Dentro do campo da Arqueologia Social a questão do surgimento das primeiras comunidades políticas é um tema central de inquérito. Consagradamente, as ciências sociais assumem que as bases últimas destes processos formativos são, em alguma medida, irresgatáveis, empregando construções ideais e teóricas na formulação, construção de explanações sociológicas e culturais para este fenômeno. Tais explanações muitas vezes tem dificuldades em identificar realidades materiais nas fases ideais que correspondam as fases presumidas em suas formulações metodológicas de mudança social, materialidades estas que são o foco central da disciplina arqueológica. Nosso trabalho se propõe a tentar um estudo crítico de dois contextos materiais fundamentalmente ligados à formação das comunidades políticas no espaço do Mediterrâneo grego, aqueles das póleis de Corinto e Siracusa durante a transição inicial do Período Arcaico. Manteremos como hipótese de trabalho que estas cidades são neste recorte cronológico momentos chave e situações diagnóstico dos processos de formação da Pólis e das fundações da experiência política, procurando ligações entre a interpretação de estruturas construídas e as soluções explanativas propostas pela teoria arqueológica e social, abordando o tema dos surgimento da comunidade política, da cidade e do estado como realidades interligadas. / Within the field of Social Archaeology, the matter of the emergence of the first political communities is a central theme of inquiry. Regarding this problem the Social Sciences have well estabilished that, at in least in some regard, the fundamental bases of such formative processes are fundamentally irretrievable, opting instead to formulate ideal and theoretical constructions as basis on to formulate sociological and cultural explanations for those phenomena. Such explanations often find difficulties in corresponding direct material realities to such theoretically based ideal phases of social change, indeed even while such material realities are the centerpiece of the Archaeological Discipline. Our present work proposes to attempt a critical study of two such material contexts fundamentaly connected to the development of the polítical communities in the Mediterranean Greek area, those of the Poleis of Corinth and Syracuse during the beginnings of the Archaic Period. We mantain as research hypothesis that such contexts are, in this chronology, key moments and syntomatic examples of the formative processes of the Polis and the beginnings of the Political Community, searching for connections between the interpretation of constructed structures and spaces and the explanative solutions proposed by Archaeological and Social Theory, engaging the theme of the formations of the Political Community, the City and the State as interlinked realities.

Die Dissertation greift zwei neuere Ansätze der Platonforschung (P. Stemmer, N. Blößner) auf. Demnach ist Platons ''Politeia'' keine Lehrschrift, sondern eine kohärente Argumentation, die zudem den im ''Phaidros'' entfalteten Kommunikationsregeln folgt, also auf konkrete Situationen, Beweisziele und Personen bezogen ist. Der Autor konzentriert sich besonders auf den letzten Aspekt und hier vor allem auf die jugendlichen Gesprächspartner des Sokrates, die Brüder Glaukon und Adeimantos. Er zeigt, dass deren Analyse, die öffentliche Meinung der Zeit impliziere eine starke Tendenz zum Egoismus, und das bei ihnen daraus erwachsene, im Dialog drängend artikulierte Bedürfnis nach Gewinnung einer fundierten Gegenposition, die sie von Sokrates erwarten, Anlage und Durchführung von dessen Argumentation in der Tat wesentlich beeinflussen. Weil eine allen Einwänden standhaltende Begründung stets den Nachweis erfordert, dass gerecht zu sein ein intrinsisch notwendiger Bestandteil der Eudaimonie, d.h. eines gelingenden Lebens ist, erweist sich die reflektierte Lebenswahl somit als das zentrale Thema der ''Politeia'', das den Dialog zusammenhält und seinen Aufbau sowie den Zusammenhang seiner vielen unterschiedlichen Sachthemen letztlich erklärt. Behandelt wird dieses Thema aber nicht abstrakt, sondern mit Bezug auf die konkrete Situation der Brüder, von denen Glaukon (so der Autor) die initiative Rolle zuzuschreiben sei. Trotzdem gelinge es Platon, das Gespräch nicht um die Entscheidung einzelner Personen für ihre individuelle Lebensführung kreisen zu lassen, sondern um die grundsätzliche – und sich somit auch auf den Leser des Textes beziehende – Frage, auf welcher Erkenntnisbasis, auf welcher methodischen Grundlage und mit welchem Grad an Gewissheit man solche Entscheidungen überhaupt treffen kann. Diese Sicht macht auch die methodischen und erkenntnistheoretischen Explikationen, die Platons Dialog in beträchtlichem Maße enthält, zu essentiellen Bestandteilen der Argumentation. / This dissertation picks up on two recent approaches in Platonic scholarship (P. Stemmer, N. Bloessner), which view Plato’s ''Politeia'' not as a doctrinal work, but rather a coherent argumentation, which, moreover, applies the rules of communication as laid out in the ''Phaedrus'' and is thus related to the argumentative goals of concrete persons in a specific situation. The author primarily focuses on the second aspect, particularly on Socrates’ young interlocutors, the brothers Glaucon and Adeimantus. He shows how their analysis, according to which the public opinion of their time implies a strong tendency towards egoism, and their consequent desire for a well-founded counterargument, for which they turn to Socrates, in fact determines the structure and development of the latter’s argumentation. Since a justification which can withstand all objections requires the demonstration that being just is an intrinsically necessary component of eudaimonia, i.e. of true happiness, a rational life choice thus emerges as the central theme of the ''Politeia'', which gives the dialogue its inner coherence and ultimately explains its structure as well as the connection between the various topics it deals with. This theme is not, however, developed abstractly, but in connection with the concrete situation of the brothers, with Glaucon (according to the author of the dissertation) taking the initiative. However, Plato nonetheless succeeds at not letting the discussion revolve around the particular decisions of an individual regarding a particular way of life, but rather around the fundamental question – which thus also relates to the reader of the text – as to the epistemological and methodological basis for such decisions and the degree of certainty with which they can be reached. According to this interpretation, the methodological and epistemological explications, which figure prominently throughout the dialogue, should be viewed as essential elements of the argumentation.