This study focuses on contractors of petrochemical companies in Kaohsiung. It tries to understand the working conditions of contractors¡¦ workers and practices of human resource management of contractors. After interviewing and surveying to on-the-spot directors in petrochemical factories, contractors, and their employees, we found the following results: The characteristics of petrochemical factories using contractors are specialized field, labor service outsourcing, and regular practice. Short of labor and lack of specialization are the major reasons for using contractors. Advantages of using contractors for the most part are efficiency, employment cost, and employment flexibility. On the other hand, disadvantages are low safety consciousness, hard to manage, poor work quality, and high turnover rate of contractors' workers. On the working status of contractors, they undertake many contracted projects simultaneously, and deliver projects over to subcontractor (nearly 30%). The contents of contracted projects are extensive, and the main type is technical work (nearly 75%). Due to contracted periods differ in length, these projects are very unpredictable ,which pushes contractors employ temps to cope with high turnover rate. Contractors hire temps more than permanent workers on average (1.2 times). There are 80% contractors use temps, and the major reason is to meet working demand, the next is financial consideration. That temps have more variations on working contents and places reveals they face higher working uncertainties than permanent workers do. Besides, those temps' income source and average salary are lower than permanent significantly. That shows their economic pressure is higher. They have no job security, so their job satisfaction are lower, and attitude about future are pessimistic. This research also found that job functions, contracting experience, and contracting quantity of contractors would affect their tendency of using temps based on logistic regression analyses. On the human resource management aspects of contractors, most contractors use temps hiring as a way of screening and recruiting formal employees. It is different on recruiting temps and permanent workers. With regard to the source of temps, contractors mostly depend on social network; about 15% were through dispatching labor agency. The educational background of temps is lower, and contractors assign miscellaneous jobs to them mainly. Cleaning and carrying are the next. Most temps have worse fringe benefits (such as labor insurance, health insurance, group life insurance, working bonus, special vacations, etc.). There are 20%~30% workers of contractors have no labor and health insurance, and about 50 % workers have no accident insurance in this high risk area. Considering two facts about temps, high turnover rate and easiness of replacement, the job security of temps is worse. Overall, workers' conditions of contractors were not good at all in this study. It is obvious that they are in greet need of intervention and protection of government, especially in working conditions. On the aspect of risk of about occupational safety, petrochemical factories benefited from contracting but it also raise their safety risk. The accidental rate of contractors is 80%, and temps' is higher than permanent workers¡¦. This kind of fact is also shown in contractors' attitude. They think workers should be responsible for accident. This phenomenon reveal that labor safety and hygiene here is still worth striving.

nÃo hà / A poluiÃÃo dos recursos hÃdricos vem aumentando drasticamente, em todo o mundo. Dentre as soluÃÃes adotadas, tem-se a implantaÃÃo de EstaÃÃes de Tratamento de Esgotos - ETEâs, as quais devem ser estudadas como plantas industriais, que servem à sociedade. As ETEâs, como qualquer indÃstria, sofrem dos problemas de higiene industrial e de seguranÃa do trabalho. Nesta pesquisa estuda-se os riscos laborais, tanto ambientais quanto operacionais, os quais os empregados do setor de saneamento estÃo expostos nas etapas do sistema de tratamento de esgoto possuindo caracterÃsticas de unidades industriais. AtravÃs de pesquisas bibliogrÃficas, questionÃrios e verificaÃÃo das Normas Regulamentadoras â NRâs existentes, complementadas com visitas realizadas a algumas ETEâs da Companhia de Ãgua e Esgoto do Cearà â CAGECE e entrevistas com os empregados das mesmas, foi possÃvel levantar as condiÃÃes de trabalho e tipos de acidentes que ocorrem. Foram verificados os procedimentos e manuais da Ãrea de seguranÃa e higiene no trabalho da mesma, bem como constatado a nÃo existÃncia de uma Norma especÃfica para o setor de saneamento como, tambÃm, uma ClassificaÃÃo Nacional de Atividades EconÃmicas - CNAE que represente diretamente as ETEâs, seus acidentes e empregados. Pode-se verificar que muitos dos que ocorrem atualmente jà tinham sido relatados a dÃcadas atrÃs e que muitos dos manuais e procedimentos devem ser atualizados e ter uma linguagem mais acessÃvel ao trabalhador. Dos questionÃrios aplicados, a totalidade foi respondida. Constatou-se que a divulgaÃÃo dos dados de acidentes, bem como procedimentos de seguranÃa por parte da CAGECE à transparente. Assim, foi possÃvel montar um quadro geral dos acidentes e riscos existentes nas ETEâs. / Water pollution is growing drastically worldwide. Among the solutions adopted is the installation of wastewater treatment plants. They have to be considered industrial units at the service of the community that like any other unit of that type, suffers from problems related to hygiene and labor safety. In this research we studied labor hazards, ambient and operational, to which operators of treatment plants are exposed during the phases of industrial style waste water treatment. Methods applied include literature studies, questionnaires, verification of the existing safety norms, visiting of some treatment units of CAGECE â Companhia de Ãgua e Esgoto do CearÃ, and interviews with workers in order to learn about the working conditions and accidents occurred. The procedures applied and the safety and hygiene manuals were verified. We confirmed the lack of specific norms for the sanitation sector and of the âNational Classification of Economic Activities â CNAEâ that should consider waste water treatment, its workers and accidents they suffer. We found that many of the actual accidents were reported already decades ago; but manuals and procedures remained unchanged exhibiting, in addition, a language inaccessible for the workers. From the questionnaires, fully returned by the workers, we learned that the divulgement by CAGECE of safety procedures and accidents is transparent. This allowed a complete insight into accidents and risks occurring in waste water treatment plants.

本文旨在瞭解新聞工作者所遭遇的職業災害種類，以及發生職災的成因，並探討媒體組織在事前是否提供良好的安全衛生環境，最後檢視現行的職災法制能否有效達到事前預防與事後補償的效果。 研究結果發現，近年來的媒體不景氣，組織人事精簡帶來的高工時和高勞動強度，導致原本就有許多外在採訪風險的新聞工作者，心理壓力更是影響健康的一環。透過資料收集與訪談顯示，記者常見的外在職災包含「蓄意襲擊」、「意外傷害」、「通勤災害」、「天災」、「腕穴道症候群」及「椎間盤突出、脊椎側彎等攝影記者常見職災」等六種；而內在健康的損害包含「過勞（死）」、「精神官能症」、「類PTSD症候群」及「腫瘤、癌症」等四類。 而媒體組織大多缺乏事前預防的機制，包括外勤採訪時的安全裝備，或是事前安全訓練等均無，導致新聞工作者普遍缺乏安全意識，卻又在搶快、搶畫面的前提下，以肉身抵擋各種意外，造成各種嚴重的職災；而法規方面，事前安全衛生法規偏重工業環境安全，不適用於記者的工作環境，而發生職災後，則有法律上認定的困難，包括過勞死與精神官能症的判定基準都過於嚴苛，造成新聞工作者對於法律提供的金錢補償往往是「看得到、吃不到」。 然而綜觀上述，可以發現新聞工作者容易發生職災的最根源，來自於媒體結構性的改變，近年來因著不景氣裁員，記者的工作量一人當三人用；同時間各種置入性行銷、拉廣告業務等違反新聞倫理的生態，更容易讓新聞工作者身心俱疲。媒體主管若不改善新聞工作者的勞動條件，便難以避免內在和外在各種職業災害的發生。 / The study aims to investigate different types of occupational accidents encountered by journalists, and to explore whether or not media organizations provide a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and to finally review the current legal system that regulates the workers’ compensation in the labor force of media and journalism. Recently, the global economic recession has highly increased the unemployment rates in Taiwan. As a result, the labor condition of journalists has been negatively influenced. Apart from external risks caused at work, mental pressure has greater affected their overall health. According to the interviews of 19 journalists and 5 related personnel, the 6 most occurred occupational accidents encountered by journalists are: “deliberately attack”, “unexpected accident”, “commuter accident”, “natural disaster”, “carpal tunnel syndrome”, and “intervertebral disk herniation and scoliosis”, and “other common occupational accidents for photographers”. As well, there are 4 other types of internal occupational accidents: “karoshi”, “psychoneurosis”, “post-traumatic stress disorder”, and “tumors and cancer”. In addition, the occupational accidents preventing system for this particular career is not completely developed, thus, only few journalists own safety awareness. In terms of the related regulations, workers’ compensation in Taiwan is mainly made for the blue collars, which is not yet suitable for journalists. Unfortunately, the standard criteria for “karoshi” and “psychoneurosis” are so rigorous that almost no one could receive the subsidies after accidents. Draw a conclusion of “occupational accidents encountered by journalists”, journalists in Taiwan carry heavy workloads and being demanded to work overtime due to mass layoffs in the industry. It is still difficult to avoid both external and internal occupational accidents if the chiefs of the media organizations do not make necessary changes to ameliorate the structure. Above all, the inadequate labor condition of the media workers should be first improved, so that many occupational accidents can be prevented as the result.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-13 / In this dissertation the subject of labor safety and health is approached, focusing on prevention of accidents when working in suspended scaffold, based on NR-18 as a preventive tool. The study initially presents information about Civil Engineering distributed in significant subjects for the intended targets is presented. In the second part details of suspended scaffold, pertinent guidelines of the NR-18 and no compulsory standards ABNT to be followed with this equipment are described. In the last part, the fulfillment of rules inserted in the NR-18, focused mainly to the suspended scaffold design, it is studied in the case study in a construction site. The conclusion shows the importance of the global view of the normative guidelines related to suspended scaffold, listed in this research, contributing for the complete fulfillment of the legal guidelines ans its improvement. The result achieved also might be useful as subsidies for the elaboration of the Conditions and Labor Environment Program for the Construction Industry, the project for the production of external covering, for the responsible organizations for monitoring of labor safety and health regulating standards / Esta dissertação aborda o tema da segurança e saúde no trabalho focado na prevenção de acidentes nas tarefas desenvolvidas em andaimes suspensos, utilizando a NR-18 como ferramenta prevencionista. O estudo apresenta inicialmente informações sobre a indústria da construção civil, distribuídas em temas significativos para os objetivos pretendidos. Descrevem-se, a seguir, detalhes dos andaimes suspensos, diretrizes pertinentes da NR-18 e norma não compulsória ABNT, para observação nos trabalhos com estes equipamentos. Finalmente, em estudo de caso, verifica-se em canteiro o cumprimento de disposições inseridas na NR-18, voltadas principalmente ao projeto de andaimes suspensos. A conclusão mostra a importância da visão sistêmica das diretrizes normativas para os trabalhos em andaimes suspensos, elencadas nesta pesquisa, contribuindo para plena observação das diretrizes legais e seu aperfeiçoamento. O resultado alcançado também pode servir de subsídios para a elaboração do PCMAT, do projeto para produção do revestimento externo e por parte dos órgãos com competência para fiscalização das normas regulamentadoras de segurança e saúde do trabalho

近年來，由於營造業職災千人率居各行業之冠，係因其特性所致，如：工(項) 種繁多、低價搶標、多層承攬等，以致造成職業安全衛生管理不易。又由於多層分 包之體制下，其僱傭及承攬契約關係並不單純，又職災發生原因繁多，導致法定義 務及責任錯綜複雜。 本研究蒐集98（2009）年至100（2011）年各級法院[如：地方法院、高等法 院、最高法院]對營造業職業災害之裁判，藉由以台灣五都「台北市、新北市、台 中市、台南市、高雄市 」刑事及民事裁判及行政處分之歸納、整理與比對進行探 討。研究結果顯示，判決案例數為 95 例，事件發生與司法判決相距時間為最短4 月至最長92月(約0.3~7.67年)，於統計3年期間之台北市13案例，年平均件數約 4.33，百分比約占13.68%、新北市28案例，年平均件數約9.33，百分比約占29.47%、 台中市26案例，年平均件數約8.67，百分比約占27.37%、台南市8案例，年平均 件數約2.67，百分比約占8.42%、高雄市20案例，年平均件數約6.67，百分比約 占21.05%。 依據本研究結果，並且結合一般及勞動法規，針對其雇主與事業單位之認定、勞 工安全之法定義務及職業災害之法定責任範圍、違反事實、涉及法規與法律效果 等予以類型化，並追究營造業勞工安全中應盡義務之檢驗標準，提出落實勞安之 管理配套措施，希冀供營造廠及分包商於勞工安全管理時之參考，進而降低營造 業之職業災害。 / This work collects court judgments concerning construction labor safety in Taiwan from 2009 to 2011 . These cases are grouped by jurisdictions , ie ., criminal , civil and administrative courts . The cases in each group are organized and compared, according to labor safety laws and regulations. The focus of this work includes (1) testing the standard of employer in law (ie., the subject of labor safety regulations) , and (2) identification employer obligation of labor safety in construction , and (3) summarizing the associated legal liability . In this study , our construction occupational incidents scenarios and to explore the relationship between judicial decision, the findings show that the number of cases was 95 cases of judgment, judicial decisions away from the incident and for the shortest time in 4 months ~ up to 92 months (approximately 0.3 to 7.67 years) , 3-year period in the statistical Taipei 13 cases, the average number of about 4.33, about 13.68% percentage, new Taipei City 28 cases, the average number of about 9.33, accounting for 29.47% percentage of Taichung City 26 cases, the average number of approximately 8.67, representing approximately 27.37% percentage, Tainan 8 cases, the average number of about 2.67, about 8.42% percentage Kaohsiung 20 cases, the average number of about 6.67, accounting for 21.05% percentage. The true merit of this work lies in the necessity of court interpretation of labor safety laws and regulations , because the extent of legal wording is far from clear and operational by practitioners . In a sense , the ruling in court becomes the determining factor resulting in employers ’ liability, rather than how the parties read the legal texts . Thus , the benefit of examining court interpretations of law is particular high . / 目 錄 中文摘要 I Abstract II 誌 謝 III 目 錄 IV 圖目錄 VII 表目錄 VIII 第一章 緒論 1 1.1研究背景 1 1.2研究動機與目的 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1職業災害定義及認定 5 2.1.1職業災害定義 5 2.1.2職業災害之要件與認定 8 2.2營造業僱傭與承攬關係與承攬模式之探討 10 2.2.1營造業在職業安全衛生法令上之定義 10 2.2.2僱傭與承攬關係在法令上之意義 10 2.2.2.1僱傭關係在法令上之意義 10 2.2.2.2承攬關係在法令上之意義 12 2.2.3國內營造業承攬類型探討 13 2.3雇主過失責任及無過失責任之探討 14 2.3.1雇主過失責任之探討 14 2.3.2雇主無過失責任之探討 17 2.4營造業職業災害現況及安全衛生管理問題 18 2.4.1營造業職業災害現況 18 2.4.2營造業所面臨安全衛生管理問題 21 第三章 研究設計與方法 23 3.1 研究設計 23 3.2 研究範圍 23 3.3 研究流程 23 3.4 研究架構 23 3.5 統計方法 25 第四章 結果與討論 26 4-1. 營造業職業災害類型化之探討 26 4-1.1 營造業職業災害中對象、因果關係類型 26 4-1.1.1 營造業職業災害中對象 26 4-1.1.2司法裁判中職業災害類型化之探討 28 4-1.2 營造業職業災害法律效果之類型 31 4-1.2.1刑事案件之法律效果類型 31 4-1.2.2民事案件之法律效果類型 48 4-1.2.3行政案件之法律效果類型 50 4-1.3司法裁判中僱傭及承攬關係類型之探討 50 4-1.3.1司法裁判中僱傭關係類型及常見情事之探討 50 4-1.3.2司法裁判中承攬關係常見情事之探討 55 4-2. 營造業職業安全衛生法定義務及責任之類型化分析 57 4-2.1營造業職業安全衛生之法定義務...................................58 4-2.1.1勞工法規之法定義務...........................................58 4-2.1.2刑法上與民法上之法定義務 61 4-2.2營造業職業災害僱傭關係中之法定責任 61 4-2.2.1法定責任類型判斷之探討 61 4-2.2.2僱傭關係之刑事責任 63 4-2.2.3僱傭關係之行政責任 65 4-2.2.4僱傭關係之民事責任 67 4-2.3職業災害承攬關係之法定責任 69 4-3. 營造業於司法98-100年度職業災害判決案例研析 71 4-3.1職業災害類型-個案專題“墜落”防止措施預防探討 77 第五章 結論與建議 80 5-1.結論 80 5-2.建議 81 參考文獻............................................................83 附錄一 98年~100年度台灣五大都市地區營造業職業災害各級司法判決分析表85   圖目錄 圖1-1 100年度重大職業災害類型統計區分 3 圖1-2 86-100年度各產業之重大職業死亡人數 3 圖2-1 職業災害的因果模式………………………………………………………….7 圖2-2 職業災害定義示意圖 8 圖2-3 承攬關係圖 12 圖2-4 各類型承攬模式組織架構圖 14 圖2-4-(1) 直接承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(2) 聯合承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(3) 平行承攬示意圖 15 圖2-4-(3) 分包承攬示意圖 16 圖3-1 研究流程 24 圖4-1-1 雇主與工地管理人未盡安全衛生管理之行政行為與責任 28 圖4-1-2 單純僱傭關係類型 51 圖4-1-3 事實上僱傭關係類型 53 圖4-2-1 法定責任類型之判斷流程圖 62 圖4-3-1 墜落防止技術層面示意圖 76 表目錄 表1-1 各縣市工作場所（86-101年）重大職業災害死亡人數統計分析表 2 表 2-1 僱傭契約與承攬契約比較表(資料來源：李章順（1998）[8]) 12 表 2-2 近三年營造業職業災害與全產業、製造業比較表(單位：年千人率) 18 表2-3 營建業勞工不安全行為因素 19 表4-1-1 營造業職業災害中對象之類型 27 表4-1-2 各級司法98-100年判決案例統計 31 表4-1-3-(1) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 34 表4-1-3-(2) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 35 表4-1-3-(3) 各級司法94-100年判決書案例分析表 36 表4-1-4-(1) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台北市 37 表 4-1-4-(2) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-新北市 38 表 4-1-4-(3) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台中市 39 表 4-1-4-(4) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-台南市 40 表4-1-4-(5) 我國各級司法98-100年度營造業職業災害對象、違反事實、依據法條及刑事法律效果之主要類型表-高雄市 41 表4-1-5 營造業職業災害對象、法律規定、責任類別、依據法條及民事法律效果之主要類型表 48 表4-2-1 職業安全衛生法中雇主之法定義務 58 表4-2-2 職業安全衛生法中各級承攬人之法定義務 59 表4-2-3 職業安全衛生法中其他對象之法定義務 59 表4-2-4 其他相關勞工法規中職業安全衛生相關之法定義務 60 表4-2-5 職業災害僱傭關係之刑事責任 64 表4-2-6 職業災害僱傭關係之行政責任 66 表4-2-7 職業災害僱傭關係之民事責任 68 表4-2-8 職業災害承攬關係之法定責任 70 表4-3-1 墜落地點與原因之預防措施 78

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSM.pdf: 3636856 bytes, checksum: 4728c6556c4d4a2445aa3f930a42c5b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-02 / Concepts, evolution and the importance of safety engineering are presented in this dissertation. The aspects that should be approached in the elaboration of the Conditions and Labor Environment Program for the Construction Industry are also considered, particularly the ones for activities that make falls from height possible. The difficulties of implementation of the program are analyzed, considering the characteristics of the Building Industry. Moreover, a case study carried out in the city of Londrina-PR is presented in order to find out the preventive measures against falls from height by building companies. Standards are presented for aid and parameters of safety design for collective protective equipment which approaches protection types, dimensions for calculations. Preventive measures against falls from height and forms of prevention are also presented. They consist basically in knowing the system and the construction process to be adopted by the company; evaluation of the risky and ergonomic situations in the activities of production in building plot; elaboration of collective preventive systems for the several production phases as well as the postoccupation phase; work training; specification of personal protective equipment for the production phases; documentation and evaluation of the safety system. / Esta dissertação apresenta conceitos, evolução e a importância da engenharia de segurança. São contemplados os aspectos que devem ser abordados na elaboração do Programa de Condições e Meio Ambiente de Trabalho na Indústria da Construção Civil (PCMAT), em específico para atividades com possibilidade de quedas de altura. São analisadas as dificuldades de implantação do programa dadas as características da indústria da construção civil no subsetor edificações. Apresenta-se, ainda, estudo de caso realizado na cidade de Londrina-PR com intuito de verificar as medidas de prevenção empregadas por empresas construtoras. São apresentadas normas para auxílio e parâmetros de projeto de segurança para equipamentos de proteção coletiva, abordando tipos de proteção, e dimensões recomendadas para cálculos. Apresentam-se, também, medidas de prevenção contra quedas de altura e formas de prevenção que consistem basicamente no seguinte: conhecimento do sistema e do processo de construção a serem adotados pela empresa construtora; avaliação das situações de riscos e ergonômicas nas atividades de produção em canteiro; elaboração de projeto de sistemas de prevenção coletivos para as diversas fases de produção assim como para a fase de pós-ocupação; treinamento da mão-de-obra direta e terceirizada; especificação de equipamentos de proteção individual para as etapas de produção; documentação e avaliação do sistema de segurança.