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The terrestrial ecosystem is an integral component of the Earth System. Constant atmosphere-biosphere exchanges of energy and material affect both the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. While the general roles of terrestrial ecosystems in regulating ozone and particulate matter air pollution have long been acknowledged, our understanding at both individual process and system level are far from perfect. Also, new process-level discoveries about terrestrial atmosphere-biosphere exchanges are not timely incorporated in numerical models routinely used to study and forecast air quality. These hinder our ability to understand how air quality respond to environmental changes and variabilities. Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides a brief overview on these topics. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation (Wong et al., 2019), we conduct global long-term simulations of ozone dry deposition velocity with four different types of dry deposition parameterizations. We find that none of the tested parameterizations universally stands out in terms of matching observed ozone deposition velocity over different land cover types. Combining this with sensitivity simulations from a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem), we find that the choice of dry deposition parameterizations can affect the mean, trend and variability of simulated surface O3 level. In Chapter 3 of this dissertation (Wong et al., 2022), we analyze long-term ozone flux observation from three field sites to examine the effects of extreme heat and dryness on ozone deposition. We find that non-stomatal ozone uptake tends to increase during hot days, which either partially offsets or dominates over the reduction in stomatal ozone uptake anticipated by ecophysiological theory. While the response of ozone deposition to dryness is more varied, changes in non-stomatal deposition are usually important. Current dry deposition parameterizations often fail to capture such changes in non-stomatal ozone uptake, resulting in considerable potential error in simulated surface ozone level during hot and dry days. In Chapter 4 of this dissertation (Wong and Geddes, 2021), we conduct global GEOS-Chem numerical experiments with anthropogenic emission inventories and land surface remote sensing products to compare the effects land cover versus land management changes on O3 and fine particulate matter air quality over 1992 – 2014. We find that land cover has stronger effects on O3, while land management has stronger effects on fine particulate matter pollution. We also find that land management has significantly altered regional and global nitrogen deposition, and therefore the risk of critical load exceedance. Chapter 5 of this dissertation includes the concluding remarks and suggestions for future work. In addition, I outline and present the preliminary result from a project examining the future of soil reactive nitrogen emissions and their impacts on air quality.

Land alterations including deforestation, unsustainable land management practices and an increase in cultivated areas have occurred in the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades threatening water and natural resources. This study, which used a combination of remote sensing techniques, field experiments, watershed monitoring, and modeling was designed to investigate impacts of environmental changes on hydrology and soil erosion. The objectives were to: map the extent of land use and land cover change and its influence on soil erosion; correlate the contribution of climate variability and human activities to the changes in hydrology at headwater and watershed scales; estimate surface runoff, sediments and Curve Number at plot scale, and model streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover using the SWAT watershed model. Results indicate that areas covered by forest decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. However, areas covered by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that site characteristics affect runoff and sediment yield as higher soil loss was estimated from cropland with a mean of 28.4 tha-1 in 2015 from 19.8 tha-1 in 1991. Results from monitoring show high sediment loads were from the most disturbed watersheds, compared to Mbezi. Analysis of trends for the long term records at the watershed showed that rainfall had significant decreasing trends. At annual scale, climate variability contributed 46% and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow. Results from the rainfall simulation experiments show upland rice had higher runoff (48 mmh-1) and soil loss (94 gm-2) compared to grassland and forest. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015. Average peak flows increased by 5% and 12% for 2000 and 2015, respectively compared to the baseline. Land alterations had impacts on surface runoff which increased by 75% and baseflow decreased by 66% in 2015 from the baseline. These results highlight the main areas of changes and provide quantitative information to decision makers for sustainable land and water resources planning and management. / Ph. D. / Deforestation, unsustainable land management practices including cultivation in marginal areas, slash and burn, illegal forest harvest; and bush fires have been common threats to the landscapes of the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades. These practices have contributed to the deterioration of water and natural resource base and jeopardize sustainability. Our study was designed to investigate the impacts of environmental changes on the hydrology and soil erosion. We used a combination of methods including experiments in the field, remote sensing and mathematical modeling to investigate the extent of the problem and provide useful information for sustainable management of resources. The objectives were to understand the extent and dynamics of land use and land cover change and subsequent influences on soil erosion; to correlate contribution of climate variability and human activities to hydrology at different scales; to estimate surface runoff and sediments at plot scale; and to model and predict streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover. Our results indicate that the watershed has been characterized by a loss of forest cover which decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. Areas of the watershed occupied by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that the changes had effects on runoff and sediment yield as a high increase ofsoil loss was estimated from cropland which increased from 19.8 t ha^-1 in 1991 to 28.4 t ha^-1 in 2015 and areas occupied by forest were least contributors to soil erosion. The assertion is supported by results from a stream-monitoring which revealed that watersheds with least human interferences generated less sediments, and upland rice had higher soil loss compared to grassland and forest. Analysis of rainfall trends showed significant decreasing trends and fluctuations in climate contributed 46%, and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow signifying impacts on water availability. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015, with increase in peak flows and decrease in baseflow. Results highlight the changes and subsequent consequences on the hydrology of the watershed and water availability. The information is useful for watershed planning and water resources management.

On étudie une zone de la Cordillère de la Costa au sud du Chili (41°15'S-41°00'S), habitée par l'ethnie Mapuche. Là, il y a encore des précieuses forêts tempérées, qui ont une haute priorité de conservation au plan mondial. Mais, il est constaté, un processus continu de transformation lié à l'extraction de bois de chauffe, l'élevage extensif, la perturbation de l'habitat du conifère Fitzroya cupressoides, et le déploiement des plantations forestières. Sur la base d'une classification multi-temporelle d'images satellite, une modélisation spatio-temporelle a été mise en œuvre pour comprendre et anticiper la dynamique de la détérioration de la forêt. L'analyse rétrospective révèle qu'entre 1976 et 2008, la forêt a été réduite 12400 ha, soit un taux de déforestation 0,25% par an. 20 modèles de déforestation sont calibrés, 4 d'entre eux sont sélectionnés pour construire des scénarios prospectifs. La simulation prévoit que la diminution de forêt entre 2008 et 2040 pourrait atteindre 13000 ha. Deux autres modèles mis en œuvre simulent l'évolution de la qualité de l'habitat de F. cupressoides. Les scénarios prévoient une augmentation de la surface détériorée ; l’extrapolation à partir de la période d’apprentissage 2001-2008 pendant laquelle la plus grande part de terres indigènes a été légalisée, par rapport à la période précédente à 2001, prédit une augmentation plus significative de la surface détériorée. On fournit un outil pour amplifier la gestion territoriale des systèmes environnementaux toujours non incorporée dans la planification chilienne. Enfin, la thèse met également d'intéressantes comparaisons entre modèles qui diffèrent par rapport aux paramètres de calibration. / SAn area of the Cordillera de la Costa is studied in southern Chile (41°15'S - 41°00'S), inhabited by ethnic Mapuche. There are still valuable temperate forests that have high conservation priority worldwide. But it is found, a continuous process of transformation related to the extraction of firewood, ranching, disruption of habitat conifer Fitzroya cupressoides, and deployment of forest plantations. Based on a multi-temporal satellite images classification, a spatial-temporal modeling was implemented to understand and predict the dynamics of the deterioration of the forest. Retrospective analysis revealed that between 1976 and 2008, the forest has been reduced 12,400 ha, a deforestation rate of 0.25% per annum. 20 models of deforestation are calibrated, 4 of them are selected to construct scenarios. The simulation predicted that reductions of forest between 2008 and 2040 could reach 13,000 ha. Two other models implemented simulate changes in habitat quality F. cupressoides. Scenarios predict an increase in the damaged surface; extrapolating from the learning period 2001-2008 during which the largest share of indigenous lands was legalized, compared with the previous period to 2001, predicts a significant increase in the damaged surface. In this way, it provides a tool to enhance the local management of environmental systems still not incorporated into the Chilean planning. Finally, the thesis also makes interesting comparisons between models that differ with respect to the calibration parameters.

As mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra ocasionam alterações no balanço de energia, na temperatura do ar, na precipitação, na umidade do ar e na circulação regional e global. Consequentemente, mapas de uso e cobertura da terra e suas respectivas características físico-químicas e biológicas constituem-se em uma importante variável na modelagem numérica de sistemas terrestres. Entretanto, na maioria dos modelos regionais de previsão do tempo e clima, o mapa de uso e cobertura da terra não é atualizado com frequência e encontra-se defasado, o que influencia os resultados das simulações. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar o impacto nas simulações numéricas do RegCM4 oriundas da atualização do mapa de uso e cobertura da terra e dos parâmetros físicos como, por exemplo, o índice de área foliar (IAF), a reflectância no visível ( 0,7m) e no infravermelho próximo e médio (>0,7m) utilizados pelo Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), além da validação dos dados provenientes do Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Consequentemente, a comparação entre os dados de precipitação mensal estimada pelo TRMM e 183 estações meteorológicas espalhadas por todo o Brasil apresentam uma concordância de aproximadamente 97%. Ainda, em relação à precipitação, temperatura máxima e temperatura mínima, obtém-se um melhor ajuste do modelo RegCM4 quando os dados de entrada do modelo são compostos pelas reanálises do SST-ERA-Interim e ERA-Interim e com a parametrização cúmulos proposta por Emmanuel. A partir da atualização do uso e cobertura da terra utilizado no modelo de superfície BATS para o ano 2007 obteve-se uma melhora de 10% na simulação da precipitação, aumentando de 0,84 para 0,92 o coeficiente de correlação (significante a p<0,05, teste t-student). Do mesmo modo, a simulação realizada com a alteração dos valores de fração máxima de cobertura vegetal apresentou valores de precipitação 18% acima dos observados. Ainda, as alterações da reflectância no visível e no infravermelho próximo e do índice de área foliar superestimaram a precipitação em 19% e 23%. Ressalta-se que todas as simulações apresentaram boa concordância no que diz respeito à temperatura máxima e mínima, apresentando valores muito próximos ao esperado. A variação trimestral dos parâmetros físicos utilizados pelo modelo de superfície BATS reduziram para 3% as superestimativas de precipitação, provendo uma correlação de 92% (significante a p<0,05, teste t-student). Em relação às variáveis meteorológicas, as principais diferenças encontradas na evapotranspiração, precipitação, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a 2 metros concentram-se na região noroeste do Estado do Mato Grosso, nas divisas dos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso com a Bolívia (áreas alagadas do Pantanal brasileiro), região noroeste do Paraguai e para a região da Bacia do Rio da Prata na Argentina, Região Nordeste do Brasil entre outras, devido principalmente à alteração da classe Floresta Ombrófila Densa para áreas de pastagem e agricultura e à substituição de áreas de agricultura por áreas de gramíneas, pastagem, vegetação arbustiva e Floresta Estacional Decidual. / The land use and land cover changes modify the air temperature, precipitation, air moisture, energy balance and regional and global circulations. Consequently, the land use and land cover maps and its physical-chemical and biological properties are important variables for numerical modeling of terrestrial systems. However, in most of regional weather and climate models the land use and land cover maps are not frequently updated, being out-of-date and, influencing the results of simulations. Therefore, this work has as main objective to analyze the impacts in numerical simulations by RegCM4 of land use and land cover maps updating, as well as the alteration of physical parameters, such as the leaf area index (LAI), the visible (<0.7 m) and near infrared and medium (> 0.7 m) reflectance used by the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The validation of simulated precipitation by comparison to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data is also an objective. The comparison between monthly precipitation data estimated by TRMM and the 183 weather stations distributed throughout Brazil presented a concordance of approximately 97%. Also related to rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature simulations, better assessments of RegCM4 were found when SST-ERA-Interim, ERA-Interim reanalysis and cumulus parameterization proposed by Emmanuel were used. In addition, the update of the South America 2007 land use and land cover map used by BATS has improved the simulation of precipitation in 10%, increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.84 to 0.92 (significant at p <0.05, t-test student). Moreover, the results show good agreement between simulated and observed maximum and minimum temperature, with correlation coefficients near to 0.95 for both variables. Correspondingly, the simulations performed with adjustments on maximum fractional of vegetation cover showed precipitation mean value 18% above the observed data. Changes in visible and infrared reflectance and in the leaf area index overestimated the precipitation in 19% and 23%, respectively. It is noteworthy that all simulations showed good agreement for maximum and minimum temperature, with values very close to those observed. The three-monthly (seasonal) change of the physical parameters, which characterize the surface model BATS, provided a reduction of 3% in the mean simulated precipitation if compared to the results obtained without seasonal variation of surface parameters. The linear correlation between simulated and observed monthly precipitation obtained by considering seasonal changes in the surface parameter was equal to 92% (significant at p <0.05, Student\'s t-test). Regarding to atmospheric variables, the more significant differences observed in evapotranspiration, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature above two meters from surface are located in the northwest of Mato Grosso state, at the Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso states and the Bolivia bordering (placed on the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands), over Northeastern Brazil region, northwestern Paraguay, and River Plate Basin, among others. These important differences are due to the substitution of Tropical Rain Forest by pasture and agriculture and, the replacement of agricultural areas by areas of grass pasture, shrub and Deciduous Forest.

O estudo avaliou a influência das árvores urbanas na manutenção da qualidade do ar e na melhoria da saúde pública, na cidade de São Paulo/SP. Para isso, essa dissertação apresenta três artigos, sendo o primeiro um artigo de revisão sistemática da literatura científica dos últimos 10 anos, contendo pesquisas que envolvem ao menos dois dos três temas: florestas urbanas, poluição do ar e saúde pública, de forma integrada. O segundo trabalho demonstra como a distribuição do solo urbano e as árvores urbanas, levantadas através de um Inventário Florestal, influenciam na qualidade do ar. O terceiro artigo discute o processo de urbanização e como o uso e ocupação do solo podem influenciar nos casos de Câncer de pulmão em idosos. As pricipais conclusões observadas são que as publicações da área vêm crescendo com o passar dos anos em revistas consideradas de alta qualidade científica, porém há uma carência de estudos que englobem os três grandes temas de forma integrada; Copa arbórea/arbustiva e Relvado podem ser utilizados como ferramentas eficientes na gestão pública, no combate à poluição por Material Particulado de 10&mu;m; áreas abertas de relvado, como praças, campos e jardins, assim como a presença de árvores, podem ser considerados como fatores que favorecem a saúde da população de idosos paulistanos, e são encontradas quando mais distantes do centro da cidade. / The study evaluated the influence of urban trees in maintaining air quality and improving public health in São Paulo. For this, this dissertation presents three articles, the first one is a systematic review of the scientific literature of the last 10 years, containing research involving at least two of the three themes: urban forests, air pollution and public health, in an integrated way. The second work demonstrates how the distribution of land use and urban trees, raised through a Forest Inventory, influence the quality of the air. The third article discusses the process of urbanization and how land use and land cover can influence the cases of lung cancer in old people. The main conclusions observed are that the publications have been growing over the years in journals considered of high scientific quality, but there is a lack of studies that encompass the three major matters in an integrated way; Arboreal / Shrub Cup and Grass can be used as efficient tools in the public management, in reduction of pollution by particulate matter of 10&mu;m; Open areas such as squares, fields and gardens, as well as the presence of trees, can be considered as factors that favor the health of the elderly population of São Paulo, and these environments are found when further away from the city center.

Changing land cover from prairie grasslands to intensive, primarily cereal agriculture, over the North American Great Plains since the mid-19th century, has had a hydrological and climatological impact on that ecosystem (Pielke, Sr., et al., 2011). Agriculture has introduced timed harvest seasons, irrigation, and C3 photosynthesizing crops with poorer water efficiency than the grasses it replaced. All of these changes have been linked to exacerbated drought conditions and warmer temperatures; however, few studies have quantified this relationship at the continental scale. In order to evaluate the change imposed by this shift in land use and land cover, the observation based 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR) was used to quantify the climatological differences in temperature and humidity between areas of natural prairie and agriculture over the 20th century. An additional analysis used the Observation Minus Reanalysis (OMR) technique to isolate the surface climate signal found in the 20CR. We find indications that changing land cover had an impact on climate. However, using observation based data returned no evidence of a statistically significant change due to the small land use and land cover change (LULCC) signal within the larger climate noise. Therefore, an idealised modelling experiment was undertaken using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2-LM2 atmosphere-land model to remove these other influences. This experiment compared the results of two model simulations: one where the entirety of the prairie was preserved as grassland (GRASS), and another where the entire prairies had been converted into an agricultural area (AGRIC). Relative to GRASS, the AGRIC simulation has reduced surface albedo and root zone depth, and increased roughness length over the prairies, which collectively cause a significant summer drying. This occurs when the shallower rooting zone limited potential evapotranspiration (PET) forcing the additional energy created by turbulent mixing and a lower surface albedo to warm the air, surpassing PET and reaching drier conditions faster. While not conclusive, the results presented in this thesis represent a step towards filling the gaps in understanding land-atmosphere interactions and connecting LULCC to climate.

Submitted by ANDRE GONÇALVES VIEIRA (dre_goncalves@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-26T12:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Goncalves Vieira.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-06-26T12:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ag_me_prud.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T12:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ag_me_prud.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-16 / O uso e a cobertura da terra sem planejamento adequado alteram as condições naturais de uma bacia hidrográfica. Essa situação pode ser observada em diversos municípios, como no caso de Presidente Prudente - SP, e em particular, na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, que se localiza na zona leste do município. As atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado alteram a qualidade das águas superficiais dos canais fluviais tanto na área urbanizada quanto na área rural. Desta forma, este trabalho analisou possíveis relações entre variáveis físicas e químicas da água, bioindicadores da qualidade de água e uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, município de Presidente Prudente. As amostras de água foram processadas em campo e em laboratório. Os macroinvertebrados aquáticos foram amostrados com um coletor de bentos surber, com malha de 250 µm e então levados ao laboratório, onde foram triados e identificados. Os organismos foram coletados, entre os meses nov./16, fev./17 e jun./17. Foram identificados 33 taxons de organismos bentônicos. Chironomidae, Oligochaeta e Simuliidae estiveram presentes nos três pontos e nas três amostras. Os Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera foram encontrados nos P1 e P3, porem ausentes no P2. Resultados para analises físico-químicas houve alteração em nov./16 quando não houve precipitação de chuva. A composição da fauna mostrou-se distinta entre todos os municípios estudados. Os resultados indicaram famílias presentes nos canais fluviais são mais tolerantes a alterações ambientais com media e/ou baixa pontuação no BMWP. Porém o P3 do Córrego do Gramado esta com melhor pontuação comparado aos P1 e P2. O estudo revela que as condições ambientais da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, no que diz respeito à presença de vegetação natural e/ou reflorestada possuem influência na determinação da estrutura e composição da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Além disso, fatores espaciais (distribuição geográfica) podem estar exercendo influência sobre a diversidade regional. / Land use and land cover without adequate planning changes the natural conditions of a river basin. This situation can be observed in several municipalities, as in the case of Presidente Prudente - SP, and in particular, in the catchment area of Córrego do Gramado, which is located in the eastern part of the municipality. The anthropic activities developed in the catchment area of the Gramado stream change the quality of the surface waters of the river channels in the urbanized area as well as in the rural area. In this way, this work analyzed possible relationships between physical and chemical variables of water, bioindicators of water quality and use and land cover in the catchment area of the Gramado stream, in the municipality of Presidente Prudente. The water samples were processed in the field and in the laboratory. The aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled with a surber bent collector, with a mesh of 250 μm and then taken to the laboratory, where they were screened and identified. The organisms were collected between the months of Nov./16, Feb./17 and Jun./17. 33 taxa of benthic organisms were identified. Chironomidae, Oligochaeta and Simuliidae were present in the three points and in the three samples. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera were found in P1 and P3, but absent in P2. Results for physicalchemical analyzes were changed in November / 16 when there was no rainfall. The fauna composition was distinct among all the studied municipalities. The results indicated families present in the fluvial channels are more tolerant to environmental changes with mean and / or low scores in the BMWP. However, the Gramado Creek P3 has better scores compared to P1 and P2. The study reveals that the environmental conditions of the Gramado Creek watershed, with respect to the presence of natural and / or reforested vegetation, influence the structure and composition of the community of benthic macroinvertebrates. In addition, spatial factors (geographic distribution) may be influencing regional diversity.

Submitted by Angelica Scheffer da Motta Abrantes (angelica_scheffer@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-16T01:35:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Final_Abrantes.pdf: 11726649 bytes, checksum: 0399986b078ffc94a8ed5447510d749e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T17:39:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 abrantes_asm_me_prud.pdf: 11726649 bytes, checksum: 0399986b078ffc94a8ed5447510d749e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T17:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 abrantes_asm_me_prud.pdf: 11726649 bytes, checksum: 0399986b078ffc94a8ed5447510d749e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em muitas residências de alvenaria dos municípios de Ourinhos/SP, Jacarezinho/PR e Ribeirão Claro/PR identificam-se biodeteriorações nas paredes internas e/ou externas. Estas biodeteriorações não apresentam uma localização preferencial, podendo se desenvolver tanto no teto quanto no rodapé e nas paredes das casas. A aparência é de bolhas que, num estágio mais avançado, apresentam total deslocamento do reboco. Essas biodeteriorações resultam em prejuízos financeiros aos moradores, tendo em vista a necessidade de obras de recuperação da área afetada. A ocorrência dessa problemática se deve à presença da matéria orgânica na areia, que nos municípios citados é predominantemente oriunda do rio Paranapanema. Esta matéria orgânica favorece a proliferação de fungos e/ou bactérias. Esta condição está intimamente ligada ao uso e à ocupação da terra das áreas adjacentes, como também ao uso indiscriminado dos recursos naturais, como por exemplo, da água e do solo. Desta forma, este trabalho objetiva identificar as possíveis relações do uso e cobertura da terra nos municípios de Ourinhos/SP, Jacarezinho/PR e Ribeirão Claro/PR com a qualidade microbiológica da areia destinada à construção civil. O recorte espacial dos pontos de análise considerou as sub bacias do rio Paranapanena nas quais os locais de extração de areia estão inseridos. Para tanto, estes locais foram mapeados, assim como o uso da terra nas suas adjacências. Ao mesmo tempo foi aplicado um questionário em todas as casas de bairros com ocupação em torno de 15 anos de cada um dos municípios em estudo, objetivando identificar, dimensionar e caracterizar o problema bem como suas consequências. Outro questionário foi aplicado nos portos de areia da região para identificar a origem e as características da areia usada na construção civil dos municípios mencionados. Em seguida, foi feita uma amostragem do referido material nos portos e foram submetidas a análises de matéria orgânica, micológica e microbiológica, possíveis causadores das biodeteriorações. Por fim, os resultados obtidos apontam a presença de bactérias do grupo coliforme nas amostras oriundas dos portos de areia alocados nos cursos hídricos estudados, o que aponta o despejo de esgoto doméstico; foram identificadas também espécies de fungos decompositores, tanto nas amostras dos portos de areia, quanto das retiradas das biodeteriorações nas residências; quanto aos questionários 65% das residências possuem as biodeteriorações, 28% não apresentam mas já viram em outros estabelecimentos; no que se refere, aos mapas de uso da terra, observou-se uma substituição das vegetação original pelos usos de pastagem, agriculturas temporárias, silvicultura e área urbana, fato que mostra o modelo de produção de espaço na alteração das bacias hidrográficas por atividade antrópica, que está diretamente ligada com a qualidade microbiológica da areia. / In a few masonry residences from Ourinhos/SP, Jacarezinho/PR and Ribeirão Claro/PR it is possible to identify biodeteriorations in both internal and external walls. This biodeteriorations do not have a specific localization, so it Is possible to find it on the ceiling and footer of the residences. Its appearance is of bubbles that, in an advanced stage, shows total displacement of the plaster. This biodeteriorations result in financial looses to the residents, since there is the need for works to recover the affected area. The occurrence of this problematic is due to the presence of organic matter in the sand, which in the mentioned municipalities is predominantly from the Paranapanema River. This organic matter help the proliferation of fungi and/or bacteria. This condition is connected to the use and occupation of land in adjacent areas, as well as the indiscriminate use of natural resources such as water and soil. Thus, this research aims to identify the relations of land use and coverage in the the municipalities of Ourinhos / SP, Jacarezinho / PR and Ribeirão Claro / PR with the microbiological quality of the sand destined to the civil construction. The spatial clipping of the points of analysis considered the sub basins of the Paranapanena River in which the sand extraction sites are inserted. In order to do so, these sites were mapped, as well as the land use in its surroundings. Concomitantly it was applied a questionnaire in all the residences of districts that were existed in about 15 years of each of the municipalities under study, aiming to identify, size and characterize the problem as well as its consequences. Another questionnaire was applied in the region’s sands ports to identify the origin and characteristics of the sand used in the civil construction of the mentioned municipalities. After that, it was collected the material in the ports and after subjected to organic, mycological and microbiological analyzes, aiming to see if these could be the cause of biodeterioration. Lastly, the results indicate the presence of bacteria from the coliform group in the samples from the sand ports allocated to the studied water courses, which indicates the discharge of domestic sewage. It was also identified species of fungi decomposers, both in the samples of the sand ports and from the biodeteriorated walls. As for the questionnaires, about 65% of the residences have biodeteriorations, 28% don’t present biodeteriorations, but already seen it in another residences. In regard to the land use maps, it was observed a substitution of the original vegetation for the uses of pasture, temporary agriculture, forestry and urban area, which allows to see the part of the current model of space production in the alteration of the hydrographic basins by anthropic activity, which is directly linked to the microbiological quality of the sand.

O estudo avaliou a influência das árvores urbanas na manutenção da qualidade do ar e na melhoria da saúde pública, na cidade de São Paulo/SP. Para isso, essa dissertação apresenta três artigos, sendo o primeiro um artigo de revisão sistemática da literatura científica dos últimos 10 anos, contendo pesquisas que envolvem ao menos dois dos três temas: florestas urbanas, poluição do ar e saúde pública, de forma integrada. O segundo trabalho demonstra como a distribuição do solo urbano e as árvores urbanas, levantadas através de um Inventário Florestal, influenciam na qualidade do ar. O terceiro artigo discute o processo de urbanização e como o uso e ocupação do solo podem influenciar nos casos de Câncer de pulmão em idosos. As pricipais conclusões observadas são que as publicações da área vêm crescendo com o passar dos anos em revistas consideradas de alta qualidade científica, porém há uma carência de estudos que englobem os três grandes temas de forma integrada; Copa arbórea/arbustiva e Relvado podem ser utilizados como ferramentas eficientes na gestão pública, no combate à poluição por Material Particulado de 10&mu;m; áreas abertas de relvado, como praças, campos e jardins, assim como a presença de árvores, podem ser considerados como fatores que favorecem a saúde da população de idosos paulistanos, e são encontradas quando mais distantes do centro da cidade. / The study evaluated the influence of urban trees in maintaining air quality and improving public health in São Paulo. For this, this dissertation presents three articles, the first one is a systematic review of the scientific literature of the last 10 years, containing research involving at least two of the three themes: urban forests, air pollution and public health, in an integrated way. The second work demonstrates how the distribution of land use and urban trees, raised through a Forest Inventory, influence the quality of the air. The third article discusses the process of urbanization and how land use and land cover can influence the cases of lung cancer in old people. The main conclusions observed are that the publications have been growing over the years in journals considered of high scientific quality, but there is a lack of studies that encompass the three major matters in an integrated way; Arboreal / Shrub Cup and Grass can be used as efficient tools in the public management, in reduction of pollution by particulate matter of 10&mu;m; Open areas such as squares, fields and gardens, as well as the presence of trees, can be considered as factors that favor the health of the elderly population of São Paulo, and these environments are found when further away from the city center.