Defect prevention (DP) in early stages of software development life cycle (SDLC) is very cost effective than in later stages. The requirements elicitation and analysis & negotiation (E and A&N) phases in requirements engineering (RE) process are very critical and are major source of requirements defects. A poor E and A&N process may lead to a software requirements specifications (SRS) full of defects like missing, ambiguous, inconsistent, misunderstood, and incomplete requirements. If these defects are identified and fixed in later stages of SDLC then they could cause major rework by spending extra cost and effort. Organizations are spending about half of their total project budget on avoidable rework and majority of defects originate from RE activities. This study is an attempt to prevent requirements level defects from penetrates into later stages of SDLC. For this purpose empirical and literature studies are presented in this thesis. The empirical study is carried out with the help of six companies from Pakistan & Sweden by conducting interviews and literature study is done by using literature reviews. This study explores the most common requirements defect types, their reasons, severity level of defects (i.e. major or minor), DP techniques (DPTs) & methods, defect identification techniques that have been using in software development industry and problems in these DPTs. This study also describes possible major differences between Swedish and Pakistani software companies in terms of defect types and rate of defects originating from E and A&N phases. On the bases of study results, some solutions have been proposed to prevent requirements defects during the RE process. In this way we can minimize defects originating from E and A&N phases of RE in the bespoke requirements engineering (BESRE).

Toxoplasma gondii, protozoaire ubiquitaire chez les mammifères et les oiseaux, est l’agent étiologique de la toxoplasmose, une maladie posant un réel problème de santé publique dans le monde avec environ 200 000 nouveaux cas de toxoplasmose congénitale chaque année. Il a été montré que la sévérité clinique de la toxoplasmose variait en fonction des régions géographiques, avec en particulier l’Amérique du Sud qui paie le plus lourd tribu de cette maladie. Malheureusement, les mécanismes de ces disparités géographiques sont encore peu compris et l’origine géographique ainsi que l'histoire évolutive du pathogène sont encore incertaines. Une collection mondiale de 168 isolats de T. gondii recueillis dans 13 populations de 5 continents a été séquencée pour cinq fragments de gènes (140 single nucleotide polymorphisms à partir de 3153 bp par isolat). La phylogénie basée sur les méthodes de Maximum de vraisemblance avec une estimation de l’âge du plus récent ancêtre commun (TMRCA) et des analyses géostatistiques ont été réalisées afin d’inférer l’origine hypothétique de T. gondii. Nous montrons que les souches actuelles de ce parasite ont vraisemblablement évolué à partir d’un ancêtre Sud-Américain il y a environ 1,5 million d’années et avons reconstruit la propagation mondiale du pathogène qui a suivi. Cette émergence est beaucoup plus récente que l’apparition de la forme ancestrale de T. gondii il y a environ 11 Ma et est postérieure à l’arrivée des félidés dans cette partie du monde. Nous proposons que la lignée ancestrale de T. gondii ait été introduite en Amérique du Sud avec les félidés et que l’évolution de l’infectivité orale des kystes tissulaires à travers le carnivorisme ainsi que la diversification des félidés dans cette région du monde a permis l'apparition d'une nouvelle souche ayant une capacité de transmission beaucoup plus efficace que la lignée ancestrale, ce qui lui a permis de la supplanter et d’avoir une distribution pandémique. / Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan found ubiquitously in mammals and birds, is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a disease causing substantial Public Health burden worldwide, including about 200,000 new cases of congenital toxoplasmosis each year. Clinical severity has been shown to vary across geographical regions with South America exhibiting the highest burden. Unfortunately, the drivers of these heterogeneities are still poorly understood, and the geographical origin and historical spread of the pathogen worldwide are currently uncertain. A worldwide sample of 168 T. gondii isolates gathered in 13 populations was sequenced for five fragments of genes (140 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 3,153 bp per isolate). Phylogeny based on Maximum likelihood methods with estimation of the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and geostatistical analyses were performed for inferring the putative origin of T. gondii. We show that extant strains of the pathogen likely evolved from a South American ancestor, around 1.5 million years ago, and reconstruct the subsequent spread of the pathogen worldwide. This emergence is much more recent than the appearance of ancestral T. gondii, believed to have taken place about 11 My ago, and follows the arrival of felids in this part of the world. We posit that an ancestral lineage of T. gondii likely arrived in South America with felids and that the evolution of oral infectivity through carnivorism and the radiation of felids in this region enabled a new strain to outcompete the ancestral lineage and undergo a pandemic radiation.

Magister Legum - LLM

La prédiction de la zygotie à partir du génotype le plus probable en la comparant à la PCR-SSP, n’était pas fiable liée à la possibilité d’avoir d’autres génotypes possibles pour le même phénotype. En effet, la fréquence très proche de l’haplotype R0 et r dans la population tunisienne rend la déduction du génotype le plus probable très aléatoire. Dans un deuxième temps, l’évaluation de la méthode moléculaire la plus convenable à la détermination de la zygotie RHD a été réalisée par comparaison des trois techniques moléculaires (PCR-SSP, PCR-RFLP et Q-PCR) et par l’analyse des résultats discordants par séquençage du gène RHD et des « boîtes Rhésus ». L’analyse de 370 échantillons RH:1 à l'aide de ces trois tests moléculaires a montré que 81,9% des résultats étaient en concordance alors que 18,1% en discordance. L’analyse des cas discordants a montré que notre cohorte se compose de 193 sujets dizygotes et 145 hémizygotes et 32 dont la zygotie reste inconnue. Cette étude a révélé 19 nouveaux polymorphismes des « boîtes Rhésus » et a permis aussi de décrire trois nouveaux allèles RHD: RHD(Trp185Stop), RHD(Ala176Thr) et RHD(Ile342Ile). Cette étude a également mis en valeur l’hétérogénéité des « boîtes Rhésus » et la complexité des allèles RHD en décrivant les nouveaux polymorphismes obtenus, ce qui met en évidence les limites des approches moléculaires de la détermination de la zygotie. La Q-PCR a été la méthode la plus adaptée à la détermination de la zygotie, mais en raison des contraintes économiques locales, la PCR-RFLP pourrait être une alternative malgré l’hétérogénéité des « boîtes Rhésus » et la complexité du gène RHD. / Determination of paternal RHD zygosity can help the clinician to assess the risk of HDN. It was determined initially by both assignment of the most probable genotype and PCR-SSP. The prediction of zygosity based on the most probable genotype was not reliable due to the possibility of other genotypes for the same phenotype. In fact, the frequencies of R0 and r haplotypes in the Tunisian population are approached and make the deduction of the most probable genotype very aleatory. Secondly, the evaluation of the most convenient molecular method for RHD zygosity determination was realized by comparison of three molecular techniques (PCR-SSP, PCR-RFLP and RQ-PCR) and analysis of discordant results by sequencing of the RHD gene and Rhesus boxes. Analysis of 370 RH:1 samples by these three molecular tests showed concordant results in 81.9% and discordant results in 18.1%. Molecular investigations revealed that our cohort consists of 193 dizygous and 145 hemizygous samples and 32 which zygosity remains unknown. This study revealed 19 novel Rhesus boxes polymorphisms, and described 3 novel RHD alleles: RHD(Trp185Stop), RHD(Ala176Thr) and RHD(Ile342Ile). This study also underlined Rhesus boxes heterogeneity and RHD alleles complexity by describing of new polymorphisms which showed the limits of molecular approaches for RHD zygosity determination. RQ-PCR is the most convenient method for first intension paternal RHD zygosity determination in Tunisians. However taking into account local economic constraints PCR-RFLP could be an alternative despite the Rhesus boxes heterogeneity and RHD complexity.

Classical parametric methods of statistical inference and hypothesis testing are derived under fundamental theoretical assumptions, which may or may not be met in real world applications. However, these methods are usually used despite the violation of their underlying assumptions, while it is argued, that these methods are quite insensitive to the violation of relevant assumptions. Moreover, alternative nonparametric or rank tests are often overlooked, mostly because these methods may be deemed to be less powerful then parametric methods. The aim of the dissertation is therefore a description of the consequences of assumption violations concerning classical one-sample and two-sample statistical methods and a consistent and comprehensive comparison of parametric, nonparametric and robust statistical techniques, which is based on extensive simulation study and focused mostly on a normality and heteroscedasticity assumption violation. The results of the simulation study confirmed that the classical parametric methods are relatively robust, with some reservations in case of outlying observations, when traditional methods may fail. On the other hand, the empirical study clearly proved that the classical parametric methods are losing their optimal properties, when the underlying assumptions are violated. For example, in many cases of non-normality the appropriate nonparametric and rank-based methods are more powerful, and therefore a statement, that these methods are unproductive due to their lack of power may be considered a crucial mistake. However, the choice of the most appropriate distribution-free method generally depends on the particular form of the underlying distribution.

Determination of rheological phenomenon is very difficult, because there are many unknown inputs parameters, e.g. concrete age, the size of elements, relative humidity of the surrounding environment, cement hydration rate, temperature influence, type of strain and treatment. This Ph.D. thesis deals with the effective cross-section thickness and its effect on the behaviour of concrete constructions that is how the rheological phenomena change in time as a result of the application or removal of insulation layer from the concrete surface. Long-term experimental measurements of specimens and real bridge constructions were performed. The data collected from these measurements were described, evaluated and mathematical modifications for the standards Model Code 2010 and Model B4 (B3) have been proposed. Using these new computational formulas is possible to take into consideration the changes in the effective cross-section thickness and therefore make the computational models for concrete structures more accurate.

The master thesis focuses on the design of a Load-carrying steel structure of railway bridge with bottom steel deck of the span of 28 + 45 + 23 m. The bridge is situated in the municipality of Třebestovice. Four variants of solution have been calculated. Two variants are made by plate main beams of variable profile, the next alternative was made by truss structure and the fourth variant consist of a combination of plate main beams with truss stiffener in the middle span. The most optimal solution was processed in detail. The calculations were done in compliance with valid ČSN EN norms.

The diploma thesis deals with static analysis of the Black bridge in Hodonín city. The creation of the numerical model in ANSYS sw. is described according to the existing project documentation, followed by the application of loading and boundary conditions (including the solution of foundation soil placed on the piles). The selection of the loading is used according ČSN EN standards for analysis and verification of the main construction parts. This work also includes verification of the piles deformations calculated both in ANSYS sw. and by the direct stiffness method (MS Excel is used) and their comparison is done. Amongst other attachments, the verification of the load carrying capacity of the structure (respecting the current traffic limitation allowing only one vehicle to be on the bridge structure) is also provided.

The work deals with a complex analysis of displacements and deformations of one bridge span of the railway bridge "Gagarin". The bridge structure was since 2009 annually measured. In addition to long-term monitoring of the bridge a 24-hour automatized monitoring was conducted in 2015 using robotic total station. The results of monitoring enables the analysis of displacements and deformations, analysis of measurement accuracy and also environmental influences on the structure - determination of the temperature dependence of deformations. Another part of the work is evaluating the long-term stability of the height reference frame that was used for geodetic epoch measuring of the bridge columns. The results of the work are the values of detected displacements and deformations, their graphical illustration, geometric interpretation and relevant characteristics of accuracy.

Due to a European energy concept for reducing energy consumption and also the concept of sustainable development, there is a growing demand for reduced energy consumption during the operation of the building and hence increasing demands on the thermal and mechanical properties of the building envelope. For this reason, it is necessary to look for materials that could meet both thermal and mechanical properties, as well as mechanical resistance and loadability, especially for the application for the foundations of the house, the base of the house and for application to structural details for elimination of the thermal bridges between interior and exterior boundaries. The main motivation for choosing the topic of thesis was to find materials derived from recycled or secondary raw materials that would be suitable for manufacturing composite applicable for structural details in the envelope of the building and for insulating in humid environment. An economic and environmental aspect plays an important role in the choice of material. The main theme of the thesis is the laboratory manufacturing of a composite with a thermoplastic matrix derived from recycled plastic materials and waste foam as a phase. Has been developed a unique Waste-based Particle Polymer Composite (WPPC) made from recycled foam and polypropylene. However, before WPPC can be reliably used by construction designers, physical properties of WPPC must be accurately identified. Therefore, it was designed laboratory manufacturing system and sample testing system, it was studied thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical and moisture absorptivity of WPPC. Application of finished composite material with satisfying thermal insulation properties to structural details to eliminate the thermal bridge, was the next step. These are details of the unloaded, prefabricated balconies, windows, atics, as well as basement constructions and the heel of the central load-bearing wall, the terrain flooring and the staircase wall