謝馥盈. / "2009年8月". / "2009 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-142). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Xie Fuying. / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / 鳴謝 --- p.vii / 目錄 --- p.viii / 圖表目錄 --- p.x / Chapter 第一章: --- 引言 --- p.1 / 硏究背景 --- p.1 / 硏究意義 --- p.3 / 論文架構 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二章: --- 文獻回顧 --- p.5 / 勞動彈性化 --- p.5 / 工會轉型的方向 --- p.13 / 香港的工會發展 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三章: --- 硏究設計 --- p.29 / 硏究設計 --- p.29 / 衡量工會有否朝著組織模式方向發展的標準 --- p.40 / Chapter 第四章: --- 政治意識形態與工會組織 --- p.47 / 政治意識形態與工會組織 --- p.48 / 受訪工會的行動立場 --- p.49 / 組織運作 --- p.58 / 結果分析 --- p.77 / Chapter 第五章: --- 工會競爭與工會組織 --- p.87 / 定義競争 --- p.87 / 訪談結果 --- p.93 / 結果分析 --- p.96 / Chapter 第六章: --- 微觀動員情境與工會組織 --- p.98 / 衡量對微觀動員情境掌握程度的標準 --- p.98 / 微觀動員情境與具體組織手段 --- p.102 / 結果分析 --- p.105 / Chapter 第七章: --- 論文總結 --- p.111 / 硏究結果摘要 --- p.111 / 影響工會發展方向的原因 --- p.113 / 對工會硏究文獻的啓示 --- p.114 / 對香港組織模式工會發展的展望 --- p.115 / 硏究限制 --- p.117 / 未來的硏究方向 --- p.118 / 附件一:受訪工會關注的行業/企業彈性化情況 --- p.120 / 附件二 :受訪工會行動紀錄(2005-2008) --- p.128 / 參考書目 --- p.132

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Recent academic studies reveal a pronounced trend of increasing income inequality in the United States. For those policymakers concerned with increasing income inequality, wage inequality is a logical policy focus. Wage inequality analyses often focus on demographic characteristics or education; however, a more subtle consideration is job mobility, i.e., the movement of an individual from job to job throughout his career. To the extent that particular job mobility patterns are associated with higher wages, unequal opportunity for workers either to make job changes or to remain in their current jobs can contribute to wage inequality in general. In this study, I focus on the relationship between job mobility and wages in order to understand which job mobility levels are associated with the highest wages for workers at different stages of their careers. Existing academic literature suggests that job mobility is associated with positive wage returns for workers early in their careers, but that the effect diminishes as workers gain experience and positive wage returns to job tenure grow stronger. These findings indicate that the relationships between job mobility, tenure, and wages may depend upon experience. Specifically, I hypothesize that high voluntary job mobility is associated with positive wage returns for low experience workers, while high tenure is associated with positive wage gains for high experience workers. To explore these relationships, I run several regression models that control for person and year fixed effects and a variety of time-varying control variables. I find evidence of positive wage returns associated with high voluntary job mobility, which appear to diminish as workers gain experience. I also find that high tenure is positively associated with higher wages for both low and high experience workers, not just for those workers with high work experience. In terms of policy implications, these findings broadly indicate that some work patterns could result in higher average wages than others, and that a diverse portfolio of labor policies may, therefore, stand to benefit workers who are just beginning their careers, whereas policies that foster increased tenure may create the greatest opportunity for wage growth among workers later in their careers.

Over the last twenty years we have seen an increasing use of in-work tax subsidies to encourage labor supply among low-income groups. In Sweden, a non-targeted earned income tax credit was introduced in 2007, and was reinforced in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The stated motive of the reform was to boost employment; in particular to provide incentives for individuals to go from unemployment to, at least, part-time work. In this paper we try to analyze the extensive margin labor supply effects of the Swedish earned income tax credit reform up to 2008. For identification we exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit, as well as the resulting average tax rate, is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working. However, throughout the analysis we find placebo effects that are similar in size to the estimated reform effects. In addition, the results are sensitive with respect to how we define employment, which is especially true when we analyze different subgroups such as men and women, married and singles. Our conclusion is that the identifying variation is too small and potentially endogenous and that it is therefore not possible to use this variation to perform a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Swedish EITC-reform.

Previous studies have determined that teachers with strong subject backgrounds in math or science have a positive effect on student achievement. Using data from the American Community Surveys, I find that nation-wide, teachers who studied math or science in their undergraduate degrees receive a roughly 1% increase in salary over teachers that studied other subjects. I find that private schools do not reward teachers with a math or science background more than public schools do, but that medium-poor states as a group reward teachers with math or science backgrounds while richer states do not.

In early October 2005, just over a month after Hurricane Katrina devastated the gulf coast region of the United States, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin asked local business leaders how he was to ensure that the city was not overrun by Mexican workers. These remarks vocalized the concerns of many regarding Latino immigrant workers to post-Katrina New Orleans. Likewise, they foreshadowed the obstacles faced by Latino reconstruction workers in the city. This dissertation examines Latino day labor participation in New Orleans, Louisiana by focusing on the racialized experiences of immigrant reconstruction workers. There is an established literature on racial/ethnic immigrant labor market inequality, addressing Latino wage penalties and occupational segregation as well as recent studies focusing on the gendered and racialized experiences of Latina and Chicana domestic workers in the U.S. However, established demographic research on day labor participation in the U.S. has failed to capture fully how day laborers experience "race" and how this has impacted their integration into the labor market. The broad questions guiding this dissertation are: "What are the racialized experiences of day laborers?"; "How does the process of racialization shape the work experiences of day laborers?"; "How do day laborers negotiate these experiences and interactions with co-workers, employers, and their community?" This dissertation focused on a 23 month ethnographic research and 31 in-depth semi-structured interviews with Latino day laborers in post-Katrina New Orleans. This research underscores the crucial role that Latino day laborers play as non-standard workers in a racialized labor market, historically organized along a black/white continuum. The findings demonstrated day laboring is a process that takes place in racialized spaces, where day laborers exert emotional work. Findings also demonstrated how "race" impacts the day-to-day work experiences of day laborers, and how immigration status is a racialized social characteristic that allows for exploitation of immigrant workers. Finally, this dissertation examined the resistance strategies used by day laborers, and their organizing efforts toward achieving social justice in post-Katrina New Orleans.

This thesis is trying to answer the question: why the labor regime of Taiwan would toward the direction is not conducive to the Taiwan¡¦s labor? There are a large number of previous articles had analyzed the labor regime of Taiwan. Most of them were focused on how the single factor influenced the labor regime¡¦s establishment or on how to analyze the static institute. We argue that approaches had a similar problem is unable to offer an integral explanation, which is no matter how the institute has changed still maintaining not conducive to the Taiwan¡¦s labor. Therefore we aim to broaden the perspection, by evolving the social surroundings, the interactions amount actors and institutions development, to outline a much more comprehensive picture of the labor regime than previous articles could do. This thesis uses path dependence which conception is the historical institutionalist used to explain how the institute be operated and how it had constrained actors¡¦ behavior. I would display my research method as follow. First, as we could see is path dependence not only brought us a far more exhaustive imagination of the labor regime but told us the importance of the diachronic comparison. Therefore the first step of this study sets the time of observation during 1980 to 2010. In order to emerged and convenient to observe the historical development of labor regime, we chosen every ten years for a period of time, which meant that period of chapter 2 would be set within 1980 to 90, chapter 3 would be set within 1990 to 2000, and chapter 4 would be set within 2000 to 10. Then by comparing these three periods¡¦ similarities, we could easily to extract those similarities and recognize the development path of labor regime. Second, we claimed that labor regime is constituted by three components: one is social surroundings, one is institute, and the other is three actors include nation, capital and labor. This thesis had planned that every chapter should to discuss about how those three components influence each other. After comparing those three periods, the major finding is we could explicitly figure out the path of the labor regime which has towards to flexibilize and commoditize the labor market. Beside this conclusion could explain our research question, we also trying to describe the Taiwan¡¦s labor regime a comprehensive imagination.

According to the Theory of Political Development and Modernization, the process of democratic transition is stepping as follows: totalitarianism, authoritarianism, semi-democracy and democracy. It is believed that in the times of both Changes was a period of Authoritarianism. Due to the implementation of Martial Law, the freedom of people¡¦s assembling and party organizing were restricted. It was the period that only one party-K.M.T. governed the country. Obviously operation of the government was based on the profit of the party. Besides, going on strike was illegal because of martial law. After the end of martial law, peripheral labor unions are striving to lie themselves to the offending party or labor unions, in order to get the leadership of traditional unions. ¡@¡@¡@¡@It can be concluded that the end of martial law in 1987 was a clear cut of the development of Labor Union in Taiwan. Before it, the operation of Labor Union interfered with and manipulated by K.M.T, and was closely adjoined with the development of the nation. In view of the priority of foreign trade and economic growth, the role and the function of labor union had little opportunity to bring into play during the period. Not until the end of martial law, with the change of political and economic environments as well as the rise of various social movements, the independent labor union and other labor organizations outside the system weren¡¦t established. Gradually, these labor unions were aware of the rights of labor, and were more aggressive to fight for their benefits. Indeed, they were more active than before with the result that they and their functions, gained more attention from labors and the general public. ¡@¡@In the year of 2000, when D.P.P. replaced K.M.T. as the new government, the new leadership adopted the so-called Golden Mean Policy which included the freedom, democratization of labor organizations, and the establishment of the Committee of Labor Arbitration to deal with arguments between labors and administers, and the fulfillment of the industry owner by private. All these are different greatly from ¡§economic priority¡¨ and ¡§market mechanism¡¨ accented by K.M.T. To execute new labor policy, and according to The contemporary political and economic environment as well as the trend of future development, Council of Labor Affairs began to breed the new act of reforming Labor Union with the view of protecting the rights of labor and promoting the freedom and democratization of the operation of Labor Union. Therefore, the interaction of Taiwan¡¦s labor organizations and the government in the future are still under investigating.

This paper aims to explore the impact of portable labor pension system on labor employment in Kaohsiung County after its implementation. Being an important industrial zone and there are numerous labor working here, Kaoshiung County deserves to serve as the target and area for this study. In this study, the in-depth interview approach was adopted, and the subjects of in-depth interviews included four (4) persons from the agencies under Kaohsiung County Government, one (1) person from Kaohsiung County Industrial Association, one (1) person from Confederation of Trade Union of Kaohsiung County, and five (5) persons from different enterprises. Although different opinions were obtained from the interview, we could conclude 10 key points from the study results as follows: 1. The labor mobility did not increase after implementation of the new labor pension system. Labors did not care about things that had not happened yet. What they cared about was whether they were able to continue their jobs or not. 2. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not cause any increase in business closedown. Actually, the contribution to labor pension fund occupied only a few percentage of the personnel cost, and the cost increased due to the new system would be reflected in the prices of products. 3. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not increase layoff of employees. Companies would not lay off their employees due to implementation of the new labor pension system. They would cope with the cost increased due to the new system by improving their equipment and working process and increasing the productivity. 4. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not cause any increase in labor-management disputes. In general, most labor disputes were caused by issues such as overdue wages payment, refusal to join in the labor insurance, application for certificate of involuntary turnover, or payment of severance pay. The dispute on new labor pension system was only a small issue in labor-management disputes. 5. After the implementation of new labor pension system, enterprises may not contribute to the pension fund according to regulations. Big enterprises are most likely to change their salary structure and welfare policies, while small businesses may directly deduct the pension fund from employees¡¦ salary. The costs increased due to the new system were usually deducted from other places. Labors do not have any access to the labor pension fund in substance. 6. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not cause any increase in enterprises¡¦ outsourcing operation. Enterprises would outsource their work for the need of projects or business. The purpose of outsourcing was to save operating cost instead of labor cost. 7. The implementation of the new labor pension system would increase the employment of dispatched workers because in such way enterprises would need not to contribute any money to the labor pension fund. 8. The implementation of the new labor pension system would increase the employment of temporary workers and contracted workers. In order to reduce labor cost, enterprises would tend to employ temporary workers and contracted workers. Labors were also willing to be hired as temporary workers and contracted workers if enterprises agree to contribute to the labor pension monthly for them. 9. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not cause any increase in employment of middle-aged labors. Employers would not hire middle-aged labors just for saving expenses for labor pension fund under the new system. The reason why they did not consider hiring the middle-aged labors was because of their poor physical strength and productivity. 10. The implementation of the new labor pension system did not increase unemployment. Enterprises would not reduce employment if they have to speed up their work. The implementation of the new system did not directly cause an impact of unemployment on labors, but it did influence the enterprises¡¦ willingness in employment of temporary workers and contracted workers. They would rather to hire the dispatched workers and thus indirectly lead to a condition of short-term unemployment.