In Sudan, land degradation/desertification (LDD) has devastated large areas and consequently, it includes social, economic, and environmental aspects. LDD results from various factors, including climatic variation and human activities. Probably the LU practices and their changes have contributed to an increase of LDD in that area. Remote sensing technology has become unique and developed tool for providing temporal and spatial information for the LDD research and other environmental aspects. Determination of LDD and its relationship to land use pattern change (LUC) at spatiotemporal scale is rare, critical issue, and is one of the recommended research in semi-arid regions of Sudan. The study was carried out to derive accurate and improved spatiotemporal information: to assess the status of land LDD of vegetation and soil, to assess and model influences of the LUC on LDD, and moreover to analyse the synergistic factors that have caused the land use change and/or LDD in semi- arid zone of Elgeteina Locality in While Nile State, Sudan during the last 36 years, using appropriate remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology. The study used four-cloud free images of different sensors (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010). The imageries were Geo-referenced and radiometrically corrected by using ENVI-FLAASH software. Then subsets of the study area were taken, ranging from 1600-2000 Km2. The study applied the new approach of integration between vegetation and soil indices and in situ data to assess the LDD. Comparison between pixel based image analysis (PBIA) and latterly approach of object based image analysis (OBIA) was done by selecting the best one for mapping LUC and LDD accurately. The change detection - matrix was applied to estimate the spatiotemporal of changes in land use and land degradation. Moreover, correlation and model approach was employed for fusing the climatic, socioeconomic and remote sensing data to determine the relationships between the different factors and to analyse the reasons for the LUC and LDD as well as for modelling LU effects on LDD. The study revealed that: The changes in land use patterns (RA, FWL and FML) took place in 1973 – 86 – 2009, and affecting thoroughly different patterns of the vegetation cover. Likewise the LUC affected soil degradation which led to the movement of sand dunes in 1973 – 2009. The agricultural activity is the dominant and has more effect on LDD particularly on the vegetation cover degradation. The population growth and the socioeconomic status of local people are the main indirect human inducing factors responsible for LUC and/or LDD. SARVI is slightly more efficient than NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 and ND42-57, for detecting the vegetation status in semi-arid area, therefore the study selected it for the assessment. GSI proved highly efficient in determining the different types of soil degradation, and in producing the map of top soil grain size, which assisted in the assessment of land degradation and desertification. OBIA-fuzzy logic classification performed better than the PBIA- hybrid classification for assessing LU patterns impact on LDD. The study recommends to: replication of this study by using different imagery with high resolutions and sophisticated software, such as eCognition and Feature Analyst (FA) for increasing the validity and accuracy of the assessment and modelling of LU patterns and LDD status in dry land is important in the Sudan. / Im Sudan hat Land Degradation/ Desertifikation (LDD) weite Gegenden verwüstet, wobei hierbei soziale, wirtschaftliche und Umweltaspekte eine Rolle spielen. LDD wird von verschiedenen Faktoren ausgelöst, darunter Klimavariationen und menschliche Aktivitäten. Wahrscheinlich haben Landnutzungspraktiken und ihre Änderungen zu erhöhter LDD in der untersuchten Gegend beigetragen. Fernerkundungstechnologien sind sehr gute und weit entwickelte Werkzeuge um zeitliche und räumliche Informationen zur Erforschung von LDD und anderen Umweltaspekten zu ermitteln. Die Bestimmung von LDD und ihre Beziehung zur Änderung von Landnutzungsmustern (LUC) im raum-zeitlichen Maßstab ist bislang noch selten erforscht und ist ein Forschungsbereich, der für die semi-ariden Regionen des Sudan empfohlen wird. Die Studie wurde durchgeführt, um genaue und verbesserte raum-zeitliche Informationen zu gewinnen: um den Status der LDD von Vegetation und Boden zu bewerten, um den Einfluss des Landnutzungswandels auf LDD zu beurteilen und zu analysieren, und außerdem um die synergetischen Faktoren die den Landnutzungswandel und/oder LDD verursacht haben zu analysieren. Dabei wurde die semi-ariden Zone des Elgeteina Gebietes im Staat Weisser Nil (Sudan) während der vergangenen 36 Jahren unter Verwendung von geeigneter Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Technologie untersucht. Für die Studie wurden vier wolkenfreie Bilder von verschiedenen Sensoren (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010) verwendet. Die Bilder wurden georeferenziert und radiometrische korrigiert, wobei die ENVI-FLAASH Software verwendet wurde. Anschließend wurden Teilgebiete des Untersuchungsgebietes mit einer Größe zwischen 1.600 und 2.000 Km2 ausgewählt. In der Studie fand der neue Ansatz der Integration von Vegetation und Boden Indizes und in-situ Daten Verwendung, um LDD zu bewerten. Ein Vergleich von pixel-basierter Bildanalyse (PBIA) und einem Ansatz von objekt-basierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) wurde durchgeführt, um die beste Methode der Kartierung von LUC und LDD ermitteln. Veränderungsmatrizen wurden eingesetzt, um räumlich-zeitlichen Änderungen der Landnutzung und Land Degradation abzuschätzen. Außerdem wurde ein Korrelation- und Modellierungs-Ansatz eingesetzt, um die klimatischen, sozioökonomischen und Fernerkundungsdaten zu verschmelzen und das Verhältnis zwischen den unterschiedlichen Faktoren zu bestimmen und um die Gründe für LUC und LDD zu analysieren aber auch um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzung auf LDD zu modellieren. Die Studie hat folgendes gezeigt: Die Änderungen der Landnutzungsmuster (RA, FWL and FML) fand in 1973 – 86 – 2009 statt und betraf sehr unterschiedliche Vegetationsmuster. Ebenso hatte die LUC Auswirkungen auf die Bodendegradation, was zu einer Verschiebung von Sanddünen im Zeitraum 1973-2009 führte. Landwirtschaft dominiert und hat starke Auswirkungen auf LDD, insbesondere auf die Degradation der Vegetationsbedeckung. Die Bevölkerungszunahme und der sozioökonomische Status der lokalen Bevölkerung sind die wesentlichen indirekten menschlichen Faktoren die verantwortlich für LUC und/oder LDD sind. SARVI ist etwas effizienter als NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 und ND42-57, um den Zustand der Vegetation in semi-ariden Gebieten zu bestimmen, deshalb wurde dieser für die Studie ausgewählt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der GSI hoch-effizient war, sowohl bei der Bestimmung der unterschiedlichen Typen von Bodendegradation als auch bei der Erstellung von Karten der obersten Bodenkorngröße, die bei der Bewertung der Landdegradation und Desertifikation half. OBIA-Fuzzy Logic Classification arbeitete dabei etwas genauer und effizienter als die PBIA-Hybrid Classification, um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzungsmuster auf LDD zu beurteilen. Als Fortsetzung der durchgeführten Arbeiten empfiehlt sich eine nochmalige Durchführung der Studie wobei anderes, hochaufgelöstes Bildmaterial und anspruchsvolle Software, wie eCognition und Feature Analyst (FA) verwendet werden sollten, um die Gültigkeit und Genauigkeit der Bewertungen und Modellierung des LU und LDD Status von Trockenland im Sudan zu beurteilen.

In Sudan, land degradation/desertification (LDD) has devastated large areas and consequently, it includes social, economic, and environmental aspects. LDD results from various factors, including climatic variation and human activities. Probably the LU practices and their changes have contributed to an increase of LDD in that area. Remote sensing technology has become unique and developed tool for providing temporal and spatial information for the LDD research and other environmental aspects. Determination of LDD and its relationship to land use pattern change (LUC) at spatiotemporal scale is rare, critical issue, and is one of the recommended research in semi-arid regions of Sudan. The study was carried out to derive accurate and improved spatiotemporal information: to assess the status of land LDD of vegetation and soil, to assess and model influences of the LUC on LDD, and moreover to analyse the synergistic factors that have caused the land use change and/or LDD in semi- arid zone of Elgeteina Locality in While Nile State, Sudan during the last 36 years, using appropriate remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology. The study used four-cloud free images of different sensors (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010). The imageries were Geo-referenced and radiometrically corrected by using ENVI-FLAASH software. Then subsets of the study area were taken, ranging from 1600-2000 Km2. The study applied the new approach of integration between vegetation and soil indices and in situ data to assess the LDD. Comparison between pixel based image analysis (PBIA) and latterly approach of object based image analysis (OBIA) was done by selecting the best one for mapping LUC and LDD accurately. The change detection - matrix was applied to estimate the spatiotemporal of changes in land use and land degradation. Moreover, correlation and model approach was employed for fusing the climatic, socioeconomic and remote sensing data to determine the relationships between the different factors and to analyse the reasons for the LUC and LDD as well as for modelling LU effects on LDD. The study revealed that: The changes in land use patterns (RA, FWL and FML) took place in 1973 – 86 – 2009, and affecting thoroughly different patterns of the vegetation cover. Likewise the LUC affected soil degradation which led to the movement of sand dunes in 1973 – 2009. The agricultural activity is the dominant and has more effect on LDD particularly on the vegetation cover degradation. The population growth and the socioeconomic status of local people are the main indirect human inducing factors responsible for LUC and/or LDD. SARVI is slightly more efficient than NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 and ND42-57, for detecting the vegetation status in semi-arid area, therefore the study selected it for the assessment. GSI proved highly efficient in determining the different types of soil degradation, and in producing the map of top soil grain size, which assisted in the assessment of land degradation and desertification. OBIA-fuzzy logic classification performed better than the PBIA- hybrid classification for assessing LU patterns impact on LDD. The study recommends to: replication of this study by using different imagery with high resolutions and sophisticated software, such as eCognition and Feature Analyst (FA) for increasing the validity and accuracy of the assessment and modelling of LU patterns and LDD status in dry land is important in the Sudan. / Im Sudan hat Land Degradation/ Desertifikation (LDD) weite Gegenden verwüstet, wobei hierbei soziale, wirtschaftliche und Umweltaspekte eine Rolle spielen. LDD wird von verschiedenen Faktoren ausgelöst, darunter Klimavariationen und menschliche Aktivitäten. Wahrscheinlich haben Landnutzungspraktiken und ihre Änderungen zu erhöhter LDD in der untersuchten Gegend beigetragen. Fernerkundungstechnologien sind sehr gute und weit entwickelte Werkzeuge um zeitliche und räumliche Informationen zur Erforschung von LDD und anderen Umweltaspekten zu ermitteln. Die Bestimmung von LDD und ihre Beziehung zur Änderung von Landnutzungsmustern (LUC) im raum-zeitlichen Maßstab ist bislang noch selten erforscht und ist ein Forschungsbereich, der für die semi-ariden Regionen des Sudan empfohlen wird. Die Studie wurde durchgeführt, um genaue und verbesserte raum-zeitliche Informationen zu gewinnen: um den Status der LDD von Vegetation und Boden zu bewerten, um den Einfluss des Landnutzungswandels auf LDD zu beurteilen und zu analysieren, und außerdem um die synergetischen Faktoren die den Landnutzungswandel und/oder LDD verursacht haben zu analysieren. Dabei wurde die semi-ariden Zone des Elgeteina Gebietes im Staat Weisser Nil (Sudan) während der vergangenen 36 Jahren unter Verwendung von geeigneter Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Technologie untersucht. Für die Studie wurden vier wolkenfreie Bilder von verschiedenen Sensoren (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010) verwendet. Die Bilder wurden georeferenziert und radiometrische korrigiert, wobei die ENVI-FLAASH Software verwendet wurde. Anschließend wurden Teilgebiete des Untersuchungsgebietes mit einer Größe zwischen 1.600 und 2.000 Km2 ausgewählt. In der Studie fand der neue Ansatz der Integration von Vegetation und Boden Indizes und in-situ Daten Verwendung, um LDD zu bewerten. Ein Vergleich von pixel-basierter Bildanalyse (PBIA) und einem Ansatz von objekt-basierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) wurde durchgeführt, um die beste Methode der Kartierung von LUC und LDD ermitteln. Veränderungsmatrizen wurden eingesetzt, um räumlich-zeitlichen Änderungen der Landnutzung und Land Degradation abzuschätzen. Außerdem wurde ein Korrelation- und Modellierungs-Ansatz eingesetzt, um die klimatischen, sozioökonomischen und Fernerkundungsdaten zu verschmelzen und das Verhältnis zwischen den unterschiedlichen Faktoren zu bestimmen und um die Gründe für LUC und LDD zu analysieren aber auch um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzung auf LDD zu modellieren. Die Studie hat folgendes gezeigt: Die Änderungen der Landnutzungsmuster (RA, FWL and FML) fand in 1973 – 86 – 2009 statt und betraf sehr unterschiedliche Vegetationsmuster. Ebenso hatte die LUC Auswirkungen auf die Bodendegradation, was zu einer Verschiebung von Sanddünen im Zeitraum 1973-2009 führte. Landwirtschaft dominiert und hat starke Auswirkungen auf LDD, insbesondere auf die Degradation der Vegetationsbedeckung. Die Bevölkerungszunahme und der sozioökonomische Status der lokalen Bevölkerung sind die wesentlichen indirekten menschlichen Faktoren die verantwortlich für LUC und/oder LDD sind. SARVI ist etwas effizienter als NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 und ND42-57, um den Zustand der Vegetation in semi-ariden Gebieten zu bestimmen, deshalb wurde dieser für die Studie ausgewählt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der GSI hoch-effizient war, sowohl bei der Bestimmung der unterschiedlichen Typen von Bodendegradation als auch bei der Erstellung von Karten der obersten Bodenkorngröße, die bei der Bewertung der Landdegradation und Desertifikation half. OBIA-Fuzzy Logic Classification arbeitete dabei etwas genauer und effizienter als die PBIA-Hybrid Classification, um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzungsmuster auf LDD zu beurteilen. Als Fortsetzung der durchgeführten Arbeiten empfiehlt sich eine nochmalige Durchführung der Studie wobei anderes, hochaufgelöstes Bildmaterial und anspruchsvolle Software, wie eCognition und Feature Analyst (FA) verwendet werden sollten, um die Gültigkeit und Genauigkeit der Bewertungen und Modellierung des LU und LDD Status von Trockenland im Sudan zu beurteilen.

Thesis (M. Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Sand mining has grown popular in South African rural communities due to its increasing demand for building purposes in and around the surrounding villages as well as a source of income to the rural communities. Sand is an indispensable natural resource of any society around the world. For instance, the government has to deal with the frequent sand mining environmental effects and implement various strategies on how to deal with these effects to protect the environment. Although the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) 107 of 1998 regulates sand mining, the illegal and unregulated rural sand mining is causing land degradation, creating unpleasant appearances, causing vulnerability to floods and pointing out the need for rehabilitation. Given the circumstances surrounding the issue of illegal sand mining in rural communities, this research is aimed at investigating the impact of illegal or legal sand mining on the environment looking at the land degradation and the importance of rehabilitating the area after use in Mentz village. The main objective of this research was to explore how sand mining causes land degradation and examining the significance of rehabilitation in sand mining. The methodology of the study was carried out using both quantitative and qualitative research design in a form of questionnaire surveys, oral interviews and field observations to collect the data. The sample was composed of the general members of the community, the chief and the sand miners. For data analysis, the study used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results indicated that sand mining causes 54.76% of the land degradation in South Africa. Furthermore, the research revealed that 30.95% of the land degradation was due to deforestation and 11.90% of Mentz land degradation was caused by overgrazing. Besides, an overwhelming 76.58% of the respondents agreed that land should be rehabilitated after sand mining processes.

Thesis (MScConEcol )--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over 70% of South Africa is too arid for crop farming and is used for commercial livestock ranching, communal livestock ranching, or game ranching. These management systems differ from each other in a number of aspects, e.g. herbivore species, stocking rate, grazing regime, and management structure. The main question addressed in this study is: to what extent do the three management systems affect rangeland condition? Following the equilibrium paradigm of vegetation dynamics, communal livestock ranches are expected to have a greater detrimental effect on rangeland condition than other management systems because stocking densities and, consequently, herbivore impacts, are usually far higher than under the other two management systems. However, recent nonequilibrium theories argue that vegetation dynamics in arid systems are mainly driven by rare and stochastic rainfall events. Biotic factors, such as grazing and herbivore diversity, are predicted to have little effect on rangeland condition. This leads to the prediction that herbivore impacts on arid ecosystems are not density-dependent and, consequently, the high stocking densities commonly recorded on communal livestock ranches will not cause more rangeland degradation than other management systems. Arid and semi-arid rangelands are characterised by high inherent spatial and temporal variation in vegetation and soil parameters. Hence, differentiating between the effects of grazing management systems and natural variability caused by abiotic factors, such as rainfall, is difficult. This problem can be circumvented by examining gradients of grazing intensity radiating from water-points (= piospheres). I examined changes in vegetation and soil parameters along 500 m-Iong grazing gradients on ranches in the semi-arid Northem Cape province, South Africa, with the three abovementioned management systems. Analysis of the vegetation on these ranches demonstrated the existence of grazing gradients around the water-points. Two characteristic zones described in other studies were identified, namely the sacrifice zone (almost complete denudation of the vegetation close to the water-point) and the dense shrub zone (distal to the sacrifice zone). Communal livestock ranching had a greater negative effect on rangeland vegetation than the two other ranching systems, particularly with regard to annual grass species diversity, percentage of bare soil, and shrub density. Within 100 m of the water-points, soil quality was negatively affected by commercial cattle ranching. Contrastingly, there were no significant effects of the other two management systems on soil quality in the piosphere. The feeding of supplemental forage and nutrients may explain the greater impact of commercial cattle farming on soil quality. The results of this study are consistent with the predictions of the equilibrium theory of vegetation dynamics because grazing impacts were density-dependent in these semi-arid rangelands. However, the results presented here also indicate that forage supplementation alters the spatial and temporal distribution of livestock in a manner that may have greater negative impacts on soil quality than density of livestock per se. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer as 70% van Suid-Afrika is te droog vir gewasverbouing en word gebruik vir kommersiële veeboerdery, gemeenskaplike veeboerdery of wildboerdery. Die bestuur van dié verskillende boerderytipes verskil wesentlik van mekaar in verskeie opsigte, ondermeer herbivoorspesies, veeaanskaffingstempo, weidingstipe en bestuurstruktuur. Die belangrikste vraag wat aangespreek word in die studie is die volgende: Tot watter mate affekteer die drie verskillende boerderybestuurstipes die toestand van weivelde? Gesien teen die agtergrond van die ekwilibriumparadigma van plantedinamika, word verwag dat gemeenskaplike veeboerdery 'n groter impak op die toestand van weiveld sal hê as ander boerderytipes, omdat veedigtheid en gevolglik herbivoor-impak gewoonlik veel hoër is as met die ander twee boerderytipes. Onlangse nie-ekwilibria-teorië voer egter aan dat plantedinamika in ariede gebiede gedryf word deur seldsame en buitengewone reënvalgebeure. Biotiese faktore, soos weiding en herbivoor diversiteit sal na verwagting min effek hê op die toestand van weiveld. Hieruit volg die voorspelling dat herbivoorimpak op ariede ekosisteme nie afhanklik is van digtheid nie, en dat hoë veedigtheid algemeen aangeteken vir gemeenskaplike boerderye, nie rede sal wees vir groter ver1iese in weiveld nie. Ariede en semi-ariede weivelde word gekenmerk deur 'n hoë ruimtelike en tydelike veranderinge in plant- en grondparameters. Gevolglik is dit moeilik om te onderskei tussen die effekte van weidingsbestuur en natuur1ike veranderings wat veroorsaak word deur nie-biotiese faktore, soos reënval. Dié probleem kan oorbrug word deur gradiënte van weidingsintensiteit, wat vanaf waterpunte uitstraal, te ondersoek. Vervolgens het ek binne al drie bg. boerderybestuursisteme veranderinge in plant- en grondparameters langs SOOm-lange weidingsgradiënte ondersoek op plase in die semiariede Noord-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Plantegroei-analise het getoon dat 'n weidingsgradiënt rondom waterpunte voorkom. Twee kenmerkende sones is in ander studies geïdentifiseer, nl., 'n opofferingsone (waar amper alle plantegroei naby waterpunte uitgetrap is) en die digte, struik-sone (distaal to die opofferingsone). Gemeenskapsveeboerdery het 'n groter negatiewe effek op plaasgewasse as die ander twee boerderytipes, veral waar dit betrekking het op grasspesie-diversiteit, persentasie grond sonder plantbedekking en struikdigtheid. Binne 100m vanaf waterpunte, is grondkwaliteit merkbaar negatief geaffekteer deur kommersiële veeboerdery. Daarteenoor, was daar geen merkbare effek op die grondkwaliteit naby waterpunte van die ander twee boerderytipes nie. Aanvullingsvoer kan moontlik die rede wees vir die waargenome, groter impak van kommersiële veeboerdery op grondkwaliteit. Die resultate van die studie strook met voorspellings van die ekwilibria-teorie van plante-dinamika, daarin dat weidingsimpak digtheidsafhanklik is in hierdie semiariede plaasgebiede. Die resultate toon ook egter, dat voedingsaanvullings die ruimtelike en tydelike verspreiding van vee in so 'n wyse verander, dat dit moontlik 'n veel groter negatiewe uitwerking op grondkwaliteit het as veedighteid per se.

Desertification, or land degradation in drylands, is a serious environmental problem in South Africa with tremendous socio-economic consequences. Land users' perspectives on land management practices and knowledge about their rangelands have been poorly represented in the discourse of land degradation in South Africa. We addressed this knowledge gap by examining three participatory methods to capture local knowledge and perspectives, as well as the relation between knowledge, attitude and practice status relative to three land management actions done by livestock farmers in the South African Kalahari. Photo elicitation captured a greater level of detail and new information compared to semi-structured interviews alone, while enhancing researchers' understanding of farmers' knowledge and perception in multiple ways. The photovoice group discussions led to farmers' engagement in reflective dialogues, which facilitated mutual learning among the farmers. We found that a high level of knowledge and positive attitude alone did not always result in actual full scale practice. Situational factors such as limited financial resources, inadequate farm infrastructure, farm size, and land tenure were given by farmers as constraints or challenges to their land management. We further examined how effective local knowledge and remotely sensed data were in assessing the veld condition in the Kalahari Duneveld. The farmers' assessment of veld condition corresponded to field measured grass, shrub and bare ground cover. The three vegetation metrics calculated from remotely sensed images (i.e., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and the tasseled cap greenness) all correlated poorly to the measured vegetation cover because of the excess spectral noise caused by the high iron oxide content in the Kalahari sand. Local perspectives and knowledge have potential to augment traditional ground-based rangeland assessment and contribute in the combat against desertification by offering a more holistic view of land management.

Arrende är ett mycket gammalt koncept som funnits i många samhällen världen över och som genom åren har förändrats väldigt mycket. Upplåtelseformen har funnits längre än begreppet arrende som först under 1600-talet blev det vedertagna ordet i Sverige. Idag räknas arrende som en form av nyttjanderätt och regleras av Jordabalken. Det finns fyra olika arrendeformer, den här studien riktar enbart in sig på jordbruksarrende och på jordbruksarrendatorer. De aktuella juridiska reglerna i den här studien är besittningsskyddet, rätten att överta marken, skyldigheten att investera på stället de arrenderar och det skydd arrendatorer har för sina investeringar. En del forskare menar att det finns en koppling mellan markförstöring och utarrenderad mark. Att en bonde brukar marken olika beroende på om han arrenderar marken eller om han är ägare av marken. Detta är ett intressant ämne att forska i eftersom det i många länder är stora andelar mark som utarrenderas. Den här studien lägger fokus på att undersöka hur jordbruksarrendatorer förhåller sig till att investera i det ställe som de arrenderar. Studien undersöker också hur arrendatorernas investeringar påverkas av deras juridiska rättigheter. Underlag till den här studien bygger på enkätsvar och intervjuer från olika jordbruksarrendatorer. De har bidragit med sina egna åsikter och tankar kring investeringar. Inkomna enkätsvar är 21 stycket och det intervjuades 5 stycken. De juridiska rättigheterna som kommer i och med besittningsskyddet påverkar majoriteten av deltagarna att utföra större och långsiktiga investeringar. Förhållningssättet som jordbruksarrendatorerna har skiljer sig från arrendator till arrendator. Förhållningssättet skiljer sig beroende på vad det rör sig om för investering. Investeringens lönsamhet för arrendatorn, kostnad, omfattning samt hur tidskrävande investeringen är, påverkar arrendatorernas förhållningssätt till investeringar på mark de arrenderar. / Leasing land is today in Sweden a right to use land for different kinds of use. In Swedish law there is four different forms of lease, this study deals with lease of land for agriculture and leaseholders of agricultural land. The current legal regulations in this study is the possession protection, the preemption right, the obligation to invest in the real property they lease and the security leaseholders have for their investments. Some scientists think that land degradation is increased when land is leased. The researchers mean that a farmer cultivates the soil different if he is leasing the land than if he is the owner of the land. This problem is interesting to study because in lots of countries the amount of land that is leased is big. This study has a focus on agricultural leaseholders and how they relate to the real property that they lease. It is also studying the leaseholders attitude to their investments in relation to their legal rights. Data for this study is based on questionnaires and interviews of various agricultural leaseholders. It was 21 leaseholders that responded on the questionnaires and five leaseholders were interviewed. The legal rights of the possession of protection affects the majority of the participants to carry out larger and long-term investments. The approach that agricultural leaseholders have about the investments are different from leaseholder to leaseholder. The approach differs depending on what kind of investment it is. Factors such as cost, scale and time-consuming investments is affecting leaseholders approach to investments on the real property they lease.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, 2013. / Unable to load abstract.

This study analyses the technological change in the aggregate tea sector of Sri Lanka, by contributing to an understanding of total factor productivity change with assessment of the extent and nature of such changes from 1960/61 to 1994/95. The total factor productivity measures are then used to define a conceptually sound measure of the production cost of land degradation, providing insight into the scarcity of soil in the tea sector. Total factor productivity in the tea sector, increased at an estimated annual rate of 1.82 percent during the study period. This resulted from an estimated annual rate of increase of 0.01 percent in total output and a considerably larger rate of 1.81 percent annual decrease in total input. Thus, the reason for total factor productivity growth was largely due to cost savings associated with decreased use of inputs rather than increased output. Land and capital inputs showed significant negative growth trends, confirming a lack of long-term investment in the tea sector. As expected, all the partial factor productivities showed increases over the study period due to lower use of those individual inputs; the most significant changes occurring in the partial productivities of land and capital inputs. The terms of trade and the returns to costs ratio, exhibited an annual rate of decrease of around 3.7 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively. The producer terms of trade growth rate of -3.7 percent, has been brought about by an estimated annual rate of increase in prices received of 10.6 percent compared with an increase of 14.3 percent in prices paid. The Sri Lankan tea industry, once pre-eminent in the world, has been going through intermittent crises for a long time due to problems related to low productivity and the high cost of production. The management of the nationalised plantations proved inadequate to meet the task of adjusting to the new challenges of raising productivity and remaining competitive. The contribution of the tea industry to the economy declined. Among other causes, stagnating crop productivity was found to be an important factor. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion, was found to be a serious problem for the entire tea sector. Careless and ecologically unbalanced agricultural practices, have over the years, led to varying degrees of degradation of the tea soils. However, these physical measures of land degradation do not necessarily reveal an economic or social problem. In the second part of the study, an attempt is made to quantify the impact that land degradation has on tea production. Based on the theoretical relationship of the impact of technological progress and land degradation on tea production, a regression model was fitted to deconstruct the total factor productivity variable. The objective of this approach is to find an economic value for land degradation by quantifying the extent of this impact on aggregate tea production in Sri Lanka. One of the key points to come out of this estimation exercise, is the difficulty of isolating the impact of individual factors on measured total factor productivity. On the basis of available data and the chosen model, it could be concluded that the impact of technological progress has outweighed the negative effect of land degradation in the tea sector, over the study period. Considering the fact that investment in tea research is mainly on developing varieties of vegetatively propagated clonal tea, and the associated very long gestation periods involved, a much larger lag length of the order of 25-35 years is recommended for the research investment variable, to enable calculation of the marginal internal rate of return to public investment in tea. Importantly, a larger set of data will become available over the next decade or so which will enable appropriate lags to be incorporated in future research on productivity in the tea industry.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

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