Verslo teisės magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali analizuojant žemės teisinio reglamentavimo Lietuvoje problemas. Žemės teisinė apsauga apima žemės ir aplinkos teisės šakų normas (tarptautiniu, Europos Sąjungos ir nacionaliniu lygiu), todėl darbe stengiamasi išsiaiškinti žemės teisinės apsaugos sistemą, jos ypatumus, taikymą ir kylančias problemas. Darbe analizuojamas Lietuvos teisės aktų atitikimas tarptautinei ir Europos Sąjungos teisei, apžvelgiama teismų praktika su žemės teisine apsauga susijusiose bylose. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos ir užsienio šalių teisės norminiais aktais bei moksline literatūra pateikti žemės teisinės apsaugos sampratą; 2. Atlikti žemės ir aplinkos teisės, kaip atskirų teisės šakų, reglamentuojančių žemės teisinę apsaugą, išskyrimo analizę; 3. Išanalizuoti teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių žemės teisinę apsaugą, sistemą bei pateikti jos vertinimą; 4. Atlikti žemės teisinės apsaugos įgyvendinimo Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktikoje analizę. Darbo struktūrą sudaro trys dalys: pirmoje – formuluojama žemės teisinės apsaugos sąvoka; antroje - išanalizuotas žemės teisinės apsaugos reglamentavimas tarptautinėje teisėje, Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvoje; trečioje – pateikiama teismų praktikos žemės teisinės apsaugos klausimais analizė. Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami ir sisteminami pagrindiniai tarptautinės aplinkos teisės principai, Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, įtvirtinantys žemės teisinę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic of the master’s work in business law is relevant for analysis of problems in legal regulation of land in Lithuania. Legal protection of land includes provisions of branches of land law and environmental law (at international, European Union and national level), for this reason attempts were made to ascertain the system of legal protection of land and the peculiarities, application and the problems arising thereof. There were made analyses of conformity of laws of Lithuania to the international law and laws of the European Union, there was also made review of practice of the courts in cases related to the legal protection of land. Tasks of the work: 1. to present the conception of legal protection of land according to the laws of the Republic of Lithuania and of foreign countries and on the basis of the scientific literature; 2. to make an analysis of the partition of land law and environmental law as separate branches of law regulating legal protection of land; 3. to traverse the system of legal acts regulating legal protection of land and to present an evaluation of it; 4. to perform an analysis of implementation of legal protection of land in the practice of courts of the Republic of Lithuania. The structure of the work constitutes of three parts: in the first part – the conception of the legal protection of land is being formulated; in the second part – the regulation of the legal protection of land in international law, European Union and Lithuania is being... [to full text]

The topic of this thesis is the return of the legal principle of superficies solo cedit into the Czech legal order. The thesis aims at the comprehensive overview and the analysis of the issue of this principle based on its inclusion both in the historical and contemporary context. Another objective of this thesis is to look at the registration of the principle, including related institutes, into the public register - the cadastre of real estates. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part of this thesis follows the development of the superficial principle across the history, including the comparison of its use in given legal orders. This section begins with a glance at Roman private law and its selected institutes which have been incorporated into modern Czech private law by the reception of Roman law. The room will be also given to the law of the Habsburg monarchy and the provisions of the ABGB, civil code that has been valid on our territory until the 1950. The last chapters of this part are devoted to land law in the socialist Czechoslovakia and, in particular, to the 1964 Civil Code. The following section is the core chapter of this thesis. It aims to offer a comprehensive view of the re-establishment of the superficial principle in the context of not only the 2012 Civil Code...

The aim of the thesis is to describe the concept of the superficial principle in the valid legal regulation and its influence on land law relations. As a result of the reintroduction of the superficial principle into the legal order of the Czech Republic by Act No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code, all that is associated with the earth's surface becomes part of the given land. The thesis is divided into five structured chapters. The first chapter is devoted to land law as an interdisciplinary law system. The aim of second chapter is to explain the key importance of the superficial principle within the context of land law. The third chapter deals with the historical background of the development of legal relations to immovables in the territory of the Czech lands, also including the introduction of the Roman settlement as the basis of the superficial principle. The next part of the thesis contains the interpretation of the most important legal institutes related to the superficial principle in the context of the valid law. The chapter further describes exceptions to the principle. The fifth part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of selected land law relations influenced by the superficial principle.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar os processos decisórios, as condições causais e os principais atores, seus interesses e suas influências que culminaram na criação da Política de Regularização Fundiária da Amazônia (PRFA), conhecida como Programa Terra Legal (Lei Federal nº 11.952/2009), durante o governo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2011). O propósito dessa política pública é regularizar ocupações consolidadas em terras públicas da União, situadas na Amazônia Legal, transferindo-as para domínio particular. Ao mesmo tempo que ela tem sido criticada por eventuais legalizações de grilagens e consumação de danos ambientais, tem recebido aplausos por fazer justiça social. A questão central que orienta esta pesquisa é a seguinte: por que o Estado brasileiro, no ano de 2009, adotou a PRFA? As hipóteses para a pergunta formulada consideram que, no interior do heterogêneo governo Lula, a política pública foi resultado da prevalência dos interesses de atores que utilizam a terra como um instrumento de poder e exploração predatória de elementos naturais (setores do agronegócio, políticos ruralistas, latifundiários e grileiros), ou então a política pública resultou da preocupação do Estado em regularizar pequenas e médias ocupações, sendo que eventuais legitimações de grilagens e danos ambientais seriam o resultado de imperfeições da lei. Para tanto, dentro da perspectiva interdisciplinar da Ciência Ambiental e utilizando-se de elementos teóricos do modelo dos Múltiplos Fluxos, de John W. Kingdon (1995), esta tese procura integrar conhecimentos da geografia, da ciência jurídica e, notadamente, da ciência política, de onde se extrai a base teórica e metodológica de análise. Assim, tendo como pano de fundo o neoinstitucionalismo, estudado por Hall e Taylor (2003), Immergut (2006) e outros, complementado pelo incrementalismo de Charles Lindblom (1959/2009; 1979/2009), este trabalho analisa a formação da agenda alusiva ao caos fundiário e ambiental da Amazônia, no começo do governo Lula (2003), a elaboração de alternativas de regularização fundiária e a tomada de decisão que resultou na PRFA (2009), identificando os atores chaves dentro e fora do governo, seus interesses e os espaços institucionais que ocuparam, as sequências históricas e os mecanismos causais que resultaram na política pública. O trabalho colheu evidências que corroboram a hipótese levantada a respeito da participação de membros da bancada ruralista, mas descortinou outros fatores que tiveram um peso muito maior dentro de um intricado xadrez político, como a pressão de vários atores que redundou em um humor amazônico para a regularização fundiária, a heterogeneidade da coalizão partidária do governo Lula, a saída da ministra Marina Silva do Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2008), o trabalho empreendedor o ministro Mangabeira Unger e de atores do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e do INCRA e disputas por jurisdição. / This thesis aims to analyze the decision-making processes, the causal conditions and the main actors, their interests and their influences that culminated in the creation of the The Amazonian Public Policy for Land Regularization (PRFA), known as Legal Land Program (Federal Law 11.952/2009), during the government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2011). The purpose of this public policy is to regularize consolidated occupations on public lands of the Union, located in the Legal Amazon, transferring them to private domain. But, at the same time that it has been criticized for possible legalization of land-grabbing and consummation of environmental damage, it has been receiving applauses for doing social justice. The central question that guides this research is the following: why did the Brazilian State, in 2009, adopt the PRFA? The hypotheses for the asked question consider that within the heterogeneous Lula government, the public policy was the result of the preponderance of actors who use the land as an instrument of power and perpetuation of the predatory exploitation pattern of natural resources (agribusiness sector, rural parliaments, landowners and land-grabber), or by the public policy derived from the State\'s concern to regulate small and medium occupations, and any legitimations of land grabbing and environmental damage would be the result of natural imperfections of the law. To do so, within the interdisciplinary perspective of Environmental Science, this thesis seeks to integrate knowledge of geography, legal science and, especially, political science, from where it has extracted the theoretical and methodological basis of analysis. Thus, in the context of the neoinstitutionalism, studied by Hall and Taylor (2003), Immergut (2006) and others, complemented by the incrementalism of Charles Lindblom (1959/2009, 1979/2009), this thesis analyzes the elaboration of the allusive agenda to the land and environmental chaos in Amazon in the beginning of Lula government (2003), the elaboration of land regularization alternatives and the decision-making process that resulted in the PRFA (2009), using theoretical elements of the Multiple Stream Model of John W. Kingdon (1995). In this sense, the thesis identifies and analyzes the key actors inside and outside the government, as well as the historical sequences and mechanisms, as well as the causal processes that have resulted in public policy. The thesis has gathered evidences that support the raised hypothesis regarding the participation of members of the ruralist parliments, but it revealed other factors that had a much greater weight within an intricate political chessboard, as the pressure of several actors that resulted in an amazonian mood for the land regularization, the heterogeneity of the party coalition of the Lula government, the departure of Minister Marina Silva from the Ministry of Environment (2008), the entrepreneurial work of Minister Mangabeira Unger, of actors from the Ministry of Agrarian Development and INCRA and jurisdiction disputes.

Nous avons d’abord entrepris de tracer un tableau de la Norvège en nous reportant à des ouvrages d’auteurs tels Raymond Aron (1905-1983) et son « Guerre et paix entre nations », de Francis Fukuyama (1952-) avec son étude « The Origins of Political Order » [Les origines de l’ordre politique], de Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-), auteur de « Norsk utakt » [La Norvège qui marche à contretemps], d’Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) et son « Peer Gynt », et de nombreux écrits d’Olav Riste (1933-) et d’autres auteurs.A la fin de cette première partie notre analyse a permis d’identifier l’isolationnisme traditionnel et défensif des Norvégiens que nous désignons comme étant du premier degré, puis une seconde forme d’isolationnisme appelé organique et du second degré, car intériorisé et ainsi occulté.Nos sources principales ont été les Comptes rendus de réunions du Comité des Affaires étrangères et de la Constitution au Storting (Parlement) à Oslo.La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite la période de 1940 à 1949 qui se termine par l’adhésion de la Norvège au Pacte atlantique et l’OTAN en 1949, car le pays n’avait tout simplement pas d’autre choix. En troisième partie nous suivons la Norvège dans une phase d’internationalisation profonde de 1950 à 1972 où le pays adhère, de nouveau sous la contrainte, d’abord à l’Association européenne de libre échange puis cherche à se joindre à la Communauté économique européenne. L’échec au référendum sur l’Europe en 1972 est à imputer en très grande partie à son isolationnisme que nous qualifions d’extraordinaire. / We start by building up a portrait of Norway by referring to works by authors such as Raymond Aron (1905-1983) and his «War and peace between nations» [Guerre et paix entre nations], Francis Fukuyama (1952-) with his study of « The Origins of Political Order », Hans Magnus Enzensberger(1929-), author of « Out-of-step Norway » [Norsk utakt], Henrik Ibsen and his « Peer Gynt» as well as numerous writings by Olav Riste (1933-) and other contributors.At the end of this first part our analysis has uncovered the traditional and defensive isolationism of the Norwegians which we qualify as being of the first degree, then a second degree isolationism, organic in character, since it is interiorised and hence hidden.Our main sources are accounts of meetings of the “Committee for Foreign affairs and of the Constitution” at the Storting (Parliament) in Oslo.The second part of this thesis deals with the period from 1940 to 1949 where Norway joined the Atlantic pact and NATO in 1949, quite simply because the country had no other choice. In the third part we look at Norway during her period of opening up to the international community from 1950 to 1972 where the country joins, again because she was forced to, first the European Free Trade area (EFTA), then is a candidate for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). The loss at the referendum on Europe in 1972 is mostly due to her isolationism that we in the end shall qualify as being extraordinary.

Ces dernières années, les questions foncières constituent au Vietnam le premier sujet de saisine des juridictions étatiques. Entre expropriations abusives, opacités des attributions foncières et ententes avec le secteur privé, de vives contestations se sont élevées autour des modalités de gestion de la terre.C'est dans ce contexte qu'une nouvelle loi foncière entre en vigueur en juillet 2014. Cette réforme vise à créer les conditions d'une conciliation entre deux objectifs qui peuvent apparaître a priori contradictoires : apaiser les tensions liées à la terre, tout en intensifiant l'exploitation de la ressource foncière afin d'atteindre l'objectif d'industrialisation du pays à l’horizon 2020, tel que défini par le Parti Communiste Vietnamien.Pour autant, le véritable enjeu de la nouvelle loi n’est pas d’ordre juridique, mais politique. Les tensions foncières sont aujourd’hui d’une telle ampleur que l’absence de réaction de la classe dirigeante correspondrait à un aveu d’échec dans sa mission de gérer le foncier au nom du peuple. Toutefois, l’intervention de l’Assemblée nationale ne s’est pas manifestée à travers une nouvelle règlementation plus rigoureuse de la gestion foncière. La réponse donnée par les pouvoirs publics est celui de l’autorégulation des acteurs du foncier. / In recent years, land issues in Vietnam are the main subject of complaints received by state institutions. Between abusive expropriation, vagueness of land allocation and agreement with the private sector, wide spread protests have arisen around land management procedures.In this context, a new land reform came into force in July 2014. This law aims to reconcile multiple objectives that may appear a priori contradictory: to ease tensions related to land, while intensifying the exploitation of land resources to achieve the goal of becoming an industrialized nation by 2020, as declared by the Vietnamese Communist Party.However, the real issue of the new law is not legal, but political. Land tensions today are of such magnitude that the lack of response by the ruling class would correspond to an admission of failure in its mission to manage land resources. The National Assembly’s intervention did not take a form of a more stringent regulation of land management. The response given by the authorities is the self-regulation of land stakeholders

Žemės naudojimo tikrinimas atliekamas vykdant žemės naudojimo valstybinę kontrolę. Vykdant žemės naudojimo valstybinę kontrolę siekiama užtikrinti, kad žemė būtų naudojama nepažeidžiant Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymo bei kitų įstatymų, susijusių su žemės naudojimo priežiūra, nustatytų reikalavimų. Bandant užtikrinti tinkamą žemės naudojimą susiduriama su įvairiomis problemomis. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti problemas iškylančias vykdant žemės naudojimo valstybinę kontrolę Kauno apskrityje ir trukdančias efektyviam kontrolės vykdymui. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas - žemės naudojimo kontrolės vykdymas Kauno apskrityje. Analizuotas žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymas 2003 – 2006 m. Tyrimo metu išanalizuoti teisės aktai reglamentuojantys žemės naudojimą ir tvarkymą, taip pat reglamentuojantys valstybinės kontrolės vykdymą, Nacionalinės žemės tarnybos prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos ir Kauno apskrities viršininko administracijos Žemės tvarkymo departamento kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitos. Išanalizavus teisės aktus ir jų praktinį taikymą, taip pat žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymo veiklos ataskaitas, nustatytos problemos kylančios vykdant žemės naudojimo valstybinę kontrolę Kauno apskrityje. Tyrimo metu panaudoti loginio mąstymo, literatūros šaltinių analizės, matematinės statistinės analizės, palyginimo ir ekspertinis metodai. Išsprendus tyrimo metu nustatytas problemas tikėtina, kad kontrolės vykdymas taptų rezultatyvesnis. / In order to assure state level control of land use, it is of key importance to assure land use without any breaches to the provisions of the law on Land of the Republic of Lithuania and other legislation related to supervision of land use. Attempts to assure proper use of land confront with various difficulties. The research has been made to determine the difficulties of state level control of land use in Kaunas County, which have significant impact on effective implementation of control procedures. The subject of research - state level control of land use in Kaunas County. The research analyzed land use control in 2003 – 2006 years. The research analyzed legislation governing execution of state level control of land use in addition to the reports on control procedures made by the National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Management Department of Kaunas County Governor’s Administration’s. Analysis of legislation and its practical application as well as reports on activities of state level control of land use revealed the problems arising in implementing state level control of land use in Kaunas County. Solving these problems is likely to make control procedures more effective.

This study examined the treatment given to women in Textbook (LD) of Youth and Adults (EJA) and the legal system consisting of CF/1988 by LDBEN 9.394/96 and the PNE/2001, by the CNE / CEB / 2000 and the Hamburg Declaration: Agenda for the Future guiding public policy education for the area. Its relevance lies in its dual perspective: the withdrawal of the invisibility of women and the announcement of the visibility and appreciation of them. As for the methodological approach, this work fits the paradigm of qualitative research, whose analysis of the legal framework was performed using the technique of document analysis and content analysis. The analysis of the GT was based on the methodology recommended by the sociologist, researcher at the Centre Nationalde Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, Andrée Michel in his book: "No stereotypes!: Overcoming sexism in children/s books and textbooks" . The survey results indicate that although the CF/88 represent a significant advance both in terms EJA, for equality of rights and duties between men and women, these advances are minimally maintained in the aforementioned corporate planning and even ignored in all of its operation, since when analyzing Chapter II The Basic Education - Section V - for Youth and Adults of LDBEN/96, it appears that there is a silence on the issue of gender on women. We come to the conclusion that this silencing is due to the removal of rights policy effected by the federal government, the neo-liberal orientation that through constitutional amendments, decrees and provisional measures, intervened in the process of processing and approval of LDBEN/96 and PNE/2001 of changing the CF/98, and this law has adapted to the dictates of the World Bank. For women in the textbook research showed small, but significant advances / Este trabalho analisou o tratamento dado ás mulheres no Livro Didático (LD) da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) e no ordenamento jurídico constituído pela CF/1988, pela LDBEN 9.394/96 e pelo PNE/2001, pelo Parecer CNE/CEB/2000 e pela a Declaração de Hamburgo: Agenda para o Futuro que balizam as políticas públicas educacionais para a área. Sua relevância consiste em sua dupla perspectiva: a de denúncia da invisibilidade das mulheres e a do anúncio da visibilidade e valorização das mesmas. Quanto ao percurso metodológico, este trabalho se inscreve no paradigma de pesquisa qualitativa, cuja análise do arcabouço legal foi realizada com auxílio da técnica de análise documental e da análise de conteúdo. A análise dos GT foi realizada com base na metodologia recomendada pela socióloga, pesquisadora do Centre Nationalde Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) da França, Andrée Michel em seu livro: Não aos estereótipos!: vencer o sexismo nos livros para crianças e nos manuais escolares . Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que apesar de a CF/88 representar um avanço significativo tanto no que se refere EJA, quanto à igualdade de direitos e deveres entre homens e mulheres, esses avanços são minimamente mantidos nos corpora do supracitado ordenamento e até ignorados no conjunto de sua operacionalização, visto que ao se analisar o capítulo II Da Educação Básica Seção V para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos da LDBEN/96, constata-se que há um silenciamento sobre a questão de gênero sobre as mulheres. Chega-se à conclusão de que esse silenciamento se deve à política de destituição de direitos efetivada pelo governo federal, de orientação neoliberal, que através de emendas constitucionais, decretos e medidas provisórias, interveio no processo de tramitação e da aprovação da LDBEN/96 e do PNE/2001, alterando a CF/98, e adequou esse ordenamento jurídico aos ditames do Banco Mundial. Quanto às mulheres no livro didático a pesquisa apontou pequenos, porém, significativos avanços

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis examines the characteristics of land tenure among African families with freehold title who trace their relationship to the land to their forebears who first acquired title in the mid-nineteenth century. The evidence was drawn from two field sites in the Eastern Cape, Fingo Village, Grahamstown and Rabula in the Keiskammahoek district of the former Ciskei. The evidence, supported by evidence in other Anglophone countries, shows that African familial relationships reminiscent of ‘customary’ concepts of the family, were not, and are not extinguished when title is issued, though they are altered. Africans with title regard the land as family property held by unilineal descent groups, challenging the western notion of one-to-one proprietal relationships to the land and its devolution. By exploring the intersection between tenure, use and devolution of land, the main findings reveal that local conceptions of land and use diverge considerably from the formal, legal notion of title. Title holders conceive of their land as the property of all recognised members of a patrilineally defined descent group symbolised by the family name. Because freehold is so intimately linked with inheritance, the findings significantly illuminate the social field of gender and kinship. The implications of the findings are that differing concepts of the ‘family’ and ‘property’ are fundamental to the lack of ‘fit’ between the common-law concept of ownership and what I term in the thesis ‘African freehold’. The thesis dissects the implications of culturally constructed variability in familial identities for recognition and transmission of property. Title is legally regulated by Eurocentric notions of both family and property, which lead to significant divergence between western and African interpretations of ownership, transmission and spatial division of land. The deficiencies of the South African legal mindset with regard to property law are thus fundamentally affected by the deficiencies in recognising the broader field of gender and kinship relations. The findings fundamentally challenge the dualistic paradigm currently prevalent in much of South African legal thinking, since the factors that are found to affect land tenure relationships cannot be reduced to the binary distinctions that are conventionally drawn in law, such as ‘western’ vs. ‘customary’ or ‘individual’ vs. iii ‘communal’ tenure. Instead, the important sources of validation of social (importantly, familial) and property relationships are found to be common to all property relationships, but are arranged and calibrated according to different normative patterns of recognition. In the case of the subjects in the field sites, these do not fit into the main ‘categories’ of property defined in law. Neither of the main bodies of official law, the common law and customary law, adequately characterise the relationships among the African freehold title holders. The source of legitimation is, therefore, not the ‘law’ but locally understood norms and practices. The findings suggest that the practices of the freeholders, derived from constructed ideas of kinship and descent, have relevance for a wide range of diverse African land tenure arrangements and categories, and not only ‘African freehold’. The findings therefore have significant implications for law reform more broadly. The thesis suggests that law reform should move away from models that do not match reality, and in particular should heed the warnings that titling policies as presently designed are particularly poorly aligned with the realities presented in the thesis.

No description available.