過去一般認為，土地供給是固定不變，故價格彈性為零。這樣的思考方式背後隱含需求面才是不動產市場的主導力量，因此土地供給面往往被忽略。不動產僵局的議題近年來不斷出現在世界各國，臺灣社會也不例外。由此觀之，都市住宅供給過程中，似乎不完全由市場需求面主導，尤其都市進入成熟發展階段後，土地供給面的重要程度更應該被突顯。故本研究從供給角度出發，並認為土地面積和產權在都市住宅供給過程中，可能扮演關鍵的角色。透過本研究提出之二維向度分析，也確實發現開發難度和住宅區開發量間存在一定的負向關係，為後續迴歸分析的立論基礎。市場力量或政府力量是否能克服基地面積過小和產權複雜問題，亦是本研究關注之重點。 利用臺北市民國94年到103年的使用執照和拆除執照，以里為分析單元，計算臺北市各里住宅區的樓地板面積淨增加率，並觀察其在空間上之高低分布。影響樓地板面積淨增加率的因素除包含土地面積和產權因素，亦應包括總體因素，區位與政策因素。一般迴歸模型和空間迴歸模型之實證結果顯示：各里中住宅供給多寡主要受到總體因素影響。此外，劃定都市更新地區之政策亦具有吸引建築投資之效果。然而土地面積並非是影響住宅供給之關鍵因素。但本研究進一步發現，在相同條件之下，產權單純對於住宅開發供給多寡的差異，因臺北市區位而有不同，住宅開發供給量由多至少依序為早期發展區、郊區和市中心。且在早期發展地區，產權越複雜的里比起產權較單純的里，住宅供給確實有較少的趨勢，顯示土地產權仍然在臺北市部分地區，造成開發上的問題。 / It is understood that land supply is fixed and the price elasticity is zero, which implies that the side of demand is the dominant force in the real estate market. Because of this the supply side of land is often ignored. The issues of gridlock of real estate development are emerging in recent years worldwide, and Taiwan is no exception. In these instances the market does not seem entirely dominated by demand in the process of housing supply. Especially in cities which have entered a mature stage of development, the importance of land supply should be highlighted. This study is taking the perspective of supply and considering that lot size and land property key roles in the process of housing supply. Throughout this study, we proposed a two-dimensional analysis and indeed found that there was a negative relationship between development difficulty and the amount of residential development, which was the theoretical basis for the subsequent regression analysis. Whether market force or government force can overcome the problems of small lot size and complex land property was also a focus of attention in this study. We used Building Use Permit and Demolition Permit from the year2005 to2014 in Taipei and the analysis units were individual neighborhoods. We calculate net increasing rate of floor area in residential sections of Taipei and observe its distribution in space. Factors affecting net increasing rate of floor area in residential sections include lot size and ownership factors, as well as general factors, region and policy factors. According to ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression, the empirical results show that housing supply in each neighborhood in Taipei is dominated by general factors. In addition, the policy of the delineated renewal areas has the effect of attracting construction investment. However, the lot size was not a key factor in the process of housing supply. Furthermore, the study found that under simple land property conditions, housing supply discrepancies over location in Taipei and supplied quantity in order was the old core, periphery and center. And in the old core, compared to the neighborhoods of simple land property, the housing supply in neighborhoods of complex land property has a decreasing trend which reveals that land property is still causing development problems in parts of Taipei.

O presente trabalho trata das áreas reservadas para uso comum, nos projetos de parcelamento do solo urbano do município de Santo André, com o objetivo de analisar os atuais usos públicos ou privados dessas áreas, originalmente designadas como \"bens de uso comum do povo\". A abordagem do tema buscou estabelecer relação com os instrumentos de concessão de terras públicas, no período colonial e a partir do século XX, com as diversas leis que regulamentaram o parcelamento do solo urbano. Com esse quadro histórico, demonstra-se que, muitas vezes, os instrumentos legais privilegiaram os interesses privados, em detrimento do uso público. Para viabilizar a análise proposta, foram a princípio identificadas as áreas reservadas para uso comum nos loteamentos de Santo André, verificando-se posteriormente os usos cadastrados para essas áreas no banco de dados do município. Por outro lado, averiguou-se com especial atenção as áreas do município declaradas, por lei municipal, como Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS), observando se estas haviam sido designadas para uso comum, nos processos de parcelamento do solo. Os resultados da análise indicaram que muitas áreas reservadas para uso comum estão hoje destinadas a formas de utilização distinta da originalmente prevista. / The present work deals with the areas reserved for common use, in the projects of urban lands division in the city of Santo Andre, aiming to analyze the current uses public or private of these areas, originally designed as \"goods of common use\". The approach to the theme sought to establish connections with granting instruments of public land, during colonial period and from the 20th century on, with the various laws that have regulated the subdivision of urban land. Using this historical picture, it can be showed that the legal instruments often prioritized private interests to the detriment of public use. In order to make the proposed analysis, the areas reserved for common use in the land division of Santo André were first identified, verifying, subsequently, the uses registered for these areas in the database of the municipality. On the other hand, special attention was dispended to investigate among city\'s areas that were declared, by municipal law, as Special Areas of Social Interest (ZEIS) those who had been designated for common use in the process of ground division. The results of the analysis indicated that many areas reserved for common use today are designed to forms of use other than the originally planned.

O presente trabalho trata das áreas reservadas para uso comum, nos projetos de parcelamento do solo urbano do município de Santo André, com o objetivo de analisar os atuais usos públicos ou privados dessas áreas, originalmente designadas como \"bens de uso comum do povo\". A abordagem do tema buscou estabelecer relação com os instrumentos de concessão de terras públicas, no período colonial e a partir do século XX, com as diversas leis que regulamentaram o parcelamento do solo urbano. Com esse quadro histórico, demonstra-se que, muitas vezes, os instrumentos legais privilegiaram os interesses privados, em detrimento do uso público. Para viabilizar a análise proposta, foram a princípio identificadas as áreas reservadas para uso comum nos loteamentos de Santo André, verificando-se posteriormente os usos cadastrados para essas áreas no banco de dados do município. Por outro lado, averiguou-se com especial atenção as áreas do município declaradas, por lei municipal, como Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS), observando se estas haviam sido designadas para uso comum, nos processos de parcelamento do solo. Os resultados da análise indicaram que muitas áreas reservadas para uso comum estão hoje destinadas a formas de utilização distinta da originalmente prevista. / The present work deals with the areas reserved for common use, in the projects of urban lands division in the city of Santo Andre, aiming to analyze the current uses public or private of these areas, originally designed as \"goods of common use\". The approach to the theme sought to establish connections with granting instruments of public land, during colonial period and from the 20th century on, with the various laws that have regulated the subdivision of urban land. Using this historical picture, it can be showed that the legal instruments often prioritized private interests to the detriment of public use. In order to make the proposed analysis, the areas reserved for common use in the land division of Santo André were first identified, verifying, subsequently, the uses registered for these areas in the database of the municipality. On the other hand, special attention was dispended to investigate among city\'s areas that were declared, by municipal law, as Special Areas of Social Interest (ZEIS) those who had been designated for common use in the process of ground division. The results of the analysis indicated that many areas reserved for common use today are designed to forms of use other than the originally planned.

The introductory part of the thesis deals with the overall issue of valuation, explaining the basic concepts that are necessary for the valuation. Then followed the analysis of market with the real estates and characteristic description of the specified location. For the purposes of the valuation was selected 10 real estates of type garage, which are valued at cost and comparative manner according to the announcement and comparative manner with the database. The real estates were selected around the city Protivin. A local investigation was carried out and the documentation was made for the each garage. The acquired data are evaluated and the result describes the effect of the location on the price of the property.

Denna tekniska rapport är gjort med två huvudmål. Det ena är att försöka lyfta fram vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan hur Statens vegvesen i Norge och Trafikverket i Sverige genomför kostnadsberäkning för sina vägprojekt. Det andra huvudmålet är att försöka analysera ett antal utvalda vägprojekt i Norge för att kunna göra konklusioner på hur bra kostnadsberäkningarna stämmer med verkliga kostnader. Det presenteras en beskrivande del för att ge läsaren en teoretisk bakgrund för att förstå metoden respektive organ använder för sina kalkyler. Ut ifrån detta blir skillnader och likheter diskuterat. En analyserande del tar läsaren genom den analys som är gjort för att göra slutsatser om hur de verkliga kostnaderna ser ut jämfört med de på förhand kalkylerade kostnaderna. Alla slutsatser presenteras avslutningsvis tillsammans med vidare rekommendationer. / This technical report is done with two main goals. The first is to try to highlight the differences and similarities between the methods for costing that Statens vegvesen in Norway and Trafikverket in Sweden use for their road projects. The second goal is to try to analyze a number of selected road projects in Norway in order to make conclusions about how well the calculated costs are compared to the actual costs. The report contains a describing section in purpose to give the reader a theoretical background for understanding the methods for costing. From this theoretical part the differences and similarities are discussed. An analytical part takes the reader trough the analyze that is done of the Norwegian projects in order to make conclusions about how well the real costs are compared to the pre-calculated costs. All of the findings and conclusions are presented in the end of the report together with further recommendations.

This dissertation examines the application and effect of Article 1 of the First Protocol to the ECHR in relation to Scots land law reform. Chapter one will reflect on why existing rights to property have come to be challenged. Chapter two sets out the human rights paradigm and scrutinises what rights and whose rights are engaged. Chapter three traces the development of A1P1. Chapter four applies the human rights paradigm to contemporary reforms. Chapter five considers the broader effect A1P1 has had on domestic property law. This dissertation submits that the problem to be overcome is that, in many instances, Scots land law reform has been reduced into a simplistic struggle. A1P1 has been held up as either a citadel protecting landowners or as an ineffective and unjustified right to be ignored. At the core of this debate are competing claims between liberal individualist rights to property and socially democratic, egalitarian goals. This dissertation argues that it is important to move beyond this binary debate. This is not about finding some mysterious "red card" or eureka moment that conclusively shows compatibility or incompatibility. Instead, compatibility will be determined by following a rule-based approach that values rational decision-making and the best available evidence, as well as the importance of democratic institutions. As such, it will be illustrated how future challenges are likely to focus not on the underlying purpose of land law reform but on the macro or micro granularity of Ministerial discretion. In coming to this conclusion, it will be argued that A1P1 has a pervasive influence on the entire workings of all public bodies and, like a dye, permeates the legislative process.

The dissertation is focused on current issues in the connection with the rental price of land and construction land maps, which are addressed to practice. It deals with an overview of the development of rental and price charts in the Czech Republic and abroad. The basic precondition of the dissertation is the existence of data dealing with the relationship between rents and the usual (market, global) price of land in the price map in the Czech Republic. This area, the relationship of rents and land prices, has not yet been fully explored. The unavailability of this data can result in questioning the expert opinions for example in court proceedings. The conclusions of the dissertation illustrate, how interdependent ground rent with the price specified in price map constructions of land. The percentage of the relation I have determined to both individual cities (Prague, Brno, Olomouc), and all the Czech Republic as a whole.