O lakota é uma língua do tipo head-marking falada no centro dos Estados Unidos, principalmente nos estados de Dakota do Norte e Dakota do Sul. O presente trabalho visa analisar e demonstrar um aspecto da língua ainda pouco explorado: a morfologia da classe de palavras tradicionalmente conhecida como pronome. Há nesta língua evidências de que tal classe é composta de uma raiz verbal precedida por morfemas pessoais, os mesmos usados nos verbos regulares, e seu uso dentro de uma sentença é similar ao da clivagem. Da mesma forma que os pronomes pessoais, os substantivos, os números e os pronomes interrogativos também podem receber os mesmos morfemas em determinados contextos e, assim, exercer função de núcleo do predicado. O modelo teórico adotado para a análise da língua é a Gramatica de Papel e Referência (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), um modelo funcionalista que busca compreender a manifestação de estruturas gramaticais levando em consideração seus aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos. Suas principais motivações são como desenvolver um modelo teórico baseando-se em línguas de tipologias diversas, especialmente aquelas de estruturas diferentes das do inglês ou de outras línguas europeias e de que modo a interação entre sintaxe, semântica e pragmática pode ser melhor descrita em sistemas linguísticos diferentes. A metodologia consiste em extrair e analisar as sentenças pertinentes de duas das maiores obras em língua lakota atualmente disponíveis: os livros Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) e New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). As sentenças serão analisadas de acordo com sua estrutura morfológica e sintática, bem como pelo uso que é feito das ocorrências. Além disso, será necessário apresentar também o uso das marcas de pessoa nos verbos, em especial aqueles usados na identificação e categorização de entidades, a fim de estabelecer paralelos entre as duas ocorrências. / Lakota is a head-marking language, spoken in the Midwest Region of the United States, mainly in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. This work aims to analyze and demonstrate one aspect of the language that has been little explored: the morphology of the part of speech traditionally known as independent pronoun. In this language, there is evidence that such part of speech is composed of a verbal root preceded by personal morphemes, the same ones used in regular verbs, and its usage within a sentence is similar to that of the cleft sentence. As well as personal pronouns, nouns, numbers and interrogative pronouns may also have the same morphemes in certain contexts and, then, are able to perform the function of core of the predicate. The theoretical model adopted to analyze the language is Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), a functionalist model that seeks to understand the manifestation of grammatical structures, considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Its main motivations are how to develop a theoretical model based on languages of different typologies, especially those whose structures are different from the English ones and other European languages, and how syntax, semantics and pragmatics can best be described in different linguistic systems. The methodology consists of extracting and analyzing relevant sentences from two of the greatest works in Lakota language that are currently available: Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) and New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). The sentences will be analyzed according to their morphological and syntactic structures, as well as the usage made of the occurrences. In addition, it is also necessary to present the usage of personal marks in verbs, especially those used in the identification and categorization of entities, in order to draw parallels between the two occurrences.

O lakota é uma língua do tipo head-marking falada no centro dos Estados Unidos, principalmente nos estados de Dakota do Norte e Dakota do Sul. O presente trabalho visa analisar e demonstrar um aspecto da língua ainda pouco explorado: a morfologia da classe de palavras tradicionalmente conhecida como pronome. Há nesta língua evidências de que tal classe é composta de uma raiz verbal precedida por morfemas pessoais, os mesmos usados nos verbos regulares, e seu uso dentro de uma sentença é similar ao da clivagem. Da mesma forma que os pronomes pessoais, os substantivos, os números e os pronomes interrogativos também podem receber os mesmos morfemas em determinados contextos e, assim, exercer função de núcleo do predicado. O modelo teórico adotado para a análise da língua é a Gramatica de Papel e Referência (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), um modelo funcionalista que busca compreender a manifestação de estruturas gramaticais levando em consideração seus aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos. Suas principais motivações são como desenvolver um modelo teórico baseando-se em línguas de tipologias diversas, especialmente aquelas de estruturas diferentes das do inglês ou de outras línguas europeias e de que modo a interação entre sintaxe, semântica e pragmática pode ser melhor descrita em sistemas linguísticos diferentes. A metodologia consiste em extrair e analisar as sentenças pertinentes de duas das maiores obras em língua lakota atualmente disponíveis: os livros Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) e New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). As sentenças serão analisadas de acordo com sua estrutura morfológica e sintática, bem como pelo uso que é feito das ocorrências. Além disso, será necessário apresentar também o uso das marcas de pessoa nos verbos, em especial aqueles usados na identificação e categorização de entidades, a fim de estabelecer paralelos entre as duas ocorrências. / Lakota is a head-marking language, spoken in the Midwest Region of the United States, mainly in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. This work aims to analyze and demonstrate one aspect of the language that has been little explored: the morphology of the part of speech traditionally known as independent pronoun. In this language, there is evidence that such part of speech is composed of a verbal root preceded by personal morphemes, the same ones used in regular verbs, and its usage within a sentence is similar to that of the cleft sentence. As well as personal pronouns, nouns, numbers and interrogative pronouns may also have the same morphemes in certain contexts and, then, are able to perform the function of core of the predicate. The theoretical model adopted to analyze the language is Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), a functionalist model that seeks to understand the manifestation of grammatical structures, considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Its main motivations are how to develop a theoretical model based on languages of different typologies, especially those whose structures are different from the English ones and other European languages, and how syntax, semantics and pragmatics can best be described in different linguistic systems. The methodology consists of extracting and analyzing relevant sentences from two of the greatest works in Lakota language that are currently available: Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) and New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). The sentences will be analyzed according to their morphological and syntactic structures, as well as the usage made of the occurrences. In addition, it is also necessary to present the usage of personal marks in verbs, especially those used in the identification and categorization of entities, in order to draw parallels between the two occurrences.

A introductory problem set in morphology using Lakota (Siouan). Set includes a word and pdf version, but no answer key. Note that the word document uses the old SIL Doulos IPA93 font. / This collection consists of learning objects developed for use in courses offered by the Department of Linguistics. Learning objects include lectures, presentations, quizzes, activities, and more. Access to this collection is restricted to authorized faculty and instructors. For access to this collection, please contact Dr. Amy Fountain, Department of Linguistics, avf@email.arizona.edu.

The Black Hills of South Dakota, once home to the Lakota Sioux, is a sacred landscape to these people, but is currently threatened by extensive tourism, mining, industrial and logging activity. Within these sacred hills, an enormous carving in stone is slowly being created in the form of a Lakota warrior: the Crazy Horse Memorial. The carving is meant to honour all American Indian people, as well as Crazy Horse’s people, the Lakota; however, the carving is contested by many Lakota people as it clashes with their spiritual beliefs and traditions. In this practicum, the social, environmental and spiritual character of the Black Hills is studied to determine the efficacy of the Crazy Horse Memorial in contemporary Lakota society, and to determine a more appropriate form of memorialization for the Lakota people. Sacred landscapes throughout the Black Hills are evaluated based on their management practices and current environmental and spiritual states; subsequently, a new regional management strategy is introduced in order to protect traditional sacred sites and preserve traditional Lakota landscapes and traditions. In so doing, the involvement of Landscape Architects is presented as a viable strategy in evolving the cultural and physical landscape of the sacred Black Hills.

After Chief Sitting Bull returned to the U.S. in 1881 from Canada, about 250 Lakota people remained in present-day Saskatchewan. Through archival research and oral interviews, this study interprets the way these Lakota people at Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan engaged in ranching and rodeo (some farming will be discussed as well although this was practiced on a smaller scale) in order to see what this reveals about indigenous constructions of collective identity in the difficult years of colonial displacement between 1880 and 1930. The stereotypical and persistent dichotomy of “cowboys versus Indians” will be challenged as it does damage to Aboriginal peoples’ abilities to adapt and their involvement in agriculture. Ranching and rodeo not only gave the Lakota people at Wood Mountain a viable economic lifestyle but a lifestyle that was culturally and socially fulfilling. And furthermore, from this came the motivation and ability to build a Lakota community and identity that was at once distinct yet interactive with the non-Aboriginal ranching society/lifestyle in the Wood Mountain area. This study argues that the Lakota of Wood Mountain blended traditional Lakota culture with cowboy lifestyles that allowed for the adaptation to and interaction with non-Aboriginal society, the retention of traditional Lakota cultural aspects, and the reshaping of identities and communities around this blending process.

The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires; “Great Sioux Nation”) occupied an area from the woodlands to the Great Plains. The landscape and the wind influenced their language and culture in a way that suggests a long occupation. Major landmarks like Ȟesápa (Black Hills), Matȟó Thípila (Bear Lodge; “Devils Tower”), Pahá Makȟáska (White Earth Butte; White Butte, ND), and Oǧúǧa Owápi (Images Burned Into The Stone; Jeffers Petroglyphs, MN) were woven into the cultural identity of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. The pictographic record, traditional song, and oral tradition recall events like first contact with the horse at the Čhaŋsáŋsaŋ Ožáte (White Birch Fork), or the James River-Missouri River confluence in C.E. 1692. The historical pictographic record, oral tradition, and occupation will be examined in this paper to support the idea that Očhéthi Šakówiŋ have a cultural occupation of the Great Plains that long predates the European record.

The Concept of Duality in Culture and Myths of Lakota Indians The purpose of the dissertation is to explore and research the broad topic of culture of Lakota Indians from the perspective of secondary abstraction inspired by the structuralist approach to anthropology. The concept of duality is perceived here as a general concept which is - as it is our belief - present across various categories and areas of Lakota culture, both in the past and in the present. The dissertation is conceived as a set of chapters each of which deals with a different area of Lakota culture from the perspective of this secondary abstraction. First, we specify and define our understanding of duality and show how the original approach of structural anthropology has been modified in the course of time by postmodernists' critique. The theoretical introduction is followed by studies of four areas of Lakota culture in which the concept of duality is shown. The first two topics - Lakota myths and traditional visual art of the Lakota - are based primarily on ethnographical data collected by other researchers of the area. On the other hand, the other two areas - Lakota identity and the phenomenon of contemporary summer powwows in Lakota reservations - are based largely on the author's research in this area in summer 2014 and 2015....

It has only been recently that research in childhood psychopathology has focused on a group of disorders referred to as internalizing disorders. Internalizing disorders can include such problems as depression. anxiety, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Even though research has begun to focus on internalizing disorders with majority children. there has been very little research conducted on ethnic minority children, Native American children in particular. The present study involved obtaining a Native American sample and determining their internalizing symptomology utilizing the Internalizing Symptom Scale for Children (ISSC), the Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS), and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (ST AIC). The study sample was compared to a matched normative sample from the ISSC database. Statistical procedures included bivariate correlations, analysis of variance (ANOV A), and discriminant function analysis. Correlations between the ISSC and the two comparison measures (RCDS and ST AIC) were in the expected direction and of moderate to strong magnitude. The total internalizing symptoms scores of the Native American (Lakota Sioux) sample were similar to those of a matched comparison group from the ISSC national normative database. However, the study sample evidenced a unique pattern of responses on the ISSC subscales, reporting lower rates of both internalizing distress and positive affect. Teacher nominations of potential "internalizers" proved to be a poor predictor of their self-reported symptoms. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research directions in this area are discussed.

The discrepancy between American Indian and Caucasian children in academic achievement is well documented. Theorists suggest a connection between perceived locus of control and the level of educational performance. This study first sought to determine if the factor structure of a measure of the perception of lo cu s of control ( Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control) was similar for Caucasian and American Indian (Oglala Lakota) children. Second, the study sought to determine if there were differences between the groups on the MMCPC subtest scores. Finally, the study sought to determine the relationship between locus of control and academic achievement in Oglala Lakota children. The study found the the factor structure of the MMCPC was similar for both groups. There were significant differences between the responses of Oglala Lakota and Caucasian children on the Powerful Others and Unknown Source of Control subtests of the MMCPC. However, there was no significant difference between the groups on the Internal Source of Control subtest. This is contrary to previous research. An inverse relationship was found between unknown locus of control and academic achievement in the Oglala Lakota group.

This presentation is focused on the importance of plants at Pipestone National Monument. This presentation highlights key findings from the original ethnobotany study.