Entender como o balanço hídrico de uma bacia hidrográfica é afetado pela conversão de florestas em cultivos agrícolas e pastagens permite avaliar os possíveis impactos da mudança de uso e cobertura do solo na sustentabilidade regional. Com o modelo hidrológico de grande escala VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) calibrado para as condições locais simulou-se os possíveis efeitos em três cenários de substituição da cobertura vegetal na bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Um cenário imagina a substituição total da floresta pela cultura da soja, e nessas condições a vazão do rio aumentou em 28% durante o período chuvoso, e em até 70% na época seca, quando comparados às vazões atuais. Quando a substituição foi por pastagens esse aumento foi um pouco menor, 11% no período chuvoso e 16% no período seco. Esses dois cenários mutuamente exclusivos foram selecionados por representar condições extremas de uso do solo. Um terceiro cenário simulou a possível condição original da bacia coberta totalmente pela floresta. Esse último cenário permite inferir sobre as possíveis conseqüências das mudanças já ocorridas visto que as medidas de vazão são recentes (menos de 30 anos). Nessa condição a vazão sofreu redução de 9% durante o período chuvoso e de 20% no período seco. O modelo indicou ainda redução de 30% na evapotranspiração dessas culturas, durante o período seco, quando comparado ao cenário de floresta. / The understanding of how the water balance of a hydrographic basin is affected by the conversion of forests into crops and pasture allow to evaluate the possible impacts of the land use and land cover changes in the regional sustainability. Using a macro-scale hydrologic VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model calibrated for local conditions we simulated the possible effects on the hydrology under three scenarios of land cover substitution of the Ji-Paraná basin, state of Rondônia (western region of Brazil). One scenario simulated the total replacement of forest by soybeans crops, under this condition the outflow of the river increased in 28% during the rainy period, and up to 70% at the dry period, when comparative to the current outflows. When forest was replaced by pastures, this increase was a little lower, 11% in rainy season and 16% in the dry period. These two exclusive scenarios have been selected by representing extreme conditions of land use. One third scenario simulated the possible original condition of the basin covered by forest. This last scenario allows to infer on the possible consequences of the actual changes since recent measures of outflow (less than 30 years). In this condition the outflow suffered a reduction of 9% during the rainy period and 20% in the dry period. The model indicated a decrease of 30% in evapotranspiration for these crops in dry period compared to the forest scenario.

Entender como o balanço hídrico de uma bacia hidrográfica é afetado pela conversão de florestas em cultivos agrícolas e pastagens permite avaliar os possíveis impactos da mudança de uso e cobertura do solo na sustentabilidade regional. Com o modelo hidrológico de grande escala VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) calibrado para as condições locais simulou-se os possíveis efeitos em três cenários de substituição da cobertura vegetal na bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Um cenário imagina a substituição total da floresta pela cultura da soja, e nessas condições a vazão do rio aumentou em 28% durante o período chuvoso, e em até 70% na época seca, quando comparados às vazões atuais. Quando a substituição foi por pastagens esse aumento foi um pouco menor, 11% no período chuvoso e 16% no período seco. Esses dois cenários mutuamente exclusivos foram selecionados por representar condições extremas de uso do solo. Um terceiro cenário simulou a possível condição original da bacia coberta totalmente pela floresta. Esse último cenário permite inferir sobre as possíveis conseqüências das mudanças já ocorridas visto que as medidas de vazão são recentes (menos de 30 anos). Nessa condição a vazão sofreu redução de 9% durante o período chuvoso e de 20% no período seco. O modelo indicou ainda redução de 30% na evapotranspiração dessas culturas, durante o período seco, quando comparado ao cenário de floresta. / The understanding of how the water balance of a hydrographic basin is affected by the conversion of forests into crops and pasture allow to evaluate the possible impacts of the land use and land cover changes in the regional sustainability. Using a macro-scale hydrologic VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model calibrated for local conditions we simulated the possible effects on the hydrology under three scenarios of land cover substitution of the Ji-Paraná basin, state of Rondônia (western region of Brazil). One scenario simulated the total replacement of forest by soybeans crops, under this condition the outflow of the river increased in 28% during the rainy period, and up to 70% at the dry period, when comparative to the current outflows. When forest was replaced by pastures, this increase was a little lower, 11% in rainy season and 16% in the dry period. These two exclusive scenarios have been selected by representing extreme conditions of land use. One third scenario simulated the possible original condition of the basin covered by forest. This last scenario allows to infer on the possible consequences of the actual changes since recent measures of outflow (less than 30 years). In this condition the outflow suffered a reduction of 9% during the rainy period and 20% in the dry period. The model indicated a decrease of 30% in evapotranspiration for these crops in dry period compared to the forest scenario.

Changes in land use and land cover are associated with many environmental issues observed on the earth’s surface. In the last decades, these changes were unprece-dented, mainly in tropical forest areas. The Brazilian Amazon, the world’s largest tropical forest, lost around 200.000 km² of primary forest in the last ten years (INPE, 2005). Considering this, and the consequences caused by this deforestation, it is important to know and define correctly the responsible agents, aiming at better pub-lic policies that can help preserve the forest. Searching for indicators that could help to identify the deforestation agents, some studies, such as Mertens and Lambin (1997), suggest that every deforestation process shapes the forest land in a specific way, producing a spatial pattern that can be interpreted as indicative of the agents with specific economic activities. Based on this hypothesis, the objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of land change processes in the Amazon forest, investigating the linkages between spatial patterns of deforestation, as visualized in satellite images, and different agents and their specific economic activities. To reach this objective, our methodological approach was based on socio-economic data acquired at a household level combined with data from satellite im-ages. First, different spatial patterns of deforestation were identified on the satellite images, based on the typologies proposed by Husson et al. (1995). Then, some of the identified spatial patterns were isolated and analyzed for specific aspects, such as, the deforestation rate calculated through satellite images. socio-economic character-istics based on household survey data and evolution of land use and land cover based on thematic maps derived from satellite images. In addition, cluster analysis was applied using the socio-economic data (household survey) and land use and land cover data (satellite images) in a search for homogeneous groups related to the spa-tial pattern. In the end, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to confirm the differences between spatial patterns. The results suggested that the different spatial patterns of deforestation found in the study area can be related to specific economic activities. Nevertheless, the re-sults have indicated that the spatial configuration is not a consequence of its main economic activity. They suggest that the spatial configuration is linked to the settle-ment project, and the main economic activity in the spatial patterns is a consequence of a set of factors such as: size of property, location and disposition of the property, presence or absence of infrastructure (road, market, transportation, economic and technical).

Vast progress has been made in detecting rates of tropical deforestation, yet the relationship between visible patterns of forest change, multi-scalar human processes and the underlying drivers associated with them is poorly understood. Building on satellite imagery, a household livelihood survey and semi-structured interviews, this research scrutinised changes of forest cover from the mid-1990s to 2015 in a municipality located in southeastern Mexico and investigated the proximate causes and underlying drivers of change at the household and community levels. Emerging evidence indicated that, contrary to the persistent narrative of deforestation for the region, forest cover change is highly dynamic including periods of deforestation and forest recovery. Moreover, a close examination of 24 communities showed forest cover gained terrain, while the agricultural frontier retracted. Drawing on a comparison between the household survey and previous analyses, it could be inferred that forest resurgence was produced by the decrease in the farming area and the increase in the abandonment of farming activities by some communities. Associated with the adaptation of households was the development of formal and informal institutions at the community level in response to macro-global forces linked to the implementation of forest conservation strategies, environmental degradation, market liberalization and increased urbanization. Overall, this research adds not only to our understanding of the complexity of land-use and cover change in emerging globalized economies but also exemplifies the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tropical forest systems, which challenges partial models of deforestation and policies designed to reduce it. The research may be focused on a narrow region of the globe, nevertheless, the insights and recommendation provided may be useful to further forest conservation schemes in other tropical regions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work investigates the dynamics of the classes of land use and cover in the hydrographic subbasin of Arroio Arenal - RS, through the representation of spacetime processes. Spatial analysis of a distinct time series among the dates of October of 1995, May of 2000 and January of 2005 through a set of multisensor images was performed. It has generated representative landscape information and related them to different socioeconomic, politic and enviromental aspects inherent to the Subbasin in question. The spatial analysis starts from the LEGAL language implemented in a Geographic Information System, which became possible the application of image processing and digital classification techniques and the generation of thematic maps, such as cartographic base and slope which have complemented the representation of scenes of the studied area. The digital classification of the satellite images was carried out in the supervised mode, using the Bhattacharya classifier algorithm. The generated data had supported the spatial analysis of the land use and cover, in which had been defined the main parameters to evaluate the dynamics of the studied area: forest evolution, agricultural evolution and regeneration evolution. Among the main results, it is highlighted the predominance of the fields in the regional landscape, occupying 63.71% of the area and the great agricultural advance on these areas, quantified at the end of the period in 8.830,163 ha and still the addition of forest areas in 6.276,749 ha. From the mapping of the Permanent Preservation Areas and the environmental conflicts caused by the agricultural practices in inadequate places, 1,719.957 ha had been delimited as priority reforestation areas. It is concluded that the intensity of the exploratory activities in the subbasin is responsible for many changes occured during the analyzed period. / Este trabalho investiga a dinâmica das classes de uso e cobertura da terra na subbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Arenal RS, através da representação de processos espaço-temporais. Por meio de um conjunto de imagens multi-sensores, realizou-se a análise espacial de uma série temporal distinta entre as datas de outubro de 1995, maio de 2000 e janeiro de 2005, gerando informações representativas da paisagem e relacionando-as a diferentes aspectos sócio-econômicos, políticos e ambientais inerentes a sub-bacia em questão. A análise espacial parte da linguagem LEGAL implementada em um Sistema Geográfico de Informação, que possibilitou ainda o emprego de técnicas de processamento e classificação digital de imagens e a geração de mapas temáticos, tais como base cartográfica e declividade que complementaram a representação de cenários da área de estudo. A classificação digital das imagens de satélite foi realizada do modo supervisionado, utilizando-se o algoritmo classificador Bhattacharya, os dados gerados neste processo embasaram a análise espacial do uso e cobertura da terra, na qual foram definidos os principais parâmetros para avaliar a dinâmica da área de estudo: evolução florestal, evolução agrícola e evolução da regeneração. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se a predominância dos campos na paisagem regional, ocupando 63,71% da área, e o grande avanço agrícola sobre estas áreas, quantificado no fim do período em 8.830,163 Ha, e ainda o acréscimo de áreas florestais em 6.276,749 Ha. A partir do mapeamento das Áreas de Preservação Permanente e dos conflitos ambientais ocasionados pelas práticas agrícolas em locais inadequados, foram delimitados 1.719,957 Ha como sendo áreas de reflorestamento prioritário. Conclui-se que a intensidade das atividades exploratórias na sub-bacia são responsáveis por várias mudanças ocorridas durante o período analisado.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-01-27T12:03:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Cezar Criado null (ro_geounesp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-27T15:55:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Criado.pdf: 56517603 bytes, checksum: 386275e44323c638fc3864c82058f21a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-30T15:31:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 criado_rc_dr_prud.pdf: 56517603 bytes, checksum: 386275e44323c638fc3864c82058f21a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T15:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 criado_rc_dr_prud.pdf: 56517603 bytes, checksum: 386275e44323c638fc3864c82058f21a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As transformações ocorridas em uma sociedade, tanto econômicas quanto sociais, refletem na forma como ela se estrutura, em especial, na forma como ela se relaciona com a natureza. Em diferentes épocas do desenvolvimento social a dinâmica econômica impõe, sobre a natureza, diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura da terra. Essa dinâmica que ocorre no mundo todo pode ser melhor descrita com base em estudos localizados, como ocorreu com o oeste do estado de São Paulo, região que passou por grandes transformações em curto período de tempo, dentre elas destaca-se a frente pioneira, a qual transformou a vegetação nativa em pastagens e lavoura. O latifúndio pecuarista tinha como objetivo a criação de gado de corte e a especulação fundiária, fato que desencadeou as ações dos movimentos sociais de luta pela reforma agrária. O desenvolvimento econômico impõe ao meio ambiente as necessidades humanas, como a construção de lagos para as hidrelétricas, pontes, estradas, cidades, dentre outras. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as transformações ocorridas no uso e cobertura da terra nos municípios de Euclides da Cunha Paulista, Rosana e Teodoro Sampaio, localizados no Pontal do Paranapanema – SP, no período de 1984 a 2014. Os mapeamentos foram realizados em intervalos de 10 anos com base nas imagens do satélite LANDSAT e com a utilização de aplicativos SIG. Após a realização do mapeamento os dados foram processados e gerados mapas de ganho/manutenção/perda de área para os tipos de uso e cobertura da terra existentes na área objeto de estudo, foi possível perceber a diminuição da vegetação nativa, grandes áreas destinadas a pecuária sendo substituídas por assentamentos, o aumento do espelho d’água com o enchimento de dois grandes reservatórios e a expansão da monocultura da cana-de-açúcar. / The changes a society goes through, either economic or social ones, always reflect the way it is structured, specially, when it comes to its relation to the environment. In different moments of the social development, the economy dynamic has imposed different ways of use and land cover. That dynamic is better describe when there are local studies, as the one carried out in the west of São Paulo State, a region which has undergone huge transformations in a short period of time, such as the one performed by a groups of pioneers who turned native vegetation into pasture and crops. The deforestation followed by fire was a common practice stimulated by the government at that time. The next economic dynamic was ruled by cattleman in large areas of land, the aim was cattle raising and agrarian speculation. This last fact unleashed several social movements fighting for land reform. Social development imposes human needs to the environment, such as building lakes for dams, bridges, roads, cities, among others. Therefore, this research intends to analyse and better understand the changes occured in the land use and cover in the cities of Euclides da Cunha Paulista, Rosana e Teodoro Sampaio, located in Pontal do Paranapanema-SP, from 1984 to 2014. That done by mapping the area with interval of 10 years based on the images collected by the satellite LANDSAT, as well as making use of a GIS application: ArcGis. After the mapping stage, data was processed by the module Land Change Modeler (LCM) which is part of the GIS application Idrisi. Maps of area gain/maintenance/loss were created for each type of land use and cover existing in the area which is object of this study, those make clear the reduction in the native vegetation; large areas dedicated to catlle raising being replaced by settlements; an enlargement of the water mirror due to the filling of two big water reservoirs and the expansion of sugar-cane monoculture.

abstract: This dissertation research studies long-term spatio-temporal patterns of surface urban heat island (SUHI) intensity, urban evapotranspiration (ET), and urban outdoor water use (OWU) using Phoenix metropolitan area (PMA), Arizona as the case study. This dissertation is composed of three chapters. The first chapter evaluates the SUHI intensity for PMA using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) product and a time-series trend analysis to discover areas that experienced significant changes of SUHI intensity between 2000 and 2017. The heating and cooling effects of different urban land use land cover (LULC) types was also examined using classified Landsat satellite images. The second chapter is focused on urban ET and the impacts of urban LULC change on ET. An empirical model of urban ET for PMA was built using flux tower data and MODIS land products using multivariate regression analysis. A time-series trend analysis was then performed to discover areas in PMA that experienced significant changes of ET between 2001 and 2015. The impact of urban LULC change on ET was examined using classified LULC maps. The third chapter models urban OWU in PMA using a surface energy balance model named METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high spatial Resolution with Internalized Calibration) and time-series Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 imagery for 2010. The relationship between urban LULC types and OWU was examined with the use of very high-resolution land cover classification data generated from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery and regression analysis. Socio-demographic variables were selected from census data at the census track level and analyzed against OWU to study their relationship using correlation analysis. This dissertation makes significant contributions and expands the knowledge of long-term urban climate dynamics for PMA and the influence of urban expansion and LULC change on regional climate. Research findings and results can be used to provide constructive suggestions to urban planners, decision-makers, and city managers to formulate new policies and regulations when planning new constructions for the purpose of sustainable development for a desert city. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2018

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Robin Rašín The Landscape of the Czech-Austrian Borderland: Development and Heritage Summary Roztoky u Křivoklátu 2010 1 Landscape is a key geographical concept and geographical research on land change and land use has a tradition that can be dated back for almost a hundred years. The development of the subject orientation of land change science can be divided into two phases. (i) During the first phase (50's/60's of the 20th century) the description of landscape and its morphology (structure) were at the centre of research interest along with the research of the potential for agro-production. This particular type of study was motivated by the need to find a solution to the problem of the increasing inability to supply a growing (European) population with agricultural products. (ii) In the second phase (circa from 70's of the 20th century), the attention of scientists towards the accelerated rate of land change on a global scale that can be associated with: the increase of human population, changes in agricultural techniques, mining, environmental exploitation et cetera. There is an obvious need to solve the negative impacts of the human activities on the landscape at different scales (from local to...

The Chocó-Darien Global Ecoregion (CGE) in South America is one of 25 global biodiversity hotspots prioritized for conservation. I performed the first land-use and land-cover (LULC) change analysis for the entire CGE in this dissertation. There were three main objectives: 1) Select the best available imagery to build annual land-use and land-cover maps from 2001 to 2015 across the CGE. 2) Model LULC across the CGE to assess forest change trends from 2002 to 2015 and identify the effect of proximate causes of deforestation and reforestation. 3) Estimate the effects of underlying drivers on deforestation and reforestation across the CGE between 2002 and 2015. I developed annual LULC maps across the CGE from 2002 to 2015 using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) vegetation index products and random forest classification. The LULC maps resulted in high accuracies (Kappa = 0.87; SD = 0.008). We detected a gradual replacement of forested areas with agriculture and secondary vegetation (agriculture reverting to early regeneration of natural vegetation) across the CGE. Forest loss was higher between 2010-2015 when compared to 2002-2010. LULC change trends, proximate causes, and reforestation transitions varied according to administrative authority (countries: PanamanianCGE, Colombian CGE, and Ecuadorian CGE). Population growth and road density were underlying drivers of deforestation. Armed conflicts, Gross Domestic Product, and average annual rain were proximate causes and underlying drivers related reforestation.

No description available.