Le design pédagogique dans les jeux vidéo non éducatifs est une discipline en mal de définitions et de méthodes. Contrairement à celui que l’on trouve dans les écoles ou autres institutions de formation, le design pédagogique pour les jeux vidéo non éducatifs est fait par des designers de jeux qui n’ont souvent aucune formation en enseignement. Un modèle de design pédagogique pour les jeux vidéo non éducatifs est donc développé dans ce mémoire, à partir d’une recherche exploratoire utilisant l’analyse de contenu de jeux vidéo et les théories de la science de l’éducation. Étant donné les ressources limitées disponibles pour le développement du modèle, la présente recherche pourra servir de base à la construction d’un modèle plus élaboré sur un sujet semblable, offrira des pistes intéressantes de recherche sur l’enseignement par le jeu et pourra soutenir les designers de jeu lors de la planification du design pédagogique dans leurs jeux. / Instructional design for non-educational video games is an ill-defined discipline that lacks established methods. Contrarily to the one used in schools or other education or formation institutions, video game instructional design is done by video game designers who often have no teaching training. An instructional design model for non-educational games is developed, in this paper, based on video game content analysis and educational science theories. Considering the limited resources available for the development of this model, it lays grounds for the establishment of a more elaborate model on instructional video game design, offers insights on education through games and can help video game designers plan the instructional design for their games.

L'étude des bactéries pathogènes opportunistes d'origine environnementale ayant des modes de vie variés, libre et autonome ou contraint à une niche spécifique représentée par l'hôte, présente un intérêt dans la compréhension de l'adaptation des bactéries à leurs hôtes et de l'apparition de nouveaux pathogènes. Le genre Aeromonas regroupe des bactéries communes des milieux aquatiques, principalement des eaux douces. Elles sont capables d'entretenir différents types de relations avec leurs hôtes (parasitisme/symbiose) et peuvent être hébergées par un large spectre d'organismes. Chez l'homme, elles sont la cause d'une large variété d'infections (gastroentérite, bactériémie, infection de la peau et des tissus mous, etc.) mais les difficultés d'identification des souches et une taxonomie confuse engendrent une méconnaissance de la pathogénicité réelle des différentes espèces décrites.Le but de ce travail était d'étudier les mécanismes d'évolution génomique et génétique à l'origine de la remarquable capacité d'adaptation des Aeromonas à leurs hôtes, notamment à l'homme. Une analyse comparative de la diversité génétique et génomique d'une large collection de 195 souches représentative des différentes espèces du genre et d'origines variées (humaine, animale et environnementale) a été menée. La diversité génétique a été appréhendée au moyen d'une approche multilocus incluant l'étude des séquences de 7 gènes de ménage (dnaK, gltA, gyrB, radA, rpoB, tsf, zipA). En parallèle, nous avons étudié la variabilité des copies multiples du gène rrs en explorant leur diversité génétique par une méthode d'électrophorèse en condition dénaturante (PCR-TTGE) et la variabilité du nombre et de la répartition des opérons rrn dans le chromosome de ces bactéries par électrophorèse en champ pulsé.Ces différentes approches nous ont permis de mettre en évidence : i) une diversité très élevée des 7 gènes de ménage analysés ainsi que l'existence de transferts latéraux, ii) l'existence de sous-groupes de souches adaptées à un hôte ou à une localisation anatomique particulière, iii) un nombre important d'opérons rrn (8 à 11), iv) l'existence de profils de distribution chromosomique des opérons rrn spécifique d'espèce ou de groupes d'espèces proches, v) une forte proportion (41,5%) des souches présentant une hétérogénéité de séquences des différentes copies du gène rrs. Nos résultats montrent également la valeur taxonomique de l'étude de la diversité génétique et génomique à l'aide des approches proposées au sein du genre Aeromonas.Nous montrons que : i) l'ARN ribosomique 16S est un marqueur informatif pour étudier les modes d'évolution et conduire des études de taxonomie mixte et consensuelle dans le genre Aeromonas à condition d'étudier la diversité de ses multiples copies, ii) A. caviae présente des caractéristiques génétiques particulières témoignant d'un processus d'adaptation en cours à une niche écologique que nous supposons être l'intestin humain. Nos résultats supportent également un mode d'évolution des bactéries du genre Aeromonas dit en complexes d'espèces accompagné de phénomènes de spéciation pouvant en partie expliquer les difficultés rencontrées pour établir une taxonomie claire du genre Aeromonas. / Abstract :Studying opportunistic pathogenic bacteria with an environmental origin and a wide variety of lifestyles, either free-living or host-adapted, is useful to improve the understanding of bacterial adaptation to hosts and the emergence of novel pathogens. The genus Aeromonas groups water-living bacteria, mainly in freshwater. They are able to support several types of relations with their hosts (parasitism/ symbiosis) and are harbored by a large spectrum of hosts. In human, they are involved in a wide range of infections (gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, wound and soft tissue infection, etc.) but difficulties in identifying strains and a confused taxonomy results in incomplete knowledge of the real strain pathogenicity of each described species.The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of genomic and genetic evolution related to the outstanding ability of Aeromonas adaptation to host, including human. We led a comparative analysis of the genetic and genomic diversity on a large strain collection (195 strains) representative of the species of the genus and from various sources (human, animal, environmental). We studied the genetic diversity using a 7 housekeeping gene multilocus strain analysis (dnaK, gltA, gyrB, radA, rpoB, tsf, zipA). We also described the variability in the i) rrs multiple gene copies using a PRC-TTGE method and ii) the number and distribution of the rrn operons within the chromosome using a pulse field gel electrophoresis. Our results also showed the taxonomic value of the study of genetic and genomic diversity using the approaches proposed in the genus Aeromonas.These various approaches enabled us to highlight: i) a high genetic diversity in the housekeeping genes together with horizontal gene transfers events, ii) some clusters that were either host-adapted or adapted to particular anatomical locations, iii) a high number of rrn operons (from 8 to 11), iv) the presence of patterns of rrn operon that were either species-specific or specific to groups of closely related species, v) a high frequency (41,5%) of strains harboring sequence heterogeneities between rrs copies. We showed that: i) 16 rRNA is a valuable marker for studying the modes of evolution of aeromonads and the taxonomy within the genus Aeromonas provided that multiple copy diversity is taken into account, ii) A. caviae displays particular genetic characteristic that suggested an ongoing process of adaptation to a niche that we supposed to be human digestive tract. Our results also support an evolution mode in complex of species with some speciation process that could at least in part explain difficulties for determining a clarified taxonomy within the genus Aeromonas.

This thesis studies the relationship between the first generation biofuels and selected commodities and assets in the USA, Europe, and Brazil. It is the first attempt to combine the taxonomy and wavelet analyses in a single research application. Our unique dataset comprises 32 weekly price series covering the 2003--2015 time period. First, we employ a method of minimum spanning trees and hierarchical trees to model a biofuel-related price network. We demonstrate a development phase shift between Brazilian and the US/EU biofuel industries. We reveal a strong and stable connection between Brazilian ethanol and its main production factor, local sugarcane. We further find that US ethanol is closely linked to corn. In the contrary, European biodiesel exhibits only moderate ties to its production factors. Subsequent wavelet analysis scrutinizes the identified price connections both in time and frequency domains. Both Brazilian and US ethanols are found to be positively related to their respective feedstock commodities. In particular, feedstock proves to lead the price of the biofuel and not vice versa. Moreover, the dynamics remains qualitatively unchanged when controlled for the influence of crude oil.

The aim of this thesis is to come up with a system enabling analysis of skills and knowledge of elementary school graduates in different subjects at the beginning of their first year at secondary schools in the form of an electronic didactic test using closed questions. The basic structure of this suggested system draws on the division of spheres of education into thematic units according to the educational framework for elementary schools. Tests for specific branches of education consist of closed questions arranged into groups of varying difficulty, determinated by the level of knowledge acquirement. This thesis further describes the rules of entering tasks into the system, rules of test development and of both percentual and verbal assessment. The final part deals with a project model of this suggested system in the phase of requirements. KEYWORDS: Analysis of skills and knowledge, didactic test, closed questions, task taxonomy, evaluation, project model, UP, UML

The aim of the thesis is based on the existing approaches to the assessment of the difficulty of the task of teaching with a focus on ICT and computer science to design a methodology for determining the difficulty of the task and verify it on the model examples for elementary schools. The methodology will be to respond to the theoretical background, which are based, in particular, of the parameters, forms, functions, and the specifics of teaching jobs. Other theoretical basis for the analysis of the teaching jobs are from the known taxonomies, Focus group research method and statistical data processing. The empirical part qualitative research including the multi-round testing pupils Elementary school and the analysis of the data obtained.

Diploma thesis deals with the content analysis of the only media education textbook, which was published in 2009. This textbook represents a teaching material for secondary school students in the Czech Republic. After the theoretical background of this topic and presentation of the curricular reform of the Czech educational systém in 2007, the work focuses on the content analysis and comparison of the textbook and recommended outputs of the Czech curricular framework. Moreover, it deals with improving core competencies of the students while teaching the media education. The didactic content of the textbook is the most concerned thing. For this kind of research the qualitative content analysis method has been chosen, using the Bloom's taxonomy of the educational goals (primarily a cognitive domain). The analysis deals with the tasks in the textbook, which are given to the students. The result of the research reflects the emphasis on memorizing data, moreover, it shows the trend of simple evaluation which do not consider the previous deeper analysis. This fact is consistent with the opinion of many other curriculum content critics in Czech schools.

Insect wings are very specific and unique structures in animal kingdom. Wing morphology is a result of long-standing complicated evolutionary process and until recently the way how the wings have evolved is not completely clarified. The flight ability is one of the most important event in insect history because it allows them to exploit new habitats, escape from predators or find the sexual partner. Here we present the newly discovered material consisting of Palaeodictyoptera immature wings from the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian A) of Poland. This order became extinct in the end of Permian, however during the Late Paleozoic was remarkably diversified. Until recently, number of adult palaeodictyopterans have been described, however the immature stages are relatively unknown due to lack of suitable fossils. Immature wings present in this thesis have undoubtedly palaeodictyopterous affinities with atribution within superfamilies Breyeroidea and Homoiopteroidea. However, their familial assignment into Breyeriidae (morphotype A) and Homiopteridae (morphotype B) based on fore wing venation characters is not definite because of wing venation limits in early ontogenetic stages. The aim of the present work is a complex description of 14 new palaeodictyopteriids immature wings, and to point out certain important...

La définition de la structure phylogénétique du genre Frankia est encore problématique, les forces évolutives guidant son spéciation, dispersion et donc la génération de sa diversité ne sont pas complètement documentées. La phylogénie actuelle du genre a été définie par l’analyse comparative de la séquence du 16S rRNA. Par ailleurs, la définition des espèces génomiques a été gênée par la faible applicabilité de la technique d’hybridation ADN-ADN. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nos travaux ont consisté à étudier la variabilité génomique dans le genre et sa conséquente traduction en variabilité spécifique et écologique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué la diversité spécifique du genre ainsi que l’utilité de la technique AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) pour la définition des espèces génomiques. De plus, notre protocole fut aussi utilisé pour analyser souches non isolées en appliquant le protocole directement sur des nodosités actinorhiziennes. Dans un deuxième temps, un schéma MLSA (Multilocus Sequence Analysis) nous a permis de redéfinir la phylogénie du genre sur une centaine de souches, et pour la première fois de décrire la divergence phylogénétique d’un groupe de souches non-isolées présentant un phénotype unique de sporulation in planta (Sp+). Les souches Sp+ sont distribuées dans deux clades très divergents dont la structuration est fortement corrélée au génotype de la plante hôte et au phénotype Sp+/Sp- de la souche. L’intérêt de marqueurs génétiques présentant un intérêt pour l’écologie des souches a été révisé. Dans ce but nous avons étudié la présence, distribution et phylogénie de sodF et des différents composants génétiques impliquées dans la production des siderophores chez Frankia. / The depiction of the phylogenetic structure of the genus Frankia is still troublesome and the evolutionary forces guiding the speciation, dispersion and diversity are not well documented. The current phylogeny has been defined on the basis of the comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence while de genomospecies definition is still subjected to DNA-DNA hybridization trials. Aiming to bring to light the genomic variability of the genus and its translation into the ecological and specific diversity, our studies consisted in, firstly, evaluating the specific diversity within the genus and the ability of the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism technique (AFLP) to describe Frankia genomospecies and their phylogenetic liaisons. Moreover this technique was also tested for the study of the non isolated Frankia directly in the actinorhizal nodules. Secondly, we defined a MLSA (Multilocus Sequence analysis) scheme which allowed us to establish a phylogeny of the genus by using a hundred of strains and for the first time to describe the phylogenetic divergence of a group of non culturable strains exhibiting the particular ability (phenotype) of sporulating in planta (Sp+). The Sp+ strains are distributed into two divergent clades whose structure is highly correlated to the host genotype. The importance of genetic markers having impact over ecology of the strains has been revised. In this regard we have studied the phylogenetic analysis and the occurrence of the genetic components for the siderophore production and of the sodF gene in Frankia.

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are one of the most diverse algal groups in the Antarctic Region and play a dominant role in almost all freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this overall occurrence, little is known about the diversity, ecology and biogeography of this group in the Maritime Antarctic Region. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to define the taxonomical, ecological and biogeographical characterisation of aquatic, semi- aquatic and moss-inhabiting diatom communities from two islands in the Maritime Antarctic Region: James Ross Island and Livingston Island, located on opposite sides of the Antarctic Peninsula. In this study, a total of 250 samples from three different habitat types (lakes, streams & seepage areas and mosses) from Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island) and Ulu Peninsula (James Ross Island) have been analysed. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, a rather diverse diatom flora composed of 178 taxa, belonging to 43 genera has been identified. Although even until recently, it was generally accepted that the Antarctic diatom flora was mostly composed of cosmopolitan taxa, several new species could be described as a new for science during this PhD study (a reflection of this work is presented in chapters 2 & 3 and in Appendices). Habitat type and...

The post-Triassic Nautiloidea are not as popular theme within fossils cephalopods research as for example ammonites. They are not very abundant in the fossil records except some rare localities and areas, their morphology is quite conservative and due to the usually poor preservation, their determination and assigning to the species even to genera level is often complicated. Exceptional are taxa with very specific morphology and short stratigraphic and endemic occurrence, which are even suitable for biostratigraphic interpretations. Problematic is also the often poor taxonomical representation of the type material and revision of many taxa is needed. Still nautilids are often represented by reasonable amount in the paleontological collections of natural history museums due to the long history of fossils collecting. Also the scientific literature has been dedicating at least some space to this group since 19 century. The aim of this study is to create an overview about the post- Triassic, especially Upper Cretaceous nautiolidea in the European region of epicontinental seas and prepare a good basement for extensive study of this group. Due to this aim the study is primarily focused on determination of morphological features and also problematic with their interpretation according to the variable...