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Orientador: Dorotéa Machado Kerr / Banca: Marcos Júlio Sergl / Banca: Eduardo Augusto Ostergren / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a chanson polifônica francesa, em particular as chansons para coral a cappella, escritas por Claude Debussy e Maurice Ravel, esperando que sirva de subsidio aos regentes corais, ajudando-os a compreender os elementos musicais e literários presentes nestas obras. Através de pesquisa na bibliografia, aborda-se a transformação da chanson ao longo do tempo para, em seguida, contextualiza-la dento da produção musical de C. Debussy e M. Ravel, apontando as principais características de suas linguagens musicais e as influências literárias que as inspiraram. Os dois conjuntos de chansons foram analisados, considerando seus elementos musicais e poéticos. Apesar das diferanças existentes no emprego da textura, da harmonia e da linguagem poética entre as chansons aqui analisadas, conclui-se que o fator comum que permeia estas obras é o uso da sonoridade natual das palavras, às quais se agrega de forma harmoniosa, funcionando como reforço expressivo das idéias e imagens sugeridas nos textos. / Abstract: The dissertation presents the study of the French poliphonic chanson, particularly those composed by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. with the purpose of helping choir conductor to better undestand musical and literay elements present in these songs. The evolution of the chanson throught time is approached based on resarch of bibliography. The two sets of poliphonic chansons by Debussy and Ravel have been analyzed, calling attention to their poetical and musical elements. Besides the differencs in the texture, harmony and poetic language between the chansons here studied, it is possible to conclude that what they have in common is the natural sonority of their lyrics, to which music is added harmoniously, as an expressive reinforcemente to idas and images present in the poetic text. / Mestre

Fung, Ho Lam. / Thesis submitted in: November 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 343-360). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Contents --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xix / List of Figures --- p.xxxi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- Monitoring methods investigated in this research --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- The distribution of corals in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- Study sites --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6 --- Thesis Outline --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- "Coral Mapping in Cheung Sha Wan, A Ye Wan and A Ma Wan, Tung Ping Chau" / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Study sites --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods and Materials --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Fieldwork procedure --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Laboratory work procedure --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Data analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Species count --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Coral coverage --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Species composition --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Diversity index --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Evaluation of Monitoring Methods in Cheung Sha Wan, Tung Ping Chau, a Coral Community with Low (< 10%) Coral Cover" / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Line Intercept Transect (LIT) Method --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Point Intercept Transect (PIT) Method --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Random Point Video Transect (RPVT) Method --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Quadrat (QUAD) Method --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Sampling effort in each monitoring method --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Sample size determination --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.7.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.7.2 --- Unit effort sample size --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.8.1 --- Univariate analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.8.2 --- Multivariate analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Species count --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- Community structure --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Sampling efforts in different monitoring methods --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sample size under fixed effort --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Species count --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4.3.4 --- Community structure --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Coral cover --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Species count --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Diversity Indices --- p.93 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Community structure --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Evaluation of Monitoring Methods in A Ye Wan and A Ma Wan, Tung Ping Chau: Coral Communities with Mid to High Percent Coral Cover (25% to 50%)" / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods and material --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Field monitoring --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Laboratory work --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sampling effort in each monitoring method --- p.150 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Sample size determination --- p.150 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Univariate analysis --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Multivariate analysis --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- A Ye Wan --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.2 --- Species count --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.4 --- Community structure --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Sampling efforts in different monitoring methods --- p.157 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Sample size under fixed effort --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3.1.3.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3.1.3.2 --- Species Count --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.1.3.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.1.3.4 --- Community structure --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- A Ma Wan --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.2 --- Species count --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.4 --- Community structure --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Sampling efforts in different monitoring methods --- p.171 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Sample size under fixed effort --- p.172 / Chapter 4.3.2.3.1 --- Percent coral cover --- p.172 / Chapter 4.3.2.3.2 --- Species Count --- p.173 / Chapter 4.3.2.3.3 --- Diversity indices --- p.174 / Chapter 4.3.2.3.4 --- Community structure --- p.175 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.178 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Optimal sample size --- p.178 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Coral Cover --- p.178 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Species Count --- p.181 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Diversity Indices --- p.182 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Community Structure --- p.184 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Role of Community Characteristic on the Performance of Monitoring Methods / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.281 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods and materials --- p.284 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Coral Mapping --- p.284 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Monitoring Methods --- p.285 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.286 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.286 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Sample size as a function of different reef characteristics --- p.286 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Performance of reef monitoring methods in sites with different reef characteristics --- p.287 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Coral cover --- p.287 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Species count and Margalef's Index --- p.288 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- Other diversity indices --- p.289 / Chapter 5.3.2.4 --- Community structure --- p.290 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.291 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Effect of reef characteristics on sampling time --- p.291 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Effect of reef characteristics on the performance of monitoring methods --- p.293 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Recommendation on the choice of monitoring method --- p.301 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Summary and Prospectives --- p.337 / References --- p.343

Submitted by DHARA CARLESSO ZAMPIVA (dhara.zampiva@univates.br) on 2018-10-29T17:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018FranciscoPauloRodriguesMestre.pdf: 2788680 bytes, checksum: 90108045e13d6693828f069e870566df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2018-11-06T11:27:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018FranciscoPauloRodriguesMestre.pdf: 2788680 bytes, checksum: 90108045e13d6693828f069e870566df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T11:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018FranciscoPauloRodriguesMestre.pdf: 2788680 bytes, checksum: 90108045e13d6693828f069e870566df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-29 / A presente dissertação de Mestrado tem por objetivo investigar o canto coral enquanto uma experiência estética e social. Desse modo, busca acompanhar uma oficina de canto coral escolar desde a sua formação, atentando para os processos de aprender e ensinar, resultantes de tal experiência, assim como a relevância da atividade no meio escolar. O problema de pesquisa aborda as seguintes questões: De que maneira a participação no coral escolar pode contribuir para o processo de experiência estética e social? Essa experiência pode resultar em rupturas na maneira de pensar, agir e se relacionar dos jovens cantores? Para tanto, parte-se de um breve percurso histórico da música no Brasil desde 1500 até sua efetivação na escola nos dias atuais. Toma como referenciais teóricos as obras que se aproximam do percurso da música brasileira, tais como as de Bruno Kiefer (1997), Marisa Trench de Oliveira Fonterrada (2008), Heitor Villa-Lobos (2009), Juzamara Souza (2004, 2014), Vera Lúcia Passagno Bréscia (2011), além de autores que ajudam a pensar as propostas e legislação que inseriram, retiraram, modificaram e retomaram o ensino de música na escola. Para a investigação, utilizou-se a metodologia de abordagem qualitativa, através de um grupo focal, com oito alunos entre os componentes do coral escolar da E.M.E.F. Dr. Jairo Brum na cidade de Guaporé, além da análise de materiais coletados em meio às entrevistas, anotações em diário de campo, fotos, áudios e vídeos. Ao final, foi possível perceber que a participação no coral escolar permitiu o empoderamento de alunos, no que diz respeito às habilidades auditivas e no cantar ou cantares como prova de capacidade outrora negada ou simplesmente ignorada. / This dissertation aims to investigate choral singing as an aesthetic and social experience. In this way, it seeks to accompany a choral singing workshop since its formation, paying attention to the processes of learning and teaching, resulting from such experience, as well as the relevance of the activity in the school environment. The research problem addresses the following questions: How can participation in school choir contribute to the process of aesthetic and social experience? Can this experience lead to ruptures in the way young people think, act, and relate? To do so, we start with a brief history of music in Brazil from 1500 until its implementation in the school today. It takes as theoretical references works that approach the path of Brazilian music, such as Bruno Kiefer (1997), Marisa Trench de Oliveira Fonterrada (2008), Heitor Villa-Lobos (2009), Juzamara Souza (2004, 2014), Vera Lúcia Passagno Brescia (2011), in addition to authors who help to think about the proposals and legislation that inserted, removed, modified and resumed the teaching of music in school. For the investigation, the methodology of qualitative approach was used, through a focus group, with eight students among the components of E.M.E.F school choir. Dr. Jairo Brum in the city of Guaporé, besides the analysis of materials collected through the interviews, notes in field diary, photos, audios and videos. In the end, it was possible to perceive that the participation in the school choir allowed the empowerment of students of the hearing abilities and of singing or singing as evidence of capacity once denied or simply ignored.

A multi-disciplinary study of sediment core records from the Mingulay Reef Complex, a cold-water coral reefs system off western Scotland, highlights the potential of cold-water corals from which detailed centennial-scale palaeo-environmental reconstructions can be derived. This study provides a new insight on the mechanisms controlling Lophelia pertusa reef build-up, shifts in biodiversity, the physical/chemical/biological processes and the sedimentary regime. A detailed record of Mingulay Complex growth history shows unprecedented high average accumulation rates of 3 – 4 mm a-1. Marine radiocarbon reconstruction derived from paired 14C and U-series dated fossil corals revealed substantial abrupt oceanic shifts during the Holocene that have repetitively affected cold-water coral growth, eventually causing local disappearance. These periods of reduced accumulation rates are synchronous with other coral structures from the NE Atlantic illustrating basin wide events. Finally, trace/minor element ratios reproducibility within coral skeleton was investigated to test if palaeo-environmental reconstructions could be made from cold-water corals.

Coral reefs are faced and will be faced with many challenges this century. One danger is the rapid decline of oceanic pH due to anthropogenic sources. The more acidic the environment becomes, the harder reefs and coral (order: scleractinia) in particular will be hit. Experiments to measure the effect on scleractinian coral were performed to glean a better understanding of the processes that will be affected by our acidifying oceans. Additionally, the search for and analysis of coral microstructure and micromorpholgy were carried out in an attempt to understand homology within an environmentally responsive taxa.

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Science. / Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. This involves the expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, known as zooxanthellae, from the coral host. Coral bleaching is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. This thesis examined a number of sites within the light reactions of photosynthesis and evaluated the efficiency of photoprotective heat dissipating pathways. Upon expulsion, the capacity for long-term survivorship of expelled zooxanthellae in the water column was also assessed. A reduction in photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency during exposure to elevated temperature and high light (bleaching conditions) was found to be highly dependent upon the increase in abundance of QB non-reducing PSII centres (inactive PSII centres), indicating damage to the site of the secondary electron acceptor, QB, resulting in a limited capacity for its reduction. Therefore, this reduced the rate of the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor, QA-. Fast induction curve (FIC) analysis of the rise from minimum fluorescence to maximum fluorescence revealed a lower amplitude in the J step along this curve, which was consistent with a reduction in the rate of QA reoxidation. This photoinhibition of PSII was found to occur once the effectiveness of excess energy dissipation through energy-dependent quenching and state-transition quenching was exceeded, suggesting that these mechanisms were incapable of preventing photodamage. Antenna size heterogeneity showed little change under bleaching conditions with a significant increase in PSIIbeta only apparent in one species of coral. The thermostability of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and thylakoid membrane were found to increase during exposure to bleaching conditions and exceeded bleaching thresholds of corals. This rapid rise in temperature-dependent thermostability also occurred over seasons, where variation in ocean temperatures was matched by gradual shifts in OEC and thylakoid membrane thermotolerance. Variation in thermostability between species was not found to be linked to zooxanthellae genotype, and instead was related to the bleaching susceptibility of the host. Despite this capacity for resilience to bleaching conditions, the PSII reaction centres did not exhibit such a mechanism for rapid acclimatisation. Corals can only be as tolerant to bleaching conditions as their most sensitive component allows. The formation of nonfunctional PSII centres is therefore suggested to be involved in the initial photochemical damage to zooxanthellae which leads to a bleaching response. Zooxanthellae were found to be expelled irrespective of OEC function and thylakoid membrane integrity, as these sites of the photosynthetic apparatus were still intact when cells were collected from the water column. Although zooxanthellae were photosynthetically competent and morphologically intact upon expulsion, their longevity in the water column was dependent on the time of expulsion following the onset of bleaching and the ambient water temperatures. The survivorship of these zooxanthellae was restricted to a maximum of 5 days in the water column which suggests that unless expelled zooxanthellae inhabit other environs of coral reefs which may be more favourable for survival, their capacity for persistence in the environment is extremely limited. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements are a common tool for investigating photosynthetic impacts to in hospite zooxanthellae of corals. Pathways causing dark-reduction of the plastoquinone pool are shown to be active in corals and affect measurements which require dark-adaptation. Pre-exposure to far-red light was found to be an effective procedure to oxidise the inter-system electron transport chain and ensure determination of the true maximum quantum yield of PSII and accurate FICs. It is concluded that the trigger for coral bleaching lies in the photosynthetic apparatus of zooxanthellae and evidence is presented in support of this impact site not being the OEC or thylakoid membrane.