Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4900.pdf: 10877015 bytes, checksum: 80f5b5c1dc738de99146141503c26c52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-30 / The watershed river region that makes up the landscape of the Pardo s watershed has characteristics that make it interesting for the application of landscape studies, since, over the centuries, has been undergoing significant transformations physicalenvironmental and socio-territorial resulting in periods of high participation in the economy of Rio Grande do Sul and even the country (XVIII century), followed by a period of stagnation, beginning in the XIX century and extends to the contemporary. At the dawn of the XXI century, this region faces new challenges of environmental and territorial nature, which materialize in the monoculture of rice, the beef cattle industry and the possibility of reopening the port. The research reported here a historical part of which is to present the specific construction of the state territory - construction that is strongly linked to the city that gives its name to watershed studied - Rio Pardo. This approach aims to highlight how the landscape shapes and reacts to development options or how the rationality of capital ownership and is responsible for the production of space. The methodological procedures, based geospatial allowed the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the landscape for the time interval of twenty-two years, which allowed the physical characterization of the river basin (thematic maps of the drainage network, clinografia, and uses hipsometria land for the years 1989, 2000 and 2011) as well as the use of indices for understanding the changes that have shaped the landscape over the years - fragmentation and urbanity. The results indicate that the story and the speed of the process of deforestation associated with the expansion of agriculture, livestock and forestry are considerably modifying the dynamics of the forest or seminatural vegetation remaining in the landscape Pardo s watershed, and such processes are rarely accompanied appropriate conservation strategies. The condition of the remaining natural vegetation Pardo s watershed factors before direct and indirect pressure has to be especially problematic from the standpoint of conservation in the face of evidence of loss of natural landscape. Although the loss of the fragments of natural vegetation in the period from 1989 to 2011, with the replacement of these systems changed by man, is negligible, there is no evidence of the continuation of this trend. With the continued anthropogenic processes the primary question is directed to define the size of the area of natural vegetation in each municipality, inserted within the limits of the Pardo s watershed, which can be converted (changed) for human use, in relation to the condition minimum natural landscape ensured by the existence of functional natural ecosystems. That is, what areas/fragments should be preserved or restored strategically to be reduced pressures on the remaining biodiversity in a given region Pardo s watershed, with the expectation that they are reinstated or provided goods and ecosystem services provided to welfare human. The analyzes in the broad sense, present one of the possible paths to the objectification of subjective relationships established between water, people and landscapes in the Pardo s watershed. / A região hidrográfica que compõe a paisagem da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo apresenta características que a tornam peculiar para a aplicação de estudos da paisagem, uma vez que, ao longo dos séculos, vem passando por significativas transformações físico-ambientais e socioterritoriais que resultaram em períodos de grande participação na economia do Rio Grande do Sul e mesmo do país (século XVIII), seguidos por um período de estagnação, que tem início no século XIX, e se estende até a contemporaneidade. No despontar do século XXI, essa região enfrenta novos desafios de cunho socioambiental e territorial, os quais se materializam na monocultura orizícola, na pecuária de corte e na possibilidade de reabertura do seu porto. A pesquisa aqui relatada parte de um resgate histórico que se propõe a apresentar as especificidades de construção do território gaúcho construção que se encontra fortemente vinculada ao município que dá nome a Bacia Hidrográfica estudada: Rio Pardo. Esta abordagem objetiva ressaltar o quanto a paisagem molda e reage às opções de desenvolvimento ou o quanto a racionalidade do capital é responsável pela apropriação e produção do espaço. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados, com base geoespacial, permitiram a análise quali-quantitativa da paisagem para o intervalo de tempo de vinte e dois anos, que possibilitaram a caracterização física da região hidrográfica (mapas temáticos de rede de drenagem, clinografia, hipsometria e usos e cobertura da terra para os anos de 1989, 2000 e 2011), bem como a aplicação de índices para a compreensão das alterações que moldaram a paisagem ao longo dos anos fragmentação e urbanidade. Os resultados indicam que a história e a velocidade do processo de desmatamento associado à expansão da fronteira agrícola, da pecuária e da silvicultura vêm modificando consideravelmente a dinâmica florestal da vegetação natural e seminatural remanescente na paisagem da Bacia do Pardo, sendo que tais processos raramente são acompanhados de estratégias conservacionistas adequadas. A condição dos remanescentes de vegetação natural da Bacia do Pardo diante dos fatores diretos e indiretos de pressão apresenta-se especialmente problemática do ponto de vista conservacionista frente às evidências da perda de naturalidade da paisagem. Embora a perda de área dos fragmentos de vegetação natural no período de 1989 a 2011, com a substituição dos mesmos por sistemas alterados pelo homem, seja pouco significativa, não há evidências da continuidade dessa tendência. Com o prosseguimento dos processos antrópicos a questão primordial dirige-se para a definição do tamanho da área de vegetação natural, em cada território municipal inserido nos limites da Bacia do Pardo, que pode ser convertida (alterada) para uso humano, em relação à condição mínima de naturalidade da paisagem, assegurada pela existência de ecossistemas naturais funcionais. Isto é, quais áreas/fragmentos devem ser estrategicamente restaurados ou preservados para que sejam diminuídas as pressões sobre a biodiversidade remanescente em uma determinada região da Bacia do Pardo, na perspectiva de que sejam restabelecidos ou assegurados os bens e serviços ecossistêmicos proporcionados ao bem-estar humano. As análises, em sentido lato, apresentam um dos possíveis caminhos para a objetivação das relações subjetivas estabelecidas entre águas, homens e paisagens na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo.

Orientadores: Eleonore Zulnara Freire Setz, Fernando Gertum Becker / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lokschin_LuisaXavier_M.pdf: 10314057 bytes, checksum: 6d5803664758c20fc4e44437cfeccda5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As características de fragmentos florestais e seu contexto podem contribuir para a manutenção de populações de primatas, assim como mudanças na paisagem ao longo do tempo podem alterar sua distribuição. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar se características de fragmentos florestais e seu contexto na paisagem são determinantes na distribuição de Alouatta clamitans bem como relacionar padrões de mudanças na paisagem ao longo do tempo com a distribuição da espécie, em uma grande cidade no sul do Brasil (Porto Alegre, RS). Dados de presença e ausência da espécie foram obtidos na região de estudo em quadrículas de 25 ha. Os dados de quadrículas foram convertidos para presença/ausência de bugios nos fragmentos florestais. As variáveis (área, forma, isolamento, antropização, distância de via e de urbanização) foram obtidas por ferramentas de geoprocessamento para os 214 fragmentos. Para a análise da distribuição temporal da espécie, a presença/ausência de bugios em 65 quadrículas foi comparada em dois momentos no tempo (1995 e 2010). Obtivemos variáveis de mudança na paisagem através de ferramentas de geoprocessamento, com base em fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite. Os fragmentos de mata com bugios são em menor número, mais conectados e estão em contexto menos antropizado. Em 63% das quadrículas houve persistência de bugios, em 3% desaparecimento, em 26% colonização e em 8% manutenção de ausência. As mudanças ocorridas na paisagem não estão diretamente relacionadas com a variação na distribuição da espécie. Os bugios estão distribuídos em boa parte dos remanescentes florestais do município, em fragmentos grandes, conectados e em contexto menos antropizado e se mantém, pelo período de 15 anos, num mosaico de paisagem com fragmentos florestais em contexto predominantemente rural / Abstract: Forest fragment characteristics and context may contribute to the persistence of primate population, as well as landscape alteration in time can change their distribution. Our objective is to identify which are those forest fragments and context characteristics that determine the distribution of Alouatta clamitans and also relate landscapes changes in 15 years time with changes in the species distribution in Porto Alegre, RS. The species has been recorded in the municipality in 25 ha squares. Howler monkey presence or absence data in squares were transposed to forest fragments. Areas, shape, isolation, anthopization and distances from roads and urban areas were obtained by geoprocessing tools. Sixty five squares were visited twice, in 1995 and in 2010 to verify changes in howler monkey distribution. Landscape change analysis was made by geoprocessing tools based on aerial photos and satellite images. There are more fragments with howlers' presence than without, and they are also larger, less isolated and in context less anthropized than those where howlers were absent. In 63% of the squares howlers persisted, in 3% they disappeared, 26% were colonized and kept absent in 8%. There were little changes in the landscape, and they're not related to changes in howlers' distribution. Landscape mosaics, with natural and rural areas seem to contribute to the occurrence, and persistence, of the species. Conservation strategies should keep large and connected areas in predominant rural landscapes / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

This thesis describes the functioning and development of the consular triad made up of consuls, consular establishments as well as the physical and symbolic territories in which they are inscribed, in the Ottoman Regency of Tunis, covering the period from the construction of the first model building (1660) to the advent of the French Protectorate (1881). The research questions the materialisation of relations between powers through a series of formal practices and physical spaces with which cultural and social processes overlap purporting at cultivating differences in a quest for distinction and competition between states representatives.The collected data come from the study of sources and the examination of the consular and diplomatic archives of eight major powers having representatives in Tunis during the studied period. They are written in five languages mainly (French, Arabic, English, Italian, Spanish) and were analysed through the prism of global micro-history. This analysis included the consultation of the diocesan and congregational archives documenting the daily life of the Christian communities living under consular jurisdiction as well as the travel reports and the guides that completed the studies, descriptions, illustrations and memoirs assigned to scientists and other European officers on mission in the Regency.The research has allowed us to determine, from the 17th century, the position of these buildings in the city and to trace back the genealogy of the consular district. The thesis has also revealed the existence of three phases in the development of consular spaces. The first one (1660-1792) was initiated by the construction of the Fondouk des Français (1660) and it inaugurated a cumulative and linear process of consular houses multiplication and concentration in the lower part of the city. The granting of fondouk, its shape, dimensions, and location, testify to the importance of the nation and its place in the Regency’s diplomatic scene. Archetype of the origins, the fondouk will emancipate itself from its primitive typology by integrating spaces of conquest, symbols of privileges consecrating rank and prestige, in an atmosphere of competing powers and rising tensions with the hosting state.This first phase was followed by a second one of "overthrow of clarity" (1792-1816), following the outbreak of the French Revolution, marked by the loss of old powers and the appearance of new actors. This phase is followed by the third and final one (1816-1881) which arises in the shadow of nationalism, bureaucratisation and the assertion of the consular function as an economic and political institution. The burgeoning consular corps challenges the established order and engages in a quest for distinction and symbolic superiority demonstrated by a spatial conquest in the city. Ruptures and continuities are identified as milestones punctuating the changes in consular houses which, from the archetype of the fondouk, will gradually adopt the European model of town house (Hôtel particulier), by appropriating its architectural, ornamental and spatial elements. This process culminates in the establishment of the French consulate (1860) outside the walls in a hôtel particulier, signaling thus the death of the Fondouk des nations model.The representational work of consuls is also expressed in terms of mobility, submission but also circumvention of court ceremonial and reception rules. Geographical spaces are overlapped by symbolic spaces where a subtle war is played out, that of the conquest of privileges testifying to the rank of the State and its prestige. Everything becomes a pretext to treat "on the stronger foot" and any privilege is good to take and to maintain. Use of four-wheeled carriages, submission to the hand-kissing ceremony, wearing of sword and shoes during audiences with the Bey, provision of a country house, are subject to harsh negotiations with the local authorities who play with competition and egos by dispensing privileges and sermons according to its policy.Through its buildings, its specific territory forming a fragment of historic urban landscape and the consular habitus, the consular district constitutes a tangible and intangible heritage, revealed by the thesis, which needs to be known. Its recognition as a heritage is a prelude to its future protection, which has become urgent. / Cette thèse décrit le fonctionnement et l’essor de la triade consulaire composée des consuls, des établissements consulaires et de leurs territoires d’inscription, physiques et symboliques, dans la capitale de la Régence ottomane de Tunis, en couvrant la période allant de la construction du premier spécimen (1660) à l’avènement du Protectorat français (1881). La thèse questionne la matérialisation des relations entre puissances par une série de pratiques formelles et d’espaces physiques auxquels se superposent des processus culturels et sociaux visant à cultiver la différence sur fond de quête de distinction et de compétition entre puissances mandataires. Les données recueillies par l’étude des sources et le dépouillement des archives consulaires et diplomatiques de huit puissances disposant de représentants accrédités à Tunis en la période étudiée, principalement en cinq langues (français, arabe, anglais, italien, espagnol), s’est faite au prisme de la micro-histoire globale. Cette analyse a compris la consultation des archives diocésaines et congrégationnelles documentant la vie quotidienne des communautés chrétiennes sous juridiction consulaire ainsi que les relations de voyage et les guides qui sont venus compléter les études, descriptions, illustrations et mémoires commandités à des scientifiques et autres officiers européens en mission dans la Régence. Le travail entrepris a permis de déterminer, à partir du XVIIe siècle, la position de ces édifices dans la ville et de reconstituer le quartier consulaire en en dressant la généalogie. La thèse a mis au jour l’existence de trois phases de développement des espaces consulaires. Une première phase d’existence (1660-1792) est initiée par la construction de fondouk des Français (1660) et inaugure un processus cumulatif et linéaire de multiplication des représentations consulaires concentrées dans la partie basse de la ville. L’octroi de fondouk, sa forme, ses dimensions et sa position témoignent de l’importance que revêt la nation mandataire et de sa place dans l’échiquier diplomatique de la Régence. L’archétype des origines, figé dans sa typologie, va s’en émanciper en intégrant, sur fond de tensions et de contestations avec l’Etat hôte et les représentants des autres puissances, des espaces de conquêtes, symboles de privilèges consacrant le rang et le prestige de l’Etat mandataire. A cette première phase, succède, par suite de l’éclatement de la Révolution française, une deuxième de « renversement des clartés » (1792-1816), marquée par la disparition d’anciennes puissances et l’apparition de nouveaux acteurs. Cette seconde phase est suivie de la troisième et dernière (1816-1881) qui nait sur fond de nationalismes, de bureaucratisation et d’affirmation de la fonction consulaire comme institution économique et politique. Le corps consulaire en gestation bouscule l’ordre établi et s’engage dans un processus de quête de distinction et de supériorité symbolique se manifestant par une conquête de l’espace dans la ville. Ruptures et continuités sont identifiées en tant que jalons rythmant les mutations des maisons consulaires qui, de l’archétype du fondouk, vont adopter progressivement le modèle européen d’hôtel particulier dont ils s’approprient les éléments architecturaux, ornementaux et spatiaux par à-coups. Ce processus culmine avec l'installation du consulat de France dans un hôtel particulier (1860) hors-les-murs actant ainsi la mort du fondouk des nations. L’œuvre de représentation du consul s’exprime de même en termes de mobilité, de réception, de soumission et de contournement du cérémonial de cour. Aux espaces géographiques se joignent des espaces symboliques où se joue une guerre subtile, celle de la conquête de privilèges témoignant du rang de l’Etat et de son prestige. Tout est prétexte à traiter « sur le pied le plus fort » et tout privilège est bon à prendre et à préserver. Usage des carrosses à quatre roues, soumission au cérémonial du baisemain, port du sabre et des souliers lors des audiences avec le Bey, mise à disposition d’une maison de campagne, font l’objet d’âpres négociations avec le pouvoir local qui se joue des concurrences et des égos en dispensant privilèges et sermons au gré de sa politique. Par les bâtiments qu’il contient, par son territoire spécifique formant un fragment de paysage urbain historique et par l’habitus consulaire dont les rites ont façonné la pratique des lieux, ce quartier constitue un patrimoine matériel et immatériel, révélé par la thèse, qu’il incombe de faire connaître afin que sa reconnaissance soit un prélude à sa protection future, désormais urgente. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished