Thesis (M. P. H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008 . / Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Pas de résumé fourni. / No summary available.

Abstract Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) techniques have been adopted in aortic arch surgery for clinical use. The clear benefits of RCP are that it reduces embolic injury and prolongs the permissible period of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). At the same time, however, there is a great deal of evidence according to which RCP may be associated with an increased risk of fluid sequestration and cerebral edema. In the current study intermittent RCP was compared with continuous RCP and HCA alone to clarify if periodical RCP decreases fluid sequestration (I). HCA is an effective method of cerebral protection, but is associated with long cardiopulmonary bypass times, and coagulation disturbances. We tested the hypothesis that deep hypothermic RCP could improve cerebral outcome during moderate HCA (II and III). Glutamate excitotoxicity plays an important role in the development of ischemic brain injury. The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of lamotrigine, a Na+ channel blocker, to mitigate cerebral injury after HCA (IV). A chronic porcine model was used in the present series of studies. Hemodynamic, electrophysiologic, and metabolic monitoring were performed until four hours after the instigation of rewarming. S-100β was measured up to 20 hours. Daily behavioral assessment performed until death or elective sacrifice on the seventh postoperative day. After continuous RCP the median fluid sequestration volume was 145 (0–250) ml compared with -50 (-100 - 0) ml after intermittent RCP (p = 0.04). In comparison of 15°C RCP to HCA alone during moderate 25°C hypothermia, 5/6 animals in the RCP group survived seven days compared with 2/6 in the HCA group (p = 0.04). The total histopathologic scores in the RCP(15°C) group were lower than those for the RCP(25°C) group during moderate 25°C hypothermia (p = 0.04). EEG bursts were recovered better in the RCP(15°C) group at 3 hours after the start of rewarming compared to HCA group (p = 0.05). The rate of EEG burst recovery was higher in lamotrigine treated animals compared to placebo treated animals after 4 hours during the rewarming (p = 0.02). Among the animals that survived for 7 days, the median behavioral score was higher in the lamotrigine group (8) compared with controls (7) (p = 0.02). The results indicate that intermittent RCP decreases the rate of fluid sequestration after continuous RCP. The cold RCP at moderate systemic hypothermia seems to provide a better neurological outcome than that with moderate temperature RCP, a finding suggesting that enhanced cranial hypothermia is the major beneficial factor of RCP. The Na+ channel blocker lamotrigine improves neurological outcome after a prolonged period of HCA. In conclusion, two refinements in the RCP concept are to administer it at low temperatures and if longer periods of perfusion are necessary, RCP should be applied intermittently.

A epilepsia é uma patologia caracterizada como sinal ou sintoma de uma desordem neurológica que se manifesta por breves descargas de neurotransmissores neuronais, decorrentes de distúrbios nas funções elétricas cerebrais levando a ocorrência de crises. Entre os medicamentos disponíveis no mercado, a lamotrigina (LTG) tem sido amplamente utilizada, principalmente devido a sua maior tolerabilidade e menor índice de interação farmacológica com outros fármacos antiepilépticos (DAEs). A maioria dos DAEs, e particularmente os mais novos, são de elevado custo financeiro para o paciente, portanto o sistema de saúde oferece aos seus usuários a possibilidade os receberem, porém, uma mesma regional de saúde pode variar o fornecimento de um princípio ativo entre os seus equivalentes terapêuticos disponíveis no mercado. Assim sendo, esse estudo tem a finalidade de avaliar as conseqüências clínicas e laboratoriais relacionadas à utilização de diferentes equivalentes terapêuticos da LTG (referência e similares). O estudo foi dividido em três períodos de 42 dias cada, um para cada formulação onde se realizaram atendimentos médico e farmacêutico e foram coletados dados sobre a freqüência de crises, a ocorrência de eventos adversos, dosagem plasmática de LTG e qualidade de vida dos nove pacientes incluídos no estudo. As formulações A e B são medicamentos similares e a C é o medicamento referência. Com relação ao número médio de crises foi de 3,22; 7,17 e 5,75 para as formulações A, B e C, respectivamente, no entanto essa diferença não é estatisticamente significante. Também não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações plasmáticas de LTG. Com relação à ocorrência de reações adversas houve três casos com a formulação C e nenhum com as demais, com significância estatística (p<0,05). Quanto a qualidade de vida não houve uma diferença significativa quando se comparou todas as formulações entretanto a formulação A aumentou significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes durante de sua utilização. Assim sendo, concluí-se que os medicamentos similares apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quando comparado ao medicamento de referência, entretanto a substituição das formulações pode dificultar o controle das crises epilépticas e ao manejo da epilepsia. / Epilepsy is a condition characterized as a sign or a symptom of a neurological disorder manifested by brief discharges of neuronal neurotransmitters, resulting from disturbances in electrical brain fuctions leading to crises. Among the drugs available to patients, lamotrigine (LTG) has been widely used, mainly due to their greater tolerability and lower rate of drug interactions with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Most of the AEDs, and particularly the newest, have high cost to patient, so the health system offers to users the possibility to receive then, but, the same regional health can change the supply of a drug within available therapeutic equivalents in the market. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the clinical and laboratory consequences related to use of different therapeutic equivalents of LTG (reference and similar drugs). The study was divided into three periods of 42 days, one for each formulation which held medical and pharmaceutical care, and data about the frequency of seizures, the occurrence of adverse effects, measurement of plasma LTG and quality of life were collected. The formulations A and B are similar drugs and C is the reference drug. Regarding the average number of seizures it was 3.22, 7.17 and 5.75 for formulations A, B and C, respectively, however, this difference is not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between plasma concentrations of LTG. Also, regarding the occurrence of adverse reactions three patients has one kind each one with the formulation C and none with the others, with statistical significance (p <0.05). Regarding quality of life there was no significant difference when comparing all formulations however the formulation A significantly increased the quality of life of patients on the period its use. Therefore, it is concluded that similar drugs showed satisfactory results when compared to the reference product, however the replacement of the formulations may hamper the control of seizures and epilepsy management.

A epilepsia é uma patologia caracterizada como sinal ou sintoma de uma desordem neurológica que se manifesta por breves descargas de neurotransmissores neuronais, decorrentes de distúrbios nas funções elétricas cerebrais levando a ocorrência de crises. Entre os medicamentos disponíveis no mercado, a lamotrigina (LTG) tem sido amplamente utilizada, principalmente devido a sua maior tolerabilidade e menor índice de interação farmacológica com outros fármacos antiepilépticos (DAEs). A maioria dos DAEs, e particularmente os mais novos, são de elevado custo financeiro para o paciente, portanto o sistema de saúde oferece aos seus usuários a possibilidade os receberem, porém, uma mesma regional de saúde pode variar o fornecimento de um princípio ativo entre os seus equivalentes terapêuticos disponíveis no mercado. Assim sendo, esse estudo tem a finalidade de avaliar as conseqüências clínicas e laboratoriais relacionadas à utilização de diferentes equivalentes terapêuticos da LTG (referência e similares). O estudo foi dividido em três períodos de 42 dias cada, um para cada formulação onde se realizaram atendimentos médico e farmacêutico e foram coletados dados sobre a freqüência de crises, a ocorrência de eventos adversos, dosagem plasmática de LTG e qualidade de vida dos nove pacientes incluídos no estudo. As formulações A e B são medicamentos similares e a C é o medicamento referência. Com relação ao número médio de crises foi de 3,22; 7,17 e 5,75 para as formulações A, B e C, respectivamente, no entanto essa diferença não é estatisticamente significante. Também não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações plasmáticas de LTG. Com relação à ocorrência de reações adversas houve três casos com a formulação C e nenhum com as demais, com significância estatística (p<0,05). Quanto a qualidade de vida não houve uma diferença significativa quando se comparou todas as formulações entretanto a formulação A aumentou significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes durante de sua utilização. Assim sendo, concluí-se que os medicamentos similares apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quando comparado ao medicamento de referência, entretanto a substituição das formulações pode dificultar o controle das crises epilépticas e ao manejo da epilepsia. / Epilepsy is a condition characterized as a sign or a symptom of a neurological disorder manifested by brief discharges of neuronal neurotransmitters, resulting from disturbances in electrical brain fuctions leading to crises. Among the drugs available to patients, lamotrigine (LTG) has been widely used, mainly due to their greater tolerability and lower rate of drug interactions with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Most of the AEDs, and particularly the newest, have high cost to patient, so the health system offers to users the possibility to receive then, but, the same regional health can change the supply of a drug within available therapeutic equivalents in the market. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the clinical and laboratory consequences related to use of different therapeutic equivalents of LTG (reference and similar drugs). The study was divided into three periods of 42 days, one for each formulation which held medical and pharmaceutical care, and data about the frequency of seizures, the occurrence of adverse effects, measurement of plasma LTG and quality of life were collected. The formulations A and B are similar drugs and C is the reference drug. Regarding the average number of seizures it was 3.22, 7.17 and 5.75 for formulations A, B and C, respectively, however, this difference is not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between plasma concentrations of LTG. Also, regarding the occurrence of adverse reactions three patients has one kind each one with the formulation C and none with the others, with statistical significance (p <0.05). Regarding quality of life there was no significant difference when comparing all formulations however the formulation A significantly increased the quality of life of patients on the period its use. Therefore, it is concluded that similar drugs showed satisfactory results when compared to the reference product, however the replacement of the formulations may hamper the control of seizures and epilepsy management.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a worldwide chronic, stress-inducing natural catastrophe associated with increased emotional challenging. Patients with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), self-injury behavior, and obesity are predisposed to aggravation of their symptoms at this time, requiring new therapeutic approaches to balance their disrupted neuro-hormonal stress axis. Here we present our observations of an off-label treatment with lamotrigine in an adolescent girl with PTSD, self-injury behavior, and obesity. Lamotrigine was an efficacious pharmaceutical intervention that helped the patient deal with chronic stress and associated anxiety. The results are discussed based on our previous basic research outcomes in animals and humans that focused on the glutamate-cortisol circuits within the limbic brain.

Introdução: O tratamento farmacológico é primeira opção para o tratamento da epilepsia, e cerca de 40% dos pacientes não respondem à monoterapia e, sendo necessário o uso de dois ou mais fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) para o melhor controle das crises epilépticas. Nesta situação clínica a lamotrigina (LTG) é o FAE de segunda geração com maior prevalência de uso, em associação com os demais FAE. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, farmacoepidemiológico, clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG, bem como verificar a racionalidade da monitorização terapêutica da LTG. Casuística e Método: Este estudo de caráter observacional e transversal foi realizado com 75 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle (AEDC) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de maio/2011 a abril/2012. As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram a qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Qolie-31), o perfil de eventos adversos (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) e a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (Morisky- Green). Os dados sociodemográficos e farmacoterapêuticos foram coletados através dos prontuários médicos. Além disso, foi realizada a dosagem da concentração plasmática da LTG e dos FAE de primeira geração. Para testar as hipóteses o nível de significância foi fixado em ? = 0,05, e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HCFMRP (no 8791/2010). Resultados e Discussão: Identificou-se elevada prevalência de uso de politerapia (97%), 29% dos pacientes apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de LTG abaixo do intervalo de referência preconizado (< 2,5 mg/L), 45% utilizaram doses mg/kg/dia abaixo do recomendado, e 60% apresentaram comprometimento com a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Os FAE de primeira geração influenciaram de forma significativa a concentração plasmática de LTG (p< 0,01). A concentração plasmática de LTG apresentou associação com a dose (mg/kg/dia) utilizada pelos pacientes (p = 0,0096). Os eventos adversos mais prevalentes foram sonolência e dificuldade de concentração. Baixos escores foram observados em todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida (Qolie-31), sugerindo comprometimento significativo desse parâmetro humanístico entre os pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A qualidade de vida apresentou associação inversamente significativa com os eventos adversos obtidos pelo AEP (r = -0.69, p<0.01). Conclusão: Os pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG apresentaram elevada prevalência de problemas clínicos, humanísticos e farmacoterapêuticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de estratégias para otimização do tratamento farmacológico, tais como, implementação efetiva e permanente da monitorização terapêutica de LTG nos serviços de saúde. / Introduction: The pharmacological treatment is the first choice for the treatment of epilepsy and about 40% of patients are not responding to monotherapy. Therefore these require two or more antiepileptic drugs (AED) for better control of seizures. In this clinical situation, lamotrigine (LTG) is the AED of second generation most used in combination with other AED. Objective: To analyze the demographic, pharmacoepidemiological, clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG, as well as, to analyze the rationality of LTG therapeutic monitoring. Casuist and Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 adult outpatients with refractory epilepsy in use of LTG attended at the Ambulatory of epilepsy difficult to control (AEDC) of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital (HCFMRP-USP). The patients were invited between May 2011 to April 2012. The clinical variables analyzed by questionnaire were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse event profile (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) and medication adherence (Morisky-Green). The sociodemographic and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected through medical records. In addition, it was performed plasma concentration of LTG and of the first generation AED. To test the hypotheses the significance level was set at ? = 0.05, and a confidence interval of 95%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCFMRP-USP. Results and Discussion: It was observed high prevalence of use of polytherapy (97%), 29% of patients had LTG plasma concentrations below the recommended reference range (<2.5 mg / L), 45% used doses mg/kg/day lower than recommended, and 60% were not adherent to medication. The first generation AED influenced significantly in the LTG plasma concentration (p <0.01). The LTG dose (mg/kg/day) used by patients presented positive association with LTG plasma concentration (p = 0.0096). The most prevalent adverse events were somnolence and difficulty concentrating. Low scores were observed in all subscales related to quality of life (QOLIE-31), suggesting significant harm of this humanistic parameter among patients with refractory epilepsy. The quality of life was associated inversely with adverse events obtained by AEP (r = - 0.69, p <0:01). Conclusion: Patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG had high prevalence of clinical, humanistic and pharmacotherapeutic problems, which demonstrates the need to implement strategies for optimization of pharmacological treatment, such as, implementation of permanent and effective therapeutic monitoring of LTG in health services.

Introdução: O tratamento farmacológico é primeira opção para o tratamento da epilepsia, e cerca de 40% dos pacientes não respondem à monoterapia e, sendo necessário o uso de dois ou mais fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) para o melhor controle das crises epilépticas. Nesta situação clínica a lamotrigina (LTG) é o FAE de segunda geração com maior prevalência de uso, em associação com os demais FAE. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, farmacoepidemiológico, clínico e laboratorial dos pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG, bem como verificar a racionalidade da monitorização terapêutica da LTG. Casuística e Método: Este estudo de caráter observacional e transversal foi realizado com 75 pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG atendidos no Ambulatório de Epilepsia de Difícil Controle (AEDC) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de maio/2011 a abril/2012. As variáveis clínicas analisadas foram a qualidade de vida (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Qolie-31), o perfil de eventos adversos (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) e a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (Morisky- Green). Os dados sociodemográficos e farmacoterapêuticos foram coletados através dos prontuários médicos. Além disso, foi realizada a dosagem da concentração plasmática da LTG e dos FAE de primeira geração. Para testar as hipóteses o nível de significância foi fixado em ? = 0,05, e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HCFMRP (no 8791/2010). Resultados e Discussão: Identificou-se elevada prevalência de uso de politerapia (97%), 29% dos pacientes apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de LTG abaixo do intervalo de referência preconizado (< 2,5 mg/L), 45% utilizaram doses mg/kg/dia abaixo do recomendado, e 60% apresentaram comprometimento com a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Os FAE de primeira geração influenciaram de forma significativa a concentração plasmática de LTG (p< 0,01). A concentração plasmática de LTG apresentou associação com a dose (mg/kg/dia) utilizada pelos pacientes (p = 0,0096). Os eventos adversos mais prevalentes foram sonolência e dificuldade de concentração. Baixos escores foram observados em todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida (Qolie-31), sugerindo comprometimento significativo desse parâmetro humanístico entre os pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A qualidade de vida apresentou associação inversamente significativa com os eventos adversos obtidos pelo AEP (r = -0.69, p<0.01). Conclusão: Os pacientes com epilepsia refratária em uso de LTG apresentaram elevada prevalência de problemas clínicos, humanísticos e farmacoterapêuticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de estratégias para otimização do tratamento farmacológico, tais como, implementação efetiva e permanente da monitorização terapêutica de LTG nos serviços de saúde. / Introduction: The pharmacological treatment is the first choice for the treatment of epilepsy and about 40% of patients are not responding to monotherapy. Therefore these require two or more antiepileptic drugs (AED) for better control of seizures. In this clinical situation, lamotrigine (LTG) is the AED of second generation most used in combination with other AED. Objective: To analyze the demographic, pharmacoepidemiological, clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG, as well as, to analyze the rationality of LTG therapeutic monitoring. Casuist and Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 adult outpatients with refractory epilepsy in use of LTG attended at the Ambulatory of epilepsy difficult to control (AEDC) of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital (HCFMRP-USP). The patients were invited between May 2011 to April 2012. The clinical variables analyzed by questionnaire were quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy - QOLIE-31), adverse event profile (AEP - Adverse Events Profile) and medication adherence (Morisky-Green). The sociodemographic and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected through medical records. In addition, it was performed plasma concentration of LTG and of the first generation AED. To test the hypotheses the significance level was set at ? = 0.05, and a confidence interval of 95%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCFMRP-USP. Results and Discussion: It was observed high prevalence of use of polytherapy (97%), 29% of patients had LTG plasma concentrations below the recommended reference range (<2.5 mg / L), 45% used doses mg/kg/day lower than recommended, and 60% were not adherent to medication. The first generation AED influenced significantly in the LTG plasma concentration (p <0.01). The LTG dose (mg/kg/day) used by patients presented positive association with LTG plasma concentration (p = 0.0096). The most prevalent adverse events were somnolence and difficulty concentrating. Low scores were observed in all subscales related to quality of life (QOLIE-31), suggesting significant harm of this humanistic parameter among patients with refractory epilepsy. The quality of life was associated inversely with adverse events obtained by AEP (r = - 0.69, p <0:01). Conclusion: Patients with refractory epilepsy using LTG had high prevalence of clinical, humanistic and pharmacotherapeutic problems, which demonstrates the need to implement strategies for optimization of pharmacological treatment, such as, implementation of permanent and effective therapeutic monitoring of LTG in health services.

With a greater understanding of the fundamentals of crystal engineering lays the potential for the development of a vast array of novel materials for a plethora of applications. Addressed herein is the latent potential of the current knowledge base with an emphasis upon cocrystallization and the desire for scientific exploration that will lead to the development of a future generation of novel cocrystals. The focus of this dissertation is to expand the cocrystallization knowledge base in two directions with the utilization of cocrystals in the novel synthetic technique of cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis and in the development of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis uses a cocrystal to align the reactive moieties in such a way that the reaction occurs more quickly and in higher yield than the typical solution methodology. The focus herein is upon cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis of imides where an anhydride and primary amine were the reactive moieties. Forty-nine reactions were attempted and thirty-two resulted in successful imide formation. In addition, the cocrystal was isolated as part of the reaction pathway in three cases and is described in detail. The impact of cocrystals upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is also addressed with a focus upon generating novel crystal forms of lamotrigine and meloxicam. Cocrystallization attempts of lamotrigine resulted in ten novel crystal forms including three cocrystals, one cocrystal solvate, three salts, one solvated salt, a methanol solvate, and an ethanol hydrate. Additionally, cocrystallization attempts of meloxicam afforded seven novel cocrystals. Solubility and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted for a selected set of lamotrigine and meloxicam crystal forms to determine the crystal form with the most desirable properties. Properties between crystal form and cocrystal former were also examined.