Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-07-07T18:09:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoPedroMenandro.pdf: 1882477 bytes, checksum: 962b4730e75f97cab705d068183469c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-07-08T17:52:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoPedroMenandro.pdf: 1882477 bytes, checksum: 962b4730e75f97cab705d068183469c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T17:52:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoPedroMenandro.pdf: 1882477 bytes, checksum: 962b4730e75f97cab705d068183469c1 (MD5) / CAPES / A geoacústica submarina auxilia no entendimento do comportamento da propagação e atenuação do som no sedimento, dando uma base de informações que dá suporte às principais abordagens para interpretação de dados. A detecção de depósito lamoso em registros acústicos de alta resolução é, geralmente, de fácil distinção, aparecendo normalmente como pacotes sedimentares de baixa reflexão. No entanto, essa resposta acústica depende da frequência utilizada e de outras características do depósito, até mesmo da coluna d’água. A dinâmica desses pacotes lamosos pode ter desdobramentos em várias esferas, desde engenharia, como a questão de monitoramento de portos, até a biologia, com estudos de impacto na biota bentônica. A partir daí é necessário um desenvolvimento de um método rápido e eficiente para mapeamento desses pacotes e para o conhecimento dos processos envolvidos no transporte, deposição e ressuspensão. Assim, esse trabalho tem dois enfoques principais divididos em dois estudos independentes: investigar como a resposta do sinal acústico de diferentes fontes muda de acordo com a frequência e as características do sedimento superficial (granulometria e densidade), e associar variações observadas nos registros acústicos com a mobilidade sedimentar ao longo de um ciclo de maré. A base de dados analisada é composta por registros geofísicos de alta frequência (3.5, 33, 210 kHz), propriedades físicas do sedimento superficial, densimetria in situ, correntometria e distribuição de material particulado em suspensão, os quais foram coletados na Plataforma Interna do Canal Norte do Rio Amazonas. A primeira parte dos resultados apontou que metodologias distintas sondando a mesma área podem fornecer resultados completamente diferentes. Nas análises feitas, a frequência e a densidade foram importantes propriedades para entender as relações entre sedimento superficial e atributos acústicos. Já o segundo capítulo, com enfoque que avaliou dinâmica sedimentar através de sistemas acústicos, mostrou que as alterações nos processos de transporte de sedimento foram reconhecidas pelo ADCP e pelo OBS, permitindo distinguir os registros acústicos do ecobatímetro e interpretar processos de dinâmica sedimentar. / Submarine geoacoustics helps in understanding the behavior of propagation and attenuation of sound in sediment, providing an information set which assists the major data interpretation approaches. The detection of muddy deposit through high resolution acoustic records is generally easy, usually appearing as free reflection layers. However, this acoustic response depends on the frequency used and other characteristics of the deposit, even of the water column. The dynamics of these muddy layers may have influence in many areas, from engineering and harbor maintenance, to biology and studies of impact on benthic biota. The development of a rapid and efficient mapping method for these deposits seems to be a demand for knowledge advance of the processes involved in the transport, deposition and suspension. Thus, this study has two main approaches divided into two independent studies: i) investigate how the acoustic signal response from different sources changes with the frequency and sediment physical properties (grain size and density), and ii) associate variations observed in the acoustic records with sediment mobility over a tidal cycle. The dataset consists of high-frequency geophysical records ( 3.5, 33 and 210 kHz ) , sediment physical properties, in situ density , hydrodynamics and distribution of suspended particulate matter, which were collected at the North Channel of Amazon River . The first chapter showed that different survey methods at the same area can provide different results. Furthermore, the frequency and density were important properties to understand the relationship between surface sediment and acoustic features. The second chapter was an attempt to evaluate sediment dynamics through acoustic system, and showed that the changes in the processes of sediment transport were recognized by the ADCP and OBS allowing to distinguish the acoustic echo sounder records and to interpret sedimentary dynamic processes.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / The Amazon river, located in northernBrazil, discharges between 80,000 and 250,000 m3s-1 of water onto the adjacent shelf, creating a plume of brackish water that extends hundreds of kilometers away from the river mouth. This river also carries a large amount of fine sediments to the ocean where fluid mud has been found in the topset and upper foreset layers of the subaqueous delta formed on the mid-shelf. One of the main goals of this dissertation is to describe how turbulence and suspended sediment concentration vary along the Northern Channel of the Amazon river. Water column measurements were carried out in October 2008 at six anchor stations (P1, P3, P5, P6, P8 e P9) located seaward of the river mouth; P1 and P9 were 125 km apart. Each station was occupied during 13 hours during which current speed and direction were continuously sampled with a 600 kHz Teledyne-RDI ADCP; hourly profiles of temperature, salinity, turbidity and depth were also obtained. Water samples were collected for determination of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration and calibration of the turbidity sensor. Current speed reached values above 1.5 m s1 in the along-channel direction (NE-SW); a remarkable ebb-flood asymmetry was observed and flows were strongly ebb-dominated. Throughout the water column, SPM concentration at stations P1 and P3 varied between 100 and 300 mg L1 in association with the presence of freshwater. In contrast, a strong salinity gradient was observed between stations P6 and P9, coinciding with the occurrence of concentrations of SPM above 10 g L-1 (fluid mud). At stations P3, P5 and P6, interface between freshwater from the Amazon river and salt water from the continental shelf, shear stresses wereestimated through four diferents methods: Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), modified TKE and Quadratic Law; in the nearbed region (3 mab) the computed values varied between 0 and 3 Pa. At the three stations (P3, P5 and P6) the lowest and the highest shear stress values were obtained through, respectively, the Reynolds and the TKE methods. Over the whole water column turbulence intensity was estimated through the standard deviation of the turbulent component of the along-channel current velocity (root-mean square of u); from these values, it was estimated the turbulent dissipation of energy (G), whose values at 3 mab varied between zero and 20 s1.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / The Amazon river, located in northernBrazil, discharges between 80,000 and 250,000 m3s-1 of water onto the adjacent shelf, creating a plume of brackish water that extends hundreds of kilometers away from the river mouth. This river also carries a large amount of fine sediments to the ocean where fluid mud has been found in the topset and upper foreset layers of the subaqueous delta formed on the mid-shelf. One of the main goals of this dissertation is to describe how turbulence and suspended sediment concentration vary along the Northern Channel of the Amazon river. Water column measurements were carried out in October 2008 at six anchor stations (P1, P3, P5, P6, P8 e P9) located seaward of the river mouth; P1 and P9 were 125 km apart. Each station was occupied during 13 hours during which current speed and direction were continuously sampled with a 600 kHz Teledyne-RDI ADCP; hourly profiles of temperature, salinity, turbidity and depth were also obtained. Water samples were collected for determination of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration and calibration of the turbidity sensor. Current speed reached values above 1.5 m s1 in the along-channel direction (NE-SW); a remarkable ebb-flood asymmetry was observed and flows were strongly ebb-dominated. Throughout the water column, SPM concentration at stations P1 and P3 varied between 100 and 300 mg L1 in association with the presence of freshwater. In contrast, a strong salinity gradient was observed between stations P6 and P9, coinciding with the occurrence of concentrations of SPM above 10 g L-1 (fluid mud). At stations P3, P5 and P6, interface between freshwater from the Amazon river and salt water from the continental shelf, shear stresses wereestimated through four diferents methods: Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), modified TKE and Quadratic Law; in the nearbed region (3 mab) the computed values varied between 0 and 3 Pa. At the three stations (P3, P5 and P6) the lowest and the highest shear stress values were obtained through, respectively, the Reynolds and the TKE methods. Over the whole water column turbulence intensity was estimated through the standard deviation of the turbulent component of the along-channel current velocity (root-mean square of u); from these values, it was estimated the turbulent dissipation of energy (G), whose values at 3 mab varied between zero and 20 s1.