Thesis (Th. M.)--Talbot School of Theology, Biola University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-272).

O presente trabalho analisa as fontes bíblicas e extrabíblicas que fazem referência à incursão militar do rei assírio Senaqueribe em Judá durante o período do reinado de Ezequias, em 701 a.E.C. Inicia-se com uma revisão bibliográfica do tema nos últimos dois séculos, seguida de uma breve contextualização histórica das relações entre os Reinos de Israel e Judá e o Império Assírio durante o séc. VIII a.E.C., com atenção especial ao reinado de Ezequias, rei de Judá. Em seguida, apresenta-se de forma sucinta as evidências arqueológicas da destruição causada pelo exército assírio no Reino de Judá durante a campanha do rei Senaqueribe em 701 a.E.C., especialmente os dados da escavação da cidade de Laquis, cuja estratigrafia e abundante presença de um tipo específico de jarro foram fundamentais para verificar a extensão da devastação assíria. Segue-se a análise das fontes assírias, a saber: o relato da terceira campanha do rei Senaqueribe, registrada nos Anais Reais Assírios; a inscrição da conquista de duas cidades do rei Ezequias durante essa campanha, documentada em dois fragmentos; e o painel do palácio sudoeste do rei Senaqueribe em Nínive, cujos relevos retratam a conquista da cidade judaíta de Laquis. Em seguida, expõe-se a história de autoria de Heródoto sobre uma expedição frustrada do rei Senaqueribe ao Egito e uma breve introdução aos livros bíblicos de Reis, Isaías e Crônicas, acompanhada da análise das narrativas da invasão de Senaqueribe nos respectivos livros (IIRs 18:13-19:37, Is 36-37; IICr 32:1-23). Por fim, apresentam-se algumas considerações finais a partir da análise e comparação das fontes. / This paper examines the biblical and extra-biblical sources of the military expedition of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in Judah during the reign of Hezekiah in 701 B.C. The work begins with the literature review of the topic for the last two centuries, followed by a brief historical background of the relations between the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the Assyrian Empire during the 8th century B.C., with special attention to the reign of Hezekiah king of Judah. After that, it is presented briefly the archaeological evidence of the destruction caused by the Assyrian army in the Kingdom of Judah during the king Sennacherib\'s campaign in 701 B.C., especially the excavation data of the city of Lachish, whose stratigraphy and abundant presence of a specific type of jars were essential to verify the extent of Assyrian devastation. It follows the analysis of the Assyrian sources, namely: the account of the third campaign of the king Sennacherib, registered in the Assyrian Royal Annals; the description of the conquest of two cities of the king Hezekiah during this campaign, documented in two fragments; and the reliefs of Sennacheribs southwest palace in Nineveh, whose slabs depict the conquest of the Judahite city of Lachish. Next, it is exposed Herodotus\' story of a failed expedition of the king Sennacherib to Egypt and a brief introduction to the biblical books of Kings, Isaiah and Chronicles, along with the analysis of the narratives of Sennacherib\'s invasion in these books (IIKgs 18: 13- 19: 37, Isa 36-37; IIChr 32: 1-23). Finally, some concluding remarks are presented from the analysis and comparison of the sources.

O presente trabalho analisa as fontes bíblicas e extrabíblicas que fazem referência à incursão militar do rei assírio Senaqueribe em Judá durante o período do reinado de Ezequias, em 701 a.E.C. Inicia-se com uma revisão bibliográfica do tema nos últimos dois séculos, seguida de uma breve contextualização histórica das relações entre os Reinos de Israel e Judá e o Império Assírio durante o séc. VIII a.E.C., com atenção especial ao reinado de Ezequias, rei de Judá. Em seguida, apresenta-se de forma sucinta as evidências arqueológicas da destruição causada pelo exército assírio no Reino de Judá durante a campanha do rei Senaqueribe em 701 a.E.C., especialmente os dados da escavação da cidade de Laquis, cuja estratigrafia e abundante presença de um tipo específico de jarro foram fundamentais para verificar a extensão da devastação assíria. Segue-se a análise das fontes assírias, a saber: o relato da terceira campanha do rei Senaqueribe, registrada nos Anais Reais Assírios; a inscrição da conquista de duas cidades do rei Ezequias durante essa campanha, documentada em dois fragmentos; e o painel do palácio sudoeste do rei Senaqueribe em Nínive, cujos relevos retratam a conquista da cidade judaíta de Laquis. Em seguida, expõe-se a história de autoria de Heródoto sobre uma expedição frustrada do rei Senaqueribe ao Egito e uma breve introdução aos livros bíblicos de Reis, Isaías e Crônicas, acompanhada da análise das narrativas da invasão de Senaqueribe nos respectivos livros (IIRs 18:13-19:37, Is 36-37; IICr 32:1-23). Por fim, apresentam-se algumas considerações finais a partir da análise e comparação das fontes. / This paper examines the biblical and extra-biblical sources of the military expedition of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in Judah during the reign of Hezekiah in 701 B.C. The work begins with the literature review of the topic for the last two centuries, followed by a brief historical background of the relations between the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the Assyrian Empire during the 8th century B.C., with special attention to the reign of Hezekiah king of Judah. After that, it is presented briefly the archaeological evidence of the destruction caused by the Assyrian army in the Kingdom of Judah during the king Sennacherib\'s campaign in 701 B.C., especially the excavation data of the city of Lachish, whose stratigraphy and abundant presence of a specific type of jars were essential to verify the extent of Assyrian devastation. It follows the analysis of the Assyrian sources, namely: the account of the third campaign of the king Sennacherib, registered in the Assyrian Royal Annals; the description of the conquest of two cities of the king Hezekiah during this campaign, documented in two fragments; and the reliefs of Sennacheribs southwest palace in Nineveh, whose slabs depict the conquest of the Judahite city of Lachish. Next, it is exposed Herodotus\' story of a failed expedition of the king Sennacherib to Egypt and a brief introduction to the biblical books of Kings, Isaiah and Chronicles, along with the analysis of the narratives of Sennacherib\'s invasion in these books (IIKgs 18: 13- 19: 37, Isa 36-37; IIChr 32: 1-23). Finally, some concluding remarks are presented from the analysis and comparison of the sources.

The archive as a site of ‘knowledge retrieval’* has long been the exemplary domain of astute historical inquiry. Following the recent ‘historic turn’* to address the politics of knowledge in the broader human and historical sciences, rather than its function as a site of ‘knowledge retrieval’*, I will reflect on the function of the archive as a site of ‘knowledge production’* in the writing of the histories of ancient Israel. Aligned within the conversations among historians and archivists and the new archival turn, the research will endeavour to offer a contribution to the debate on the topic of historical methodology of ancient Israel in the disciplines of Biblical Archaeology and History of ancient Israel. I will argue that an examination into the function of the archive as historical a priori in a study of the discourses on the Lachish reliefs in the disciplines discloses the practical and theoretical tenets that converge to construct knowledge on the Lachish reliefs and hence also knowledge on ancient Israel. The research will contend that a bounded formation of knowledge on the Lachish reliefs has evolved in the disciplines since the nineteenth century that is along the British imperial archival grain. * Terminology from Stoler, A L 2002. Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance: On the Content in the Form, in Hamilton C, Harris, V, Taylor, J, Pickover, M, Reid, G & Saleh, R (eds) 2002. Refiguring the Archive. Cape Town: David Philip, 83-102. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / MA (Biblical Archaeology) / 1 online resource (xii, 194 leaves) ; illustrations (some color), maps

Due to the nature of war, persons are killed with various types of weapons. Throughout the history of humanity, weapons were used in this regard and these weapons left injuries on the victims that are distinguishable. The type of force conveyed by the ancient weapons effected injuries that enable modern-day bioarchaeologists to extrapolate which weapons caused which injuries. The Assyrians depicted their wars and battles on reliefs. An analysis of these depictions, with an extrapolation of the lesions expected in skeletal remains, could contribute to better understanding of the strategies of war in ancient times. This dissertation will discuss how the evaluation of human remains in comparison to Assyrian reliefs may contribute to the chronological knowledge of war and warfare in the Iron Age Ancient Near East – especially at Lachish. A discourse of the approaches available to researchers regarding access to data in the forensic bioarchaeological field will be presented. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)

The 21 inscribed ceramic sherds (or ostraca) known as the "Lachish Letters", which were discovered during the British Mandate Period excavations of Tell ed-Duweir (Lachish), underwent eighty years of scholarship that improved our understanding of at least some of these inscriptions. The archive is terse and fragmentary, and the least well-preserved and faded ostraca from this collection have been seriously overlooked, ironically when the "Lachish Letters" have more or less been regarded as a homogenous group of documents written during the final decades of the Judahite kingdom. Some of the ostraca were discovered in different stratigraphic contexts and pertaining to different settings, if not timeframes. The principal aim of this study is to produce an updated edition of these ostraca by objectively and systematically reassessing and understanding these artefacts, the inscriptions they bear, and their respective stratigraphic layers and archaeological contexts. This is carried out by integrating past studies and modern-day developments on the ostraca (and the site itself) from different perspectives: archaeology, palaeography, philology, the Hebrew Bible, and Classical Hebrew studies. This interdisciplinary approach enables a revision of outstanding controversial issues and a dismissal of outdated proposals on the readings, interpretation, and import of these ostraca in their contemporary world. Despite the illegibility of some inscriptions, this study pays attention to all 21 ostraca via physical examination under the lens, to confirm or deny any dubious readings as far as the naked eye can tell us. A crucial criterion is the integration of photographic data and written documentation gathered from unpublished and archived material of the Mandate Period that were accessible to the author at the time of writing. The study concludes that this surviving group of ostraca is far from homogeneous, and there still exist lacunae in their historico-archaeological contexts and interpretations. Our understanding of the source and function of the ostraca (especially the few legible messages and lists of names) remains riddled with controversies, which derive from the fragmentary nature of the corpus and the limitations in the documentation and preservation of these artefacts.

Most studies done on the subject of this mini-dissertation have only focused on the differences in chronological detail and text – searching for the facts behind the different accounts. Much attention has thus been paid to the historicity of the various texts and the way in which the different accounts affect each others credibility. But is this the only research to be done? The contention of this mini-dissertation is that to only look at the different texts surrounding Sennacherib’s third campaign through the eyes of a modern historian is to lose the unique and significant message that the various texts wanted to convey. An event only forms part of the construction of a meaningful whole by the author; thus it can be found in various stories at different places and with varying significance attached to it, without meaning that the account of which it forms a part is neither important nor historical. It only means that the authors of the various ancient accounts wanted to achieve different outcomes with their retelling of the original story. For this reason it is important to be able to enter the world represented in, and the mind of the writer of, the ancient texts – allowing the ideology and intentions of the author to be brought to the fore and the text to speak with its own voice, not that of the modern historian. To achieve this requires knowledge of the different symbols, concepts and the meanings attached to them by the ancient societies – shifting the attention to the texts themselves by looking at the way in which the events were narrated as well as what events were narrated; thus revealing the ultimate meaning and purpose of the various texts. The intention of this mini-dissertation is to study the various texts from the underdeveloped angle discussed above, namely ideology and social values. In doing so it is proposed that a new significance will be revealed for the various texts. Research done on the subject of this mini-dissertation has mostly focused on whether there was a single campaign in 701 BC; or two campaigns, one in 701 and one later; or whether chronological difficulties should be explained as arising from the perspective of an author who wrote much later than the actual events occurred. Most studies have only focused on the differences in chronological detail and text – searching for the facts behind the different accounts. Much attention has thus been paid to the historicity of the various texts and the way in which the different accounts affect each others credibility. But is this the only research to be done? The contention of this mini-dissertation is that to only look at the different texts surrounding Sennacherib’s third campaign through the eyes of a modern historian is to lose the unique and significant message that the various texts wanted to convey. An event only forms part of the construction of a meaningful whole by the author; thus it can be found in various stories at different places and with varying significance attached to it, without meaning that the account of which it forms a part is neither important nor historical. It only means that the authors of the various ancient accounts wanted to achieve different outcomes with their retelling of the original story. For this reason it is important to be able to enter the world represented in, and the mind of the writer of, the ancient texts – allowing the ideology and intentions of the author to be brought to the fore and the text to speak with its own voice, not that of the modern historian. To achieve this requires knowledge of the different symbols, concepts and the meanings attached to them by the ancient societies – shifting the attention to the texts themselves by looking at the way in which the events were narrated as well as what events were narrated; thus revealing the ultimate meaning and purpose of the various texts. The intention of this mini-dissertation is to study the various texts from the underdeveloped angle discussed above, namely ideology and social values. The question as to why the various narratives were written as they were will be the focus of this work, pushing aside the modern paradigm and analytical methods which so often focus on the idiosyncrasies instead of the commonalities. In doing so it is proposed that a new significance will be revealed for the various texts. / Dissertation (MA (Ancient Languages and Cultures))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted