In the past ten years, various sewage treatment technologies have got extensive and profound studying in the field of water pollution control in Taiwan. In each unit apparatus of the sewage disposal system, a lamella separator as the sewage treatment facility, is an important link in the structure, has irreplaceable functions. This research investigated the lamella separator structure by means of the static analysis, add factors of earthquake, and typhoon. To achieve the purpose, the researcher used the computer-aided design software Solidworks to set up this structure model. After that, he used finite element analysis software, ANSYS, to analyze the structure. This research simulated in three situations. In static, earthquake, and typhoon analysis, the researcher found the stress of the original modal is over the yielding stress of materials. So, the researcher modified the support of a model to reduce the stress. Generally, the researcher hoped that this study could provide helpful references for designers¡¦ relevant studies on lamella separator structure in the future.

<p> A theoretical and experimental study is presented of the effect of oil/water system physical properties, surfactant concentration, and drop size on the drop rest-time and lamella behaviour. </p> <p> The work has three distinct parts. The first part is based on the assumption that the dynamic pressure distribution in the lamella can be described by a simple three term polynomial. Equations for the relative lamella thickness profile are derived and are shown to accurately describe experimental lamella thickness profiles measured both in this work and by other investigators. </p> <p> The second part presents and discusses the experimentally measured drop rest-times and simultaneously observed lamella behaviour for the range of variables studied. Five mechanisms are proposed to account for the observed lamella behaviour. </p> <p> The third part derives equations to describe the lamella drainage, the interfacial distribution of adsorbed surfactant for a lamella undergoing drainage, and the dynamic lamella pressure distribution. The solution of the lamella drainage equation is then compared with experimentally determined profiles of the relative lamella thickness for both the complex model and a simple model based on a parallel disc lamella. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> An experimental study of the steric stabilizing ability of a water soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer is presented.</p> <p> The free film thickness of a lamella formed between a drop of n-butylchloride and bulk n-butylchloride stabilized by PVA was measured by the Hodgson and Woods technique in order to evaluate the stabilizing ability of the polymer. A maximum in the stability was observed as the concentration of the polymer was increased. This maximum trend can be explained by the HVO theory.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Macroscopic analyses of rocks have produced acceptable results for many problems. These problems are simple, involving normal conditions. But a need is arising to study these rocks under extreme conditions, like high temperatures, projectile penetration and extreme pressures. Behavior of rocks under these conditions cannot be predicted using common macroscopic analyses at normal conditions. Nanostructure of the rock governs the behavior of rock under such situations. Hence, there is a need to study these materials using micro molecular mechanics. There is also a theory that failure in a rock mass is governed by the formation and propagation of microscopic cracks. The development of these can be observed and studied using the nanoscale analyses. A new science is emerging which deals with manipulating the nanostructure of materials. It may be possible in near future to improve the properties of materials into more desirable ones, by changing their nanofabric. These prospects make the nanoscopic analyses of rocks very intriguing. This research aims at developing methods to analyze rocks, clays and other geotechnical materials to study their nanolevel properties. Molecular Dynamics simulation is the most commonly used method in molecular mechanics. A software program TINKER was used for developing the simulation. Using this, MD simulation was performed on a (14,1) carbon nanotube for validation purposes. Later on simulations were performed on rock minerals such as quartz, albite and calcite and clays such as kaolinite and palygorskite. The simulated results are compared with published data on mechanical properties of rock and clay minerals. / Master of Science

This work is studying the layers of cerium oxide (doped with platinum) prepa- red by magnetron sputtering on different types of substrates. Attention is focused mainly on modes of growth and morfology of (Pt−)CeO2 layers. The study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specimens (lamellas) were created by using focused ion beam (FIB) with respect to transparency for electron beam and material contrast. The emphasis was on elimination of redeposition and minimize the amorphous layer of lamella. Representation of elements was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). 1

Cross-laminated boards is a technique of joining together lamellas of wood to create more dimensionally stable boards. Ballingslöv uses cross-laminated boards in their production and sometimes they observer cupping in the boards that may halt production. To find out why this might be occurring a study was performed where cross-laminated oakboards (Quercus Robur. L) were placed in three different climates for twelve days. During these twelve days cupping, weight, and thickness was measured every twenty-four hours. The results showed that the temperature and relative humidity of the surrounding environment affected how much and how fast cupping and weight change occurred in the boards.  It was concluded that the study needs to be replicated on a larger scale to increase the certainty of the results.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / George R. Clark II / Conulariids are one of the most enigmatic groups of fossil organisms, and have been stimulating debates since the late 19th century. Many major questions remain; for example, three independent researchers (Babcock and Feldman, 1986b; Oliver and Coates, 1987; Van Iten, 1992b) reported three different mineralogies for the conulariid test within a six-year period, and are not known to have reached an agreement. Conulariid morphology is also debated, and many workers seem unable to agree on the basic architecture of the test or how it grows. Conulariid workers have also attempted to determine the taxonomic classification of conulariids, especially whether they have cnidarian affinities or occupy their own phylum. My work attempts to clarify some of these issues, as well as determine whether any morphological variation exists within single species of conulariids in different paleoenvironments. To this end, I have collected and prepared specimens for examination by scanning electron microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrophotometery, and x-ray defractometry. Results include evidence for the presence of organic matrix in the conulariid test microstructure, the presence of three types of lamellae in the test, and support for carbonate-rich apatite [Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,F)] mineralogy. Details of the test microstructure add further support for a coronatid scyphozoan affinity. The conulariid species examined here displayed no microstructural or mineralogical variation between different paleoenvironments (unless two of the species are actually environmental varieties, which seem unlikely).

O cavalo Baixadeiro é encontrado na Baixada Maranhense, região caracterizada por planície, podendo permanecer alagada por até seis meses. Ainda que diante destas condições, o cavalo Baixadeiro pode viver sem apresentar doenças da úngula, tais como, a laminite. Assim, propôs-se identificar elementos morfológicos da úngula desta raça específica de cavalo com o intuito de explicar tal resistência à umidade. Foram utilizadas amostras de úngula provenientes de 4 cavalos Baixadeiros (N=16) e de 4 cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês (N=16). Todas as úngulas foram analisadas por macroscopia, morfometria e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de luz. Macroscopicamente, a úngula do cavalo Baixadeiro era cuneiforme, com comprimento médio de 10.22 ± 1.3 cm, largura de 9.83 ± 1.01 cm e comprimento da parede medial de 5.67 ± 0.76 cm. A úngula do cavalo Puro Sangue Inglês teve um comprimento médio de 13.47 ± 0.8 cm, largura de 12.54 ± 0.49 cm e comprimento da parede medial de 7.77 ± 0.54 cm. Na microscopia de luz da camada interna, o tecido que conecta as lamelas epidérmicas primárias às secundárias e ao estrato médio foi visualmente mais espesso no Baixadeiro. Além disso, a região distal das lamelas era mais compacta do que as da região proximal, enquanto que no Puro Sangue Inglês não foram observadas diferenças. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura, o espaço intertubular do estrato médio foi visualmente maior. A partir desta arquitetura nós sugerimos que existe maior adesão da cápsula da úngula à falange distal no cavalo Baixadeiro, provavelmente diminuindo a incidência de rotação da falange distal e, consequentemente, diminuindo a laminite / The Baixadeiro horse is found in Baixada Maranhense, region is characterized by a flat land that can be flooded during six months per year. In this region the Baixadeiro horse can live without ungula diseases, such as, laminitis. Thus, was proposed to identify morphological elements of the ungula from this specific breed to indicate this resistance to humidity. We used ungula samples from four Baixadeiro horse (N=16) and from four Thoroughbred horse (N=16). All ungulas were analyzed macroscopically, morphometrically and by light and scanning electronic microscopy. Macroscopically, the ungula of Baixadeiro horse was cuneiform, with average length 10.22 ± 1.3 cm, width of 9.83 ± 1.01 cm and medial wall lenght of 5.67 ± 0.76 cm. While the Thoroughbred horse ungula had average length 13.47 ± 0.8 cm, width 12.54 ± 0.49 cm and medial wall length 7.77 ± 0.54 cm. Under light microscopy, in the internal layer, the tissue that connects primary to secondary epidermal lamella and to middle stratum was visually thicker in the Baixadeiro. In addition, the distal region of lamellae was more compact than the proximal region, while in Thoroughbred no differences were observed. By scanning electron microscopy, the intertubular space of the middle stratum was visually bigger. From this architecture we suggested that there are greater adhesion of ugula capsule to distal phalanx in the Baixadeiro horse, probably decreasing incidence of distal phalanx rotation and consequently diminishing laminitis

O cavalo Baixadeiro é encontrado na Baixada Maranhense, região caracterizada por planície, podendo permanecer alagada por até seis meses. Ainda que diante destas condições, o cavalo Baixadeiro pode viver sem apresentar doenças da úngula, tais como, a laminite. Assim, propôs-se identificar elementos morfológicos da úngula desta raça específica de cavalo com o intuito de explicar tal resistência à umidade. Foram utilizadas amostras de úngula provenientes de 4 cavalos Baixadeiros (N=16) e de 4 cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês (N=16). Todas as úngulas foram analisadas por macroscopia, morfometria e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de luz. Macroscopicamente, a úngula do cavalo Baixadeiro era cuneiforme, com comprimento médio de 10.22 ± 1.3 cm, largura de 9.83 ± 1.01 cm e comprimento da parede medial de 5.67 ± 0.76 cm. A úngula do cavalo Puro Sangue Inglês teve um comprimento médio de 13.47 ± 0.8 cm, largura de 12.54 ± 0.49 cm e comprimento da parede medial de 7.77 ± 0.54 cm. Na microscopia de luz da camada interna, o tecido que conecta as lamelas epidérmicas primárias às secundárias e ao estrato médio foi visualmente mais espesso no Baixadeiro. Além disso, a região distal das lamelas era mais compacta do que as da região proximal, enquanto que no Puro Sangue Inglês não foram observadas diferenças. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura, o espaço intertubular do estrato médio foi visualmente maior. A partir desta arquitetura nós sugerimos que existe maior adesão da cápsula da úngula à falange distal no cavalo Baixadeiro, provavelmente diminuindo a incidência de rotação da falange distal e, consequentemente, diminuindo a laminite / The Baixadeiro horse is found in Baixada Maranhense, region is characterized by a flat land that can be flooded during six months per year. In this region the Baixadeiro horse can live without ungula diseases, such as, laminitis. Thus, was proposed to identify morphological elements of the ungula from this specific breed to indicate this resistance to humidity. We used ungula samples from four Baixadeiro horse (N=16) and from four Thoroughbred horse (N=16). All ungulas were analyzed macroscopically, morphometrically and by light and scanning electronic microscopy. Macroscopically, the ungula of Baixadeiro horse was cuneiform, with average length 10.22 ± 1.3 cm, width of 9.83 ± 1.01 cm and medial wall lenght of 5.67 ± 0.76 cm. While the Thoroughbred horse ungula had average length 13.47 ± 0.8 cm, width 12.54 ± 0.49 cm and medial wall length 7.77 ± 0.54 cm. Under light microscopy, in the internal layer, the tissue that connects primary to secondary epidermal lamella and to middle stratum was visually thicker in the Baixadeiro. In addition, the distal region of lamellae was more compact than the proximal region, while in Thoroughbred no differences were observed. By scanning electron microscopy, the intertubular space of the middle stratum was visually bigger. From this architecture we suggested that there are greater adhesion of ugula capsule to distal phalanx in the Baixadeiro horse, probably decreasing incidence of distal phalanx rotation and consequently diminishing laminitis

Foam fractionation is an economical and environmentally friendly separation method for surface active material using a rising column of foam. The system of foam fractionation column with reflux is selected since such a system can improve the enrichment of the product collected from the top of the column. Due to the reflux, it is assumed that there is more surface active material (surfactant and/or protein) in the Plateau border than that in the foam lamella, so that the Plateau border acts as a surfactant/protein reservoir. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the adsorption and transport of surface active material such as surfactant and/or protein onto the surface of a lamella in a foam fractionation column with reflux using mathematical simulation. There are two steps involved in adsorption of surface active material onto a bubble surface within foam, which are diffusion from the bulk solution into the subsurface, a layer next to the interface, followed by adsorption of that material from the subsurface onto the interface. The diffusion follows the Fick's second law, while the adsorption may follow the Henry, Langmuir or Frumkin isotherms, depending on the properties of the surface active material. The adsorption of mixed protein-surfactant follows the Frumkin isotherm. When there is a competition between protein and surfactant, the protein arrives onto the interface at a later time due to a slower diffusion rate and it displaces the surfactant molecules already on the surface since protein has a higher affinity for that surface than surfactant. The surfactant transport from a Plateau border onto a foam lamella is determined by the interaction of forces applied on the lamella surface, such as film drainage, due to the pressure gradient between the lamella and the Plateau border, the Marangoni effect, due to the gradient of surface tension, and surface viscosity, as a reaction to surface motion. In this thesis, there are two different models of film drainage. One approach uses assumption of a film with a mobile interface and the other model assumes a film with a rigid interface. In the absence of surface viscosity, the Marangoni effect dominates the film drainage resulting in accumulation of surfactant on the surface of the foam lamella in the case of a lamella with a rigid interface. In the case of a film with a mobile interface, the film drainage dominates the Marangoni effect and surfactant is washed away from the surface of the lamella. When the drainage is very fast, such as that which is achieved by a film with a mobile interface, the film could be predicted to attain the thickness of a common black film, well within the residence time in a foam fractionation column, at which point the film stops draining and surfactant starts to accumulate on the lamella surface. The desirable condition in operation of a foam fractionation column however is when the Marangoni effect dominates the film drainage and surfactant accumulates on the surface of a foam lamella such as the one achieved by a film with a rigid interface. In the presence of surface viscosity and the absence of film drainage, the surface viscous forces oppose the Marangoni effect and reduce the amount of surfactant transport onto the foam lamella. A larger surface viscosity results in less surfactant transport onto the foam lamella. In addition, the characteristic time scale required for surfactant transport is shorter with a shorter film length.