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This diploma thesis deals with the land law issue and legal relations to planted crops, to be more precise, vegetation which is located on a land. It puts emphasis on systematically grown plants and ownership of plants and their fruits. Land law is one of the most important sectors of civil law. Since the Act. No. 89/2012 Sb., the Civil Code, has brought a staggering alteration to the sector of land law, the thesis is concerned with land law in compliance with this new law in the way that causal link and news in this area could be distinctly understandable. This thesis is also focused on applicable case law and, in some places, on the legislation of the First Republic and of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which is followed by many institutes. The content of the thesis is divided into four main chapters, that are further subdivided into two levels of subchapters, and a conclusion. The first main chapter is dedicated to a basic division, sources, initial institutes and an introduction to the whole topic. The thesis is concerned with legal theory to the extent that is needed for the purpose of studying land law and legal relations to vegetation. The second chapter provides historical information necessary for understanding further development in the field of land law and understanding the current...

La question foncière est au centre de multiples enjeux pour un grand nombre de pays africains. Les exigences juridiques, économiques et sociales commandent à ces États de réétudier leurs systèmes de droit foncier, pour la plupart, hérités de l’administration coloniale. Dans le cas de Madagascar, cette dernière s’est lancée dans un processus de réforme de son droit foncier dès le début des années 2000 afin de faire face à une insécurité foncière grandissante. Cette vaste réforme permet de valider les droits issus des règles coutumières. Dans cette perspective, la réforme tend à changer les modalités de gestion foncière, d’une part en supprimant la présomption de domanialité des terrains non immatriculés, et d’autre part, en décentralisant la gestion des propriétés privées titrées et non titrées. La réforme a été faite de manière progressive. Ainsi, en 2003, la Loi n°2003-29 est tout d’abord intervenue pour apporter les premiers changements au système foncier existant. Ensuite, en 2005, la Lettre de politique foncière est mise en place afin de fixer les orientations du Gouvernement en matière domaniale et foncière. Les lois n° 2005-19 et n°2006-31 découlant de cette Lettre ouvrent le choix à l’usager entre la procédure fondée sur l’immatriculation et celle de la certification des parcelles pour la sécurisation de son droit de propriété. La mise en place de ce nouveau système foncier a suscité un certain nombre d’interrogations et il nous apparait important d’apporter une contribution à leur élucidation. / The land question is an important issue in most African countries. Indeed, legal, economic and social constrain these states to reconsider their systems of land-law, mostly inherited from the colonial administration. Recognizing these issues, Madagascar reforms the land law in 2005. This reform challenges two fundamental principles: on the one hand, the principle of presumption of state ownership of land unregistered and on the other hand, the monopoly of the land registers by the State. Reform begins with the 2003 Act. It’s first intervened to make the first changes. The idea of a transfer of jurisdiction to the common land sup was then taken up and confirmed in 2005 by the Politique de Lettre Foncière. The 2005-19 and 2006-31 Acts give to the user the choice between the procedure based on the registration and certification for the security of his property rights. The implementation of this new land-law system has generated a lot of questions and it is important to contribute to answer these questions. The objective of this dissertation is to study the relevance of this new land-law, trying not to be limited to the theoretical but also considering the practical aspect of the question.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1955 N34 / Master of Science

This diploma thesis deals with legal regulation of lands affected by mining activities. These activities, predominantly the extraction of minerals are by their nature very closely related to soil and land. The thesis offers a comprehensive view of the legal relations in the process of mining - from prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits to mine closure - while it discusses the key issues from the perspective of the land owner as well as the mining companies. Legal relations arising from mining activities are significantly influenced by the character of mining. Mining interferes with rights and interests related to land and ownership of land which gives rise to certain conflicts. Mining companies' interests come very often into conflict with interests of the owner of the land where the mineral deposit is located. The legal relations are further complicated by the position of the state who acts as an owner of mineral wealth and an authority defending public interests. The introductory chapter of the thesis defines the terms that are essential for the selected topic. The content of the next chapters corresponds with phases of mining activities as they are carried out in reality. Prospecting and exploration of exclusive deposits represents the first phase of mining activity. In the chapter...

The thesis discusses the rights and responsibilities of landowners and water works, from the perspective of both public and private law. Defines land as an object of ownership, defines terms waterworks and focuses on the institutions of the interaction of land and water works. In detail discusses mode of buffer zones, land servitudes and obligations in relation to flood protection.

Parcelling was a land divison institution that was used intensively in Sweden during the years 1827-1928. The parcelling consisted of one person selling a certain, decided piece of land to another. The deal was sealed with a simple contract. Whilst the seller was a member of the villages commonities and his land was assigned a quantity in the village, and he was bound to pay tax responding to that quantity, the sold parcel was not. In order not to reduce the land owners taxability, the buyer was therefore required to pay an annual fee to the seller. This fee was to be approved by the county administration, and the buyer also had to apply for Title Deed to have the transfer approved. These approvals were for a long time the only points of control toward parcelling. Involvement of a land surveyor was not a required part of the parcelling process until year 1918. Parcelling was terminated in 1928, but the parcels created before then are independent real estate units just like any other. This means that they sometimes are affected by land regulations and surveys just like any other real estate. When investigating the contents of these parcels the contract, past claims and other factors shall be used, to search out the initial purpose of the transfer. The contract that seller and buyer signed is the main source of evidence. Unfortunately, the contracts do not always answer the questions that may arise over time. Maps were not always made, and even when they were, they might have disappeared over time or simply be unspecific. What then remains are past claims and other circumstances to provide clues about what the purpose may once have been. The questions that arise when a parcel is to be investigated often concern its borders, wether water was included, fishing rights as well as other rights and commonities. The issue of water for these parcels has been particularly contentious. Legal practice has concluded that there are no presumptions, although such have been suggested and sometimes applied. There are however a number of scenarios where water and fishing in principle can be considered to have been part of the transfer. / Denna rapport redovisar ett examensarbete som syftat till att genom en litteraturstudie kart-lägga ett äldre jorddelningsinstitut, jordavsöndring. Jordavsöndring var ett jorddelningsinstitut, som fanns i svensk lagstiftning åren 1827-1928. Innan dess förekom också jorddelning som liknade jordavsöndring, men det var i allmänhet förbjudet att dela jord eftersom staten var beroende av skatteintäkter från jordägarna. Jordavsöndring gick, något generaliserat, till så att en person genom ett avtal sålde ett bestämt markområde till en annan. Med detta markområde – avsöndringslägenheten, jordavsöndring-en, avsöndringslotten – följde inte något mantal i byn och heller ingen skattskyldighet. För att inte minska skattekraften i stamfastigheten var köparen skyldig att betala en årlig avgift till säljaren. Den här avgiften skulle godkännas av länsstyrelsen, och köparen skulle söka lagfart för att få överlåtelsen godkänd. Dessa godkännanden var länge den enda kontrollen som gjordes vid avsöndring. Lantmätares inblandning blev inte en nödvändig del i avsöndringsprocessen för-rän år 1918. Jordavsöndringsinstitutet togs bort 1928, men fastigheter som avsöndrats innan dess är själv-ständiga fastigheter som alla andra. Det innebär att de blir berörda av lantmäteriförrättningar precis som alla andra fastigheter ibland blir. Vid bestämning av gränser till en avsöndrad fastighet ska överlåtelsehandlingar, innehav, och andra omständigheter användas för att söka syftet med avsöndringen. Det avtal som säljare och köpare tecknade är den viktigaste beviskällan när man ska utreda vad som ingår i en av-söndrad fastighet. Tyvärr erbjuder avtalen inte alltid svar på de frågor som kan uppstå med tiden. Kartor har inte alltid upprättats, och även när de har upprättats så är de inte alltid till hjälp. Kvar står sedan innehav och andra omständigheter att ge ledtrådar om vad syftet en gång kan ha varit. De frågetecken som uppstår när en avsöndring ska utredas rör ofta gränser, vattenområden och rätt till fiske samt rättigheter och samfälligheter. Frågan om vattenområdens tillhörighet för avsöndringar har varit särskilt omtvistad. Praxis har utvecklats till att det inte finns någon presumtionsregel, även om det har varit på förslag och i perioder har tillämpats. Det finns ett antal typfall där vatten och fiske principiellt kan anses ha ingått vid avsöndring.