela ZEA.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure. In this study pregnant rats have been divided into 4 groups: a group which received nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day) subcutaneously, a group that received the tomato juice only (6mg/kg body weight/day per os), a third group that received the combination of tomato juice ( 6mg /kg body weight/ day per os) and nicotine (1mg/kg body weight /day subcutaneously ) . The control group that received saline (1mg/kg body weight /day) subcutaneously and water. The injections were done during pregnancy and lactation until weaning at postnatal day 21. The results showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation leads to a gradual damage of the lung parenchyma and slower formation of the alveoli during the equilibrated phase of the lung growth leading to a decrease in the internal surface area required for gas exchange. Supplementation with tomato juice during gestation and lactation prevents all the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring. Since nicotine induce an increase in the oxidant levels of the mother and the fetus, my results imply that lycopene protected the lungs of the offsprings against the oxidants and thus against changes in the program that controls lung development as the animals age. This is supported by the observation that at postnatal day 84 the antioxidant. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is thus expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use NRT for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal and neonatal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include; intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. This study aimed at investigating the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring; to establish whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung development and function in the offspring; and to determine if nicotine cases premature aging of the lungs of the offspring. It was therefore shown that maternal exposure to nicotine during gestation and lactation ad no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation had no effect on the growth parameters of the offspring, but resulted in compromised lung structure and function. The morphometric results demonstrated decrease in alveolar number, increase in alveolar size, and decrease in lung parenchyma of the nicotine exposed animals showing a gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma. Structural alterations include emphysematous lesions, where the latter was accompanied by an increase in alveolar size (Lm), and a decrease in the tissue volume of the lung parenchyma. Thickening of alveolar walls was also evident and serves as an indication of remodeling of the extracellular matrix, also a characteristic of emphysema. A consequence of the gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma is a decrease in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange. The present study showed that the emphysematous lesions were conceivably a result of a reduced rate of cell proliferation accompanied by the increase in senescent cells numbers in the alveolar walls of the exposed offspring. The data of this study suggests that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces premature aging of the lungs of the offspring rendering the lungs of the offspring more susceptible to disease later in life. Since these structural changes occurred later in the life of the offspring and long after nicotine withdrawal, it is suggested that it is programmed during gestation and lactation. Smoking and NRT result in an increased load of oxidants in the mother and fetus. It also reduces the level of anti-oxidants and thereby compromising the ability of the mother to protect the fetus. It is hypothesized that this oxidant-antioxidant imbalance will program the lungs to age prematurely. The supplementation of the mother’s diet with tomato juice, rich in lycopene, other anti-oxidants such as vitamin C, as well as phytonutrients protected the lungs of the offspring against the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure. This supports the hypothesis mentioned above. The study further showed that the effects of grand-maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on the lungs of the F1 offspring is also transferred to the F2 offspring. This is most likely via the paternal and maternal germ line. Since tomato juice supplementation of the mother’s diet with tomato juice prevented the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring, it is conceivable that it will prevent transfer of these changes to the F2 generation. / South Africa

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Viotto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paes_Juliana_M.pdf: 2604997 bytes, checksum: d7ef0b20d4fe9e008ad2bf97ee008848 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O licopeno, um dos mais importantes carotenóides, tem sido crescentemente estudado devido a resultados positivos em pesquisas relacionadas à redução de riscos de alguns cânceres e doenças cardíacas. Os processos de separação com membranas destacam-se como uma alternativa aos processos convencionais de tratamento térmico, agindo como uma barreira permeável seletiva para separar um ou mais solutos de um fluido inclusive microrganismos. Dentre estes, a ultrafiltração pode ser um atrativo para a concentração de alguns componentes funcionais. A concentração de licopeno por membranas é um processo viável, pois este carotenóide fica na porção retida mesmo possuindo baixa massa molecular, já que se liga a outras moléculas como as proteínas, pectina e lipídio. Visando a concentração do licopeno, foi avaliado o desempenho de duas membranas de ultrafiltração (UF), polissulfona (PS) 100 kDa e polieterssulfona (PES) 50 kDa em diferentes condições de pressão e velocidade. Foi realizado a comparação dos experimentos com polpa tratada enzimaticamente e in natura e pode-se concluir que os resultados foram semelhantes. O permeado obtido apresentou-se levemente amarelado, límpido e sem a presença de carotenóides, enquanto o retentado mostrou-se opaco e de cor vermelha mais intensa que o produto inicial. A retenção do licopeno foi de quase 100%. Foram observados melhores fluxos de permeado em relação ao tempo de processo na membrana de PES 50 kDa e sob pressão de 1,5 bar e velocidade de escoamento de 6m/s e com esta membrana foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando o processo de diafiltração: diafiltração com posterior concentração e concentração com posterior diafiltração, o que resultou em retentado com 68 µg/g de licopeno. A maior parte dos dados experimentais obtidos nas curvas de fluxo de permeado se ajustaram bem aos modelos de Cheryan (1998) nos quais obteve-se valores de R2 de 0,90 a 0,98 / Abstract: Lycopene, one of the most important carotenoids, has been increasingly studied due to positive results in research related to reduced risk of some cancers and heart disease. The membrane separation processes stand out as an alternative to traditional heat treatment, acting as a selectively permeable barrier to separate one or more solutes from a fluid including microorganisms. Among these, the ultrafiltration can be attractive for the concentration of some functional components. The lycopene concentration on membranes is a viable process, since this carotenoid is retained even in the portion having low molecular weight, since it binds to other molecules such as proteins, lipids and pectin. Aiming at the concentration of lycopene, was evaluated the performance of two membrane ultrafiltration (UF), polysulfone (PS) 100 kDa and polieterssulfona (PES) 50 kDa in different conditions of pressure and speed. Was conducted to compare the experiments with enzymatically treated pulp and pulp in nature and can conclude that the experiment with the enzyme treatment showed similar results to the pulp in natura. The permeate obtained was slightly yellow, clear and without the presence of carotenoids, while the retentate was shown to be opaque and red color more intense than the original. The retention of lycopene was almost 100%. Was observed better flow in relation to the process time in 50 kDa PES membrane and pressure of 1,5 bar and flow rate of 6 m/s, and with this membrane, it was two experiments using the process of diafiltration: diafiltration with subsequent concentration and concentration with subsequent diafiltration, resulting in a retentate of 68 µg / g of lycopene. Most of the experimental data obtained in the permeate flow curves adjusted well to models Cheryan (1998) in which was obtained R2 values from 0,90 to 0,98 / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Os produtos com umidade reduzida têm-se evidenciados como proposta alternativa para disponibilizar produtos de origem vegetal caracterizados pelo alto teor de umidade e vida útil curta, proporcionando, assim, um produto diferenciado, estável, com maior tempo de vida útil, além de possibilitar diversificação no consumo e aplicações. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a desidratação de minitomates inteiros do híbrido Sweet Grape, pelo processo de secagem convectiva adiabática e as interferências do pré-tratamento osmótico e adição de antioxidante, além da comparação do produto desidratado e liofilizado. O tratamento osmótico consistiu de cinco combinações de soluções osmóticas compostas por açúcar invertido, sacarose e cloreto de sódio. A desidratação adiabática foi caracterizada por duplo estágio a 80°C/ 2h em seguida a diferentes temperaturas: 50, 60, 70 e 80°C, até atingir umidade do produto de aproximadamente 30%. Foram aplicados antioxidantes e acidulante (ácido ascórbico, metabissulfito de sódio e ácido cítrico), no intuito de minimizar as alterações durante a desidratação. Em seguida, foi realizado um comparativo entre minitomates desidratados e liofilizados, acondicionados em embalagem laminada e mantidos a 5°C por 120 dias. O tratamento osmótico composto por açúcar invertido (60°Brix), sacarose (15%) e NaCl (5%) a 25°C por 50 min foi o processo mais eficaz, que apresentou menor incorporação de sólidos, maior perda de massa e menor atividade de água, associado à aplicação de 750mg.L-1 de ácido ascórbico, 50mg.L-1 de metabissulfito de sódio e 3g.L-1 de ácido cítrico. Os minitomates desidratados em duplo estágio a 80°C/2h e 70°C/11h apresentaram melhor aceitação quando comparados aos liofilizados, visto que a liofilização promoveu redução acentuada da cor e umidade, tornando o produto mais rígido. As características dos produtos desidratados e liofilizados foram mantidas estáveis por um período de 90 dias, aproximadamente, e o tratamento osmótico promoveu maior estabilidade aos produtos durante o armazenamento. / Products with low humidity have been considered an alternative for vegetable products characterized by high humidity content and short shelf life. Thus low-humidity products provide stable with longer shelf life products, enabling diversity for consumption and applications. This study investigated dehydration of whole cherry tomatoes of the Sweet Grape variety by the process of adiabatic convective drying and interference of osmotic pretreatment and antioxidant addition, comparing to dehydrated and lyophilized tomatoes. The treatment consisted of five combinations of osmotic solutions composed by inverted sugar, saccharose and sodium chloride. Adiabatic dehydration was characterized by double stage at 80°C/2 h followed by different temperatures: 50, 60, 70 and 80°C until the product reached moisture of 30%. Antioxidants and acidulants were applied (ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulphite and citric acid) to minimize changes during dehydration. Afterward, we compared dehydrated and lyophilized cherry tomatoes, packed in laminated packaging and kept at 5°C for 120 days. The osmotic treatment with inverted sugar (60° Brix), sucrose (15%) and sodium chloride (5%) at 25°C for 50 min was the most effective process. This process showed lower incorporation of solids, greater weight loss and lower water activity, associated with the application 750 mg.L-1 of ascorbic acid, 50 mg.L-1 of sodium metabisulphite and 3 g.L-1 of citric acid. The cherry tomatoes dehydrated in a double stage at 80°C/2 h and 70°C/11 h showed better acceptance when compared to lyophilized ones as freeze-drying caused greater color and moisture reduction, making the product more rigid. Characteristics of dehydrated and lyophilized products were kept stable for roughly 90 days and the osmotic treatment on the products promoted greater stability during storage.

The aim of the master´s thesis was to verify the applicability of elemental analysis and molecular spectrometry for examining the authenticity of ketchup. For verify of share refractometric dry matter introduced into ketchup from tomatoes was used analysis of potassium and lycopene content. Ketchups with different tomato contents were prepared and subsequently models were created, which were used to verify the proportion of refractometric dry matter introduced into tomato ketchup in ketchups from the store. The results of the work showed that the amount of lycopene is a problematic marker for verifying the authenticity of ketchup, because during the production of ketchup, lycopene is degraded.In contrast, the amount of potassium in ketchup has been shown to be a good marker for monitoring the authenticity of ketchup. The model based on the potassium content of ketchup worked reliably, the deviations obtained from the quantity of tomatoes used for the production of ketchup indicated on the packaging were less than 10%. Higher deviations were achieved in ketchups with a minimum permitted tomato content of up to 20%. The concentration of potassium in ketchup with a lower content of used tomatoes can be significantly affected by the addition of other ingredients to the ketchup (onion, garlic, carrot, apple, etc.). In addition to the ketchup production technology used, the ripeness of tomatoes also has a significant effect on the model for verifying the authenticity of ketchup.

Carotenoids are natural pigments that have antioxidation and antimutagenic abilities. They are produced with the help of new technological methods. For example, carotenoid yeast Rhodotorula glutinis produces -carotene with the yield of up to 6 – 10 mg/g of the dry substance. The method of the mass spectrometry with the nanoelectrospray in the positive mode was optimized for the determination of -carotene, lycopene and astaxanthin in this project. Ionizing voltage of 4 kV and the sample flow rate of 15 – 80 nl/min through the spray silica fused capillary with the internal diameter of 25 µm were found to be the optimum parameters of the analysis. A mixture of chloroform with the addition of ammonia was used as a spray solvent for both standard and cellular samples. During the process of ionization by nanoelectrospray, -carotene and lycopene form cation radical [M] • + with the molecular mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 536, while asthaxanthin forms the protonated molecule [M + H]+ with the m/z of 597. The partial lysis of individual Rhodotorula glutinis cells was demonstrated under microscope in the organic solvents tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxide. Chloroform, acetone, acetonitrille, methanol and isopropanol did not affect the cells after a 15 min treatment.

The aim of this master’s thesis is perform basic analyses of samples ketchups. The theoretical part describes the basic characteristics of tomato, tomatoes processing and production of puree and ketchup. Then there are described analytical methods which were used for analysing the selected parameters in ketchups. The experimental part deals with the determination of pH, total solids, organic acids, saccharides, macroelements and lycopene in ketchups. Citrate and acetate were analysed by IC. The amount of acetate in ketchups was about 5 times greater than the amount of citrate. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were analysed by HPLC. Glucose and fructose were determined in all samples but sucrose not. The ICP-OES method was used to determine four elements. Magnesium was the least represented element and sodium was the most represented element in the analysis. The amount of sodium was recalculated on the amount of salt. Lycopene was analysed by UV-VIS spectrometry. Its amount in ketchups is influenced by the variety of used tomatoes and plenty of other factors.

Orientador: Ana Lucia dos Anjos Ferreira / Resumo: Introdução. A obesidade está relacionada com o desenvolvimento de várias doenças, entre elas a doença renal crônica. O licopeno é um carotenoide presente no tomate e em outros vegetais e é um dos compostos antioxidantes mais potentes dentre os carotenoides. Vários estudos tem investigado o efeito protetor do licopeno em inúmeras doenças. Entretanto, para o nosso conhecimento, poucos estudos abordaram o efeito do licopeno sobre as alterações renais associadas à obesidade. Objetivo. O objetivo geral do presente estudo será o de verificar a influência da suplementação com licopeno sobre o comprometimento bioquímico, funcional e morfológico renal em modelo experimental de obesidade induzida por dieta rica em carboidratos simples e gordura saturada. Método. Ratos Wistar (n= 40) randomizados em dois grupos: Controle (C, n=20) - dieta padrão + água ou Obeso (Ob, n=20) - dieta hipercalórica + água acrescida de sacarose 25% por 20 semanas. Na 20ª semana foi detectada insuficiência renal por meio de avaliação bioquímica urinária (proteinúria) e os animais foram redistribuídos em 4 grupos: Controle (C, n=10); Controle+Licopeno (C+Li, n=10); Obeso (Ob, n=10); Obeso+Licopeno (Ob+Li, n=10). Os animais receberam óleo de milho (C, C+Li) ou licopeno (10 mg/kg peso/dia) (Ob, Ob+Li) via gavage por 10 semanas adicionais. Na 30ª semana foram submetidos à coleta de urina de 24 horas, aferição de pressão arterial sistólica e à eutanásia para coleta de sangue e rins. Avaliados os seguintes parâmetro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Obesity is related to the development of various diseases, including chronic kidney disease. Lycopene is a carotenoid present in tomatoes and other vegetables and is one of the most potent antioxidant compounds among carotenoids. Several studies have investigated the protective effect of lycopene in numerous diseases. However, to our knowledge, few studies have addressed the effect of lycopene on renal changes associated with obesity. Objective. The general objective of the present study will be to verify the influence of lycopene supplementation on renal biochemical, functional and morphological impairment in an experimental model of obesity induced by a diet rich in simple carbohydrates and saturated fat. Method. Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized into two groups: Control (C, n=20) or Obese (Ob, n=20) hypercaloric diet rich in simple carbohydrate and saturate fat for 20 weeks. At week 20 renal failure was detected by urinary biochemical evaluation (proteinuria) and the animals were redistributed in 4 groups: Control group (C, n = 10); Control + Lycopene (C + Li, n = 10); Obese (Ob, n = 10) or Obese + Lycopene (Ob + Li, n = 10). Animals received corn oil (C, C + Li) or lycopene (10 mg / kg weight / day) (Ob, Ob + Li) via gavage for an additional 10 weeks. At week 30 they were submitted to 24-hour urine collection, systolic blood pressure measurement and euthanasia for blood and kidney collection and the following parameters were evaluated: adiposity index, pl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Amanda Martins Baviera / Resumo: O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma síndrome metabólica crônica caracterizada por deficiência na produção pancreática de insulina e/ou prejuízos em suas ações teciduais, culminando principalmente em hiperglicemia. A manutenção da hiperglicemia por longos períodos é um dos principais fatores envolvidos no estabelecimento e manutenção do estresse glico-oxidativo, o qual está implicado no desenvolvimento das complicações micro e macrovasculares do DM, resultando em morbidade e mortalidade significativas. A metformina tem sido um dos principais agentes antidiabéticos orais utilizados para o tratamento do DM; entretanto, é crescente o interesse no uso de produtos naturais como terapia complementar, seja por seus benefícios aditivos aos efeitos da terapia clássica, seja pelo potencial antioxidante. O licopeno é um carotenoide encontrado em diversos vegetais, em especial tomates frescos e seus derivados. Diversos estudos vêm demonstrando vários benefícios atribuídos ao licopeno: redução da glicemia, dislipidemia, inflamação e em biomarcadores relacionados ao estresse glico-oxidativo. Diante do exposto, o licopeno surge como uma opção terapêutica complementar interessante aos fármacos já utilizados no tratamento do DM. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o potencial antidiabético do iogurte enriquecido com metformina ou licopeno, isolados ou co-administrados, em ratos diabéticos, avaliando parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos, marcadores do estresse glico-oxidativo e potencial antioxidan... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre