Melbourne was the obvious choice as a prototype of a nineteenth century colonial city in the following study in urban history. It succeeded early to a pre-eminent position within Victoria, indeed of the entire Australian continent and its position of supremacy went unchallenged until the twentieth century. It was never seriously threatened by the claims of rival cities such as Ballarat, Sandhurst or Geelong. In this respect, Melbourne was a classic primate city with a whole-state hinterland and was justly described as "the commercial metropolis of the South". Its favourable geographic location, centrally placed between eastern and western halves of the colony, together with its position at the northern end of Port Phillip Bay provided the logical point of convergance for a railway network spanning the reaches of the interior. This gave a nodal quality to the city which made it the sole effective input-output point for all commerce with the mainland interior.(For complete abstract open document)

By the beginning of the nineteenth century a wide cross-section of British society had strongly correlated the notions of ‘civilization’ and ‘true religion’ with the accurate measurement and profitable use of time. Their specific experience of time, however, was not a human universal but a cultural construct, deeply embedded within the clock-governed milieu of industrial-capitalist and Christian society. Consequently, in the British colonies, the portrayal of indigenous societies as being ‘time-less’ (i.e.: culturally lacking regularity, order and uniformity) came to operate as a means of constructing an inferior, ‘irregular other’. By way of two case-studies – located in the 19th-century British settler-colonies of Victoria (Australia) and the Cape Colony (South Africa) – this thesis documents the manner in which nineteenth-century British missionary and settler-colonial discourse constructed the notion of ‘time-less’ indigenous cultures. Such apparent inferiority, this thesis argues, bolstered the depiction of indigenous societies as culturally inadequate – a representation that helped to rationalize and justify settler-colonialism’s claims upon indigenous land. / The negative portrayals of ‘Aboriginal time’ and ‘African time’ also helped to cast these societies as particularly in need of temporal reform. Indeed the latter were considered to be not only out of place but also ‘out of time’ within the timescape of Christian/capitalist rituals and routines. This study highlights some of the everyday means by which British settler-colonists and Protestant missionaries sought to reform the time-orientation and rhythms of indigenous societies. The evidence provided suggests that cultural colonization in the British settler-colonies was configured – to a greater extent than previous understandings allow – by an attack on non-capitalist and non-Christian attitudes to time. Christianizing and ‘civilizing’ meant imposing – coercively and ideologically – the temporal rituals and routines of British middle-class society. / Although the universalizing will of nineteenth-century European cultural expansion was reflected in its attempt to impose a specifically western view of time upon the world, the process of temporal colonization was neither homogeneous throughout the colonies, nor uncontested by indigenous societies. On the one hand, settler-colonialism’s diverging economic objectives in the Cape and Victoria – shaped as they were by economic land/labour requirements, demographics, and localized visions of race – defined the various manners in which Europeans viewed, and sought to colonize ‘indigenous time’. On the other hand, indigenous people in both settings often successfully managed either to defy the imposition of clock-governed culture, to establish compromises between the new and old rhythms, or to exploit the temporal discourses of their self-styled reformers. This suggests that time in the colonial context may be seen as a two-edged sword: not only as an instrument of colonial power, but also as a medium for anti-colonial resistance. / By analysing the discursive constructions of a temporal other, and by documenting the everyday struggles over the dominant tempo of society, this thesis highlights time’s central role in the colonial encounter and seeks to further our understandings of the process and implications of settler-colonization and Christianization.

The thesis studies history-making in Melbourne’s central civic sphere, from its emergence in the 1880s to its decline in the 1930s. It identifies public history’s major themes and forms, and the relationships between them, based on four main cases of history-making: the articulation of the past and history in Melbourne’s 1888 Centennial International Exhibition; the historical backgrounds, development, unveilings and partial after-lives of Sir Redmond Barry’s statue, unveiled in Swanston Street in 1887, and the Eight Hours’ Day monument, unveiled in Carpentaria Place in 1903; and history-making around Victoria’s 1934-1935 Centenary Celebrations, with special emphasis on the Shrine of Remembrance and a detailed study of Cooks’ Cottage.

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El presente estudio aborda el tema del autoconcepto y los valores en la formación de los estudiantes del 2do curso de secundaria de la Unidad Educativa “Villa Victoria”, siendo que los estudiantes adolescentes de la ciudad de El Alto, viven una crisis existencial como consecuencia de sus cambios físicos y psicológicos propias de esa edad. De acuerdo algunos estudios los adolescentes viven un proceso de crisis existencial que atraviesan, e interviene de manera marcada en el desarrollo de los valores humanos en los adolescentes de ambos sexos, lo que constituyen la base del desarrollo de su autoconcepto. En la resolución de esta crisis existencial el autoconcepto cumple un papel muy importante en el desarrollo de la personalidad, y su rendimiento académico y esta marcado por la formación en los valores en su desarrollo personal. El que hacer educativo y su contenido pedagógico tiene poco avance en el estudio de la influencia del autoconcepto y los valores en la formación de los educandos, ya que los cambios del entorno socioeconómico intervienen en el proceso educativo. Los diversos motivos por lo que los estudiantes no reciben una adecuada formación en valores, incide en sus actitudes de solidaridad, respeto a sus padres, respeto a sus profesores, a sus compañeros y a la sociedad en general; los cuales son aspectos básicos para la convivencia humana en la sociedad, y en ella los valores se constituye como pilares formativas de la educación de los jóvenes.

No description available.

Because water is basic to life, an ethical dimension persists in every decision related to water. By explicitly revealing the ethical ideas underlying water-related decisions, human society's relationship with water, and with natural systems of which water is part, can be contested and shifted or be accepted with conscious intention. Water management over the last century has privileged immediate human needs over those of future generations, other living beings, and ecosystems. In recent decades, improved understanding of water's importance for ecosystem functioning and ecological services for human survival is moving us beyond this growth-driven, supply-focused management paradigm. Environmental ethics challenge this paradigm by extending the ethical sphere to the environment. This research in water ethics considers expanding the conception of whom or what is morally considerable in water policy and management. <br /><br /> First, the research proposes a water ethic to balance among intragenerational equity, intergenerational equity, and equity for the environment. Second, the proposed ethic acts as an assessment tool with which to analyse water policy. <em>Water for Life: Alberta's Strategy for Sustainability</em> is the focal policy document for this analysis. This document is an example of new Canadian policy; it represents the Government of Alberta's current and future approach to water issues; and it implicitly embodies the ethical ideas that guided the document's production. To assess Water for Life's success in achieving the principles of the proposed water ethic, this case study used discourse analysis, key informant interviews, and comparison to a progressive international policy document, <em>Securing Our Water Future Together</em>, the 2004 White Paper of Victoria, Australia. <br /><br /> Key conclusions show that <em>Water for Life</em> is progressive by embracing full public participation, a watershed approach, knowledge-generation initiatives, a new planning model, and water rights security. However, barriers exist that can disrupt the strategy's success, including the first-in-time first-in-right water allocation system, the strategy's lack of detail, inadequate protection of aquatic ecosystems, ambiguity of jurisdiction over water in First Nations communities, and under-developed connections between substantive issues. The thesis also outlines recommendations for Alberta and implications for other jurisdictions. Additionally this research offers guidelines and an assessment tool grounded in broad ethical concepts to water policy development; and it encourages making ethical ideas explicit in assessment and formation of equitable and sustainable water policy.

The importance of the microbial food web and how it interplays with the classical food chain has gained considerable attention in temperate lakes. However its role in carbon transfer from pico- and nanoplankton to zooplankton and planktivores is relatively unknown in tropical lakes. Sampling of the microbial food web and experiments to estimate the growth rate and fate of its components were performed in Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the mixing season (May to August) 2002. Bacterioplankton and ciliate densities in Napoleon Gulf ranged from 6. 2 to 14. 9 cells x 10⁶&bull;mL^-1 and 51. 9 to 75. 2 cells&bull;mL^-1, respectively. Flagellate abundance was high, ranging from 70. 4 to 127. 9 cells x 10³&bull;mL^-1. Small flagellates, tentatively called Choanoflagellida, dominated the flagellate community by abundance and biomass. Bacterial growth rates were low, yet high abundance and cell size resulted in high bacterial production representing 24 to 38% of phytoplankton production. Protozoan growth rates and production are similar to values reported for other African lakes and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Protozoa were the dominant grazers of bacteria with grazing pressure switching from protozoa > 5 µm in June to protozoa < 5 µm (presumably flagellates) in July. In July, grazing on flagellates was from predators < 40 µm, probably ciliates, while the ciliate community was grazed by > 40-µm plankton. Given that plankton of Lake Victoria is dominated by colonial cyanobacteria and raptorial zooplankton, protozoa could be an important pathway in the pelagic food web of Lake Victoria, East Africa.

Because water is basic to life, an ethical dimension persists in every decision related to water. By explicitly revealing the ethical ideas underlying water-related decisions, human society's relationship with water, and with natural systems of which water is part, can be contested and shifted or be accepted with conscious intention. Water management over the last century has privileged immediate human needs over those of future generations, other living beings, and ecosystems. In recent decades, improved understanding of water's importance for ecosystem functioning and ecological services for human survival is moving us beyond this growth-driven, supply-focused management paradigm. Environmental ethics challenge this paradigm by extending the ethical sphere to the environment. This research in water ethics considers expanding the conception of whom or what is morally considerable in water policy and management. <br /><br /> First, the research proposes a water ethic to balance among intragenerational equity, intergenerational equity, and equity for the environment. Second, the proposed ethic acts as an assessment tool with which to analyse water policy. <em>Water for Life: Alberta's Strategy for Sustainability</em> is the focal policy document for this analysis. This document is an example of new Canadian policy; it represents the Government of Alberta's current and future approach to water issues; and it implicitly embodies the ethical ideas that guided the document's production. To assess Water for Life's success in achieving the principles of the proposed water ethic, this case study used discourse analysis, key informant interviews, and comparison to a progressive international policy document, <em>Securing Our Water Future Together</em>, the 2004 White Paper of Victoria, Australia. <br /><br /> Key conclusions show that <em>Water for Life</em> is progressive by embracing full public participation, a watershed approach, knowledge-generation initiatives, a new planning model, and water rights security. However, barriers exist that can disrupt the strategy's success, including the first-in-time first-in-right water allocation system, the strategy's lack of detail, inadequate protection of aquatic ecosystems, ambiguity of jurisdiction over water in First Nations communities, and under-developed connections between substantive issues. The thesis also outlines recommendations for Alberta and implications for other jurisdictions. Additionally this research offers guidelines and an assessment tool grounded in broad ethical concepts to water policy development; and it encourages making ethical ideas explicit in assessment and formation of equitable and sustainable water policy.

Environmental satellites represent an economic and easily accessible monitoring means for a plethora of environmental variables, the most important of which is arguably precipitation. While precipitation can also be measured by conventional rain gages and radar, in most world regions, satellites provide the only reliable and sustainable monitoring system. This thesis presents a methodology for estimating precipitation using information from the satellite-borne precipitation radar of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). The methodology combines the precise, but infrequent, TRMM data with the infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) images continuously produced by geostationary satellites to provide precipitation estimates at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. The method is based on detecting IR patterns associated with convective storms and characterizing their evolution phases. Precipitation rates are then estimated for each phase based on IR, VIS, and terrain information. This approach improves the integration of TRMM precipitation rates and IR/VIS data by differentiating major storms from smaller events and noise, and by separating the distinct precipitation regimes associated with each storm phase. Further, the methodology explicitly quantifies the uncertainty of the precipitation estimates by computing their full probability distributions instead of just single optimal values. Temporal and spatial autocorrelation of precipitation are fully accounted for by using spatially optimal estimator methods (kriging), allowing to correctly assess precipitation uncertainty over different spatial and temporal scales. This approach is tested in the Lake Victoria basin over the period 1996-1998 against precipitation data from more than one hundred rain gages representing a variety of precipitation regimes. The precipitation estimates were shown to exhibit much lower bias and better correlation with ground data than commonly used methods. Furthermore, the approach reliably reproduced the variability of precipitation over a range of temporal and spatial scales.