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The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of a substance is a measure of the volume of methane gas produced per unit mass of that substance, through the process of anaerobic biodegradation. As the socio-economic consequences of climate change have become more apparent, the ability to predict the long-term cumulative environmental impact of various human activities has become more necessary. Landfills can be a substantial source of methane (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere, and consequently BMP is an important tool for predicting the potential cumulative long-term impacts of a landfill to the environment. From a strictly economic perspective, the practice of landfill methane extraction for industrial uses is becoming much more common. In this case, BMP is an important tool for predicting the economic feasibility of such a project. Current methods for determining the BMP of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are both time-consuming and inconsistent. A review of literature on the topic yields many different descriptions of the test, with large variations in sample sizes, incubation times, procedures, etc. Most of these methods also require expensive, and specialized equipment. This thesis describes a simple approach to the BMP test that might be carried out in a variety of laboratory settings, such as an on-site lab equipped with basic, simple, and inexpensive equipment. The method relies on a much larger than typical sample mass to produce large volumes of gas that are measured for composition multiple times over the course of the test. The volume and composition data is then used to produce a cumulative methane potential curve which can be fitted to a first-order decay model in order to predict an ultimate BMP value. The taking of multiple measurements on large volumes of gas, allows for the use of a portable field instrument called the GEMTM2000 to measure gas composition. By fitting the data to a curve in order to determine ultimate methane potential, individual measurement errors are averaged out and the final result has a precision similar to more traditional BMP methods, which rely on bulky and expensive gas chromatographs. Testing has been conducted on MSW samples from 3 separate sites. The method used involved comparatively large samples of waste (~200 g) and no limit was set on incubation time. The use of large waste samples produces large quantities of gas that must be collected and analyzed often. The method provided favourable results, consistent within acceptable limits of variability when compared with other BMP methods. There is even some evidence suggesting that the use of large waste samples improves the accuracy of the test, despite the use of equipment which provides less precise measurements of gas concentration. Given the long duration required for testing, the results were also evaluated for possible correlations between loss on ignition data and specific gravity measurements; two simple tests that can be conducted rapidly. Both data sets show a rough correlation with BMP, and may be used to quickly estimate ultimate BMP values, but the loss on ignition relationship provides the better correlation. Lastly, initial steps were taken in the development of what has been dubbed the Biochemical CO2 Potential (BCP) test, taking advantage of the relatively quicker rate of aerobic degradation. There are preliminary indications that the BCP method may be a viable alternative to the BMP, but the data set so far is small and further research is required to confirm that hypothesis.

<p>China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world. Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China’s average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest energy conservation markets in the world.</p><p>The Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China’s sustainable development. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China’s energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM.</p><p>This study has focused on the following areas:</p><p> Clean development Mechanism (CDM) Policy and Implementation in ChinaClean development Mechanism (CDM) Policy and Implementation in ChinaChina’s energy development strategy and climate change, how to make CDM work for sustainable development in China?</p><p> CDM projects in China: policies assessment and recommendations for improvement.</p><p> Energy efficiency CDM projects and renewable CDM projects in China: case studies</p><p>Firstly, this thesis reviewed the current CDM developments in China, attentions were given to the renewable energy, energy efficiency and methane capture project opportunities in China.</p><p>Secondly, this study introduced China’s current policy on CDM implementation, and reviewed its permission requirements, institutional arrangements and project procedures. Based on the observations, this study analyzed the current problems and pointed out the shortfalls of the existing Chinese CDM policies and institutional settings. Options to remove these barriers were given as recommendations. This thesis also looked at the problem of that CDM was designed to have double dividends, to reduce the compliance cost of the Annex I countries and to contribute to sustainable development in Non Annex I Parties, but in reality, CDM has caused concerns about whether it could really support sustainable development in host countries. This study analyzed the reasons underpin this problem.</p><p>Thirdly, based on the analysis made on energy efficiency and renewable CDM project development in China, case study was given on China’s landfill gas to energy project. This study analyzed the perspective of GHG mitigation through landfill gas capture and utilization in China, its opportunities and challenges. Moreover, this study demonstrated how CDM can add value to landfill gas-to-energy projects in China.</p>

<p>U okviru disertacije, kori&scaron;ćenjem linearnog programiranja, definisani<br />su različiti modeli za optimizaciju monitoringa deponijskog gasa i<br />procedne vode na zatvorenim deponijama. Razvoj modela je baziran<br />na grafičkoj metodi linearnog programiranja i upotrebi softvera<br />GeoGebra. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, identifikovani su parametri<br />monitoringa procedne vode kao i obim monitoringa deponijskog gasa<br />i procedne vode. Evaluirani su ekonomski i legislativni efekti<br />modelovanja i uočene značajne mogućnosti u&scaron;tede i unapređenja<br />procesa monitoring zatvorenih deponija.</p> / <p>This doctoral dissertation, by using the linear programming, has defined<br />the various optimization models for the monitoring of landfill gas and<br />leachate at the closed landfills. The development of the model is based<br />on graphical method of linear programming and the usage of GeoGebra<br />software. According to the results, leachate monitoring parameters and<br />landfill gas and leachate monitoring volume have been identified. The<br />economical and legislative effects of the models have also been<br />evaluated, as well as the considerate possibilities for financial saving<br />and improvement of the closed landfill monitoring process.</p>

Esta dissertação visa estimar o potencial de energia elétrica do biogás, conhecido também como gás de aterro, gerado por resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) no Brasil. A estimativa foi aplicada para todos os 5.565 municípios do Brasil. O método utilizado para estimar a geração de biogás foi o IPCC 2000 (First Order Decay - FOD), pois leva em consideração inúmeros parâmetros, como a composição da matéria orgânica no aterro, teor de umidade do lixo, grau de compactação, temperatura no interior do aterro. Adicionalmente, este método é o mais difundido mundialmente e é o mesmo método utilizado para inventários de Gases de Efeito Estufa no Brasil, permitindo, dessa forma, comparações entre os estudos. No método, foram empregados os dados dos censos do IBGE 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 de forma a representar fielmente o crescimento populacional e possibilita estimar a quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados para todos os anos estudados. No estudo, foram analisados três cenários distintos representando diferentes tendências na gestão de resíduos no Brasil (cenários de referência, otimista e pessimista). O potencial elétrico do biogás no Brasil de acordo com o Cenário de referência para 2013 é de 983 MW, representando 1,6 % da potência elétrica instalada atual e para o ano de 2020, o potencial é de 1.602 MW. Concluindo o estudo, foram realizadas análises financeira e de sensibilidade em três diferentes projetos para avaliação da viabilidade de cada projeto. / This dissertation aims to estimate the potential for energy recovery from landfill gas through municipal solid waste (MSW) in Brazil. The survey was carried out in all 5,565 municipalities in Brazil. The used method to estimate the generation of landfill gas was the IPCC 2000 (First Order Decay - FOD) because it takes into account several parameters, such as: the type of organic matter, the waste moisture content, degree of compaction and temperature inside the landfill. Additionally, this method is the most widespread in the world and it is the same method used in greenhouse gases inventories in Brazil, thus allowing comparisons between these studies. In the method, data from national census of 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 was used in order to accurately represent the population growth and allows estimating the amount of solid waste generated in every year. The study analyzed three different scenarios representing different trends in the solid waste management in Brazil (reference, optimistic and pessimistic scenarios). The electrical potential of landfill gas in Brazil (in the reference scenario) in 2013 is 983 MW, representing 1.6% of the current installed capacity and for 2020, the electrical potential is 1,602 MW. Concluding this study, a financial and sensitivity analysis as carried out on three different projects to evaluate the feasibility of each project.

China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world. Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China’s average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest energy conservation markets in the world. The Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China’s sustainable development. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China’s energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM. This study has focused on the following areas:  Clean development Mechanism (CDM) Policy and Implementation in ChinaClean development Mechanism (CDM) Policy and Implementation in ChinaChina’s energy development strategy and climate change, how to make CDM work for sustainable development in China?  CDM projects in China: policies assessment and recommendations for improvement.  Energy efficiency CDM projects and renewable CDM projects in China: case studies Firstly, this thesis reviewed the current CDM developments in China, attentions were given to the renewable energy, energy efficiency and methane capture project opportunities in China. Secondly, this study introduced China’s current policy on CDM implementation, and reviewed its permission requirements, institutional arrangements and project procedures. Based on the observations, this study analyzed the current problems and pointed out the shortfalls of the existing Chinese CDM policies and institutional settings. Options to remove these barriers were given as recommendations. This thesis also looked at the problem of that CDM was designed to have double dividends, to reduce the compliance cost of the Annex I countries and to contribute to sustainable development in Non Annex I Parties, but in reality, CDM has caused concerns about whether it could really support sustainable development in host countries. This study analyzed the reasons underpin this problem. Thirdly, based on the analysis made on energy efficiency and renewable CDM project development in China, case study was given on China’s landfill gas to energy project. This study analyzed the perspective of GHG mitigation through landfill gas capture and utilization in China, its opportunities and challenges. Moreover, this study demonstrated how CDM can add value to landfill gas-to-energy projects in China.

Esta dissertação visa estimar o potencial de energia elétrica do biogás, conhecido também como gás de aterro, gerado por resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) no Brasil. A estimativa foi aplicada para todos os 5.565 municípios do Brasil. O método utilizado para estimar a geração de biogás foi o IPCC 2000 (First Order Decay - FOD), pois leva em consideração inúmeros parâmetros, como a composição da matéria orgânica no aterro, teor de umidade do lixo, grau de compactação, temperatura no interior do aterro. Adicionalmente, este método é o mais difundido mundialmente e é o mesmo método utilizado para inventários de Gases de Efeito Estufa no Brasil, permitindo, dessa forma, comparações entre os estudos. No método, foram empregados os dados dos censos do IBGE 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 de forma a representar fielmente o crescimento populacional e possibilita estimar a quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados para todos os anos estudados. No estudo, foram analisados três cenários distintos representando diferentes tendências na gestão de resíduos no Brasil (cenários de referência, otimista e pessimista). O potencial elétrico do biogás no Brasil de acordo com o Cenário de referência para 2013 é de 983 MW, representando 1,6 % da potência elétrica instalada atual e para o ano de 2020, o potencial é de 1.602 MW. Concluindo o estudo, foram realizadas análises financeira e de sensibilidade em três diferentes projetos para avaliação da viabilidade de cada projeto. / This dissertation aims to estimate the potential for energy recovery from landfill gas through municipal solid waste (MSW) in Brazil. The survey was carried out in all 5,565 municipalities in Brazil. The used method to estimate the generation of landfill gas was the IPCC 2000 (First Order Decay - FOD) because it takes into account several parameters, such as: the type of organic matter, the waste moisture content, degree of compaction and temperature inside the landfill. Additionally, this method is the most widespread in the world and it is the same method used in greenhouse gases inventories in Brazil, thus allowing comparisons between these studies. In the method, data from national census of 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010 was used in order to accurately represent the population growth and allows estimating the amount of solid waste generated in every year. The study analyzed three different scenarios representing different trends in the solid waste management in Brazil (reference, optimistic and pessimistic scenarios). The electrical potential of landfill gas in Brazil (in the reference scenario) in 2013 is 983 MW, representing 1.6% of the current installed capacity and for 2020, the electrical potential is 1,602 MW. Concluding this study, a financial and sensitivity analysis as carried out on three different projects to evaluate the feasibility of each project.

Siloxanes are widely used in personal care and industrial products due to their low surface tension, thermal stability, antimicrobial and hydrophobic properties, among other characteristics. Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) have been detected both in landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digesters at wastewater treatment plants. As a result, they are released to gas phase during waste decomposition and wastewater treatment. During transformation processes of digester or landfill gas to energy, siloxanes are converted to silicon oxides, leaving abrasive deposits on engine components. These deposits cause increased maintenance costs and in some cases complete engine overhauls become necessary. The objectives of this study were to compare the VMS types and levels present in biogas generated in the anaerobic digesters and landfills and evaluate the energetics of siloxane transformations under anaerobic conditions. Siloxane emissions, resulting from disposal of silicone-based materials, are expected to increase by 29% within the next 10 years. Estimated concentrations and the risk factors of exposure to siloxanes were evaluated based on the initial concentrations, partitioning characteristics and persistence. It was determined that D4 has the highest risk factor associated to bioaccumulation in liquid and solid phase, whereas D5 was highest in gas phase. Additionally, as siloxanes are combusted, the particle size range causes them to be potentially hazardous to human health. When inhaled, they may affix onto the alveoli of the lungs and may lead to development of silicosis. Siloxane-based COD-loading was evaluated and determined to be an insignificant factor concerning COD limits in wastewater. Removal of siloxane compounds is recommended prior to land application of biosolids or combustion of biogas. A comparison of estimated costs was made between maintenance practices for removal of siloxane deposits and installation/operation of fixed-bed carbon absorption systems. In the majority of cases, the installation of fixed-bed adsorption systems would not be a feasible option for the sole purpose of siloxane removal. However they may be utilized to remove additional compounds simultaneously.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OmarJoaodaMataDissertacao.pdf: 976126 bytes, checksum: 616780a10a223756893e1ab9f6ac26d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-05 / The purpose of this study was to measure biogas emission from a monitored landfill in the city of Betim, State of Minas Gerais, in southeast Brazil, and determine parameters for the application of mathematical models to evaluate methane production and the possible generation of energy for the specific Betim region. The study was conducted at the city sanitary landfill. With 500,000 inhabitants, and producing 300 tons of residues a day, Betim started to operate its sanitary landfill in 2002 and is expected to close it in 2012. The system of disposition and treatment of garbage includes the landfill, manure treatment ponds and a composting yard. It receives domestic and commercial waste from the city and the remains of pruning and weeding. The residues from pruning and weeding, restaurants and garbage trucks are transformed into organic matter on the composting yard. The gas consists of 50%-60% of methane generated by decomposition of the organic matter by bacteria, and also of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, water and small percentages of other elements. Several collections and analyses were carried out and compared with different measurement estimates of the biogas capturing system of sanitary landfills by different methods: World Bank WB; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC; and United States Environment Protection Agency USEPA, with the aim of finding parameters to evaluate the data obtained. The comparison of our data with the curves foreseen with the methods above, and the results provided by the laboratory, made it possible to validate the theoretical models. / O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a emissão de biogás a partir de um aterro monitorado na cidade de Betim, Estado de Minas Gerais, no sudeste do Brasil, e determinar parâmetros para a aplicação de modelos matemáticos para avaliar a produção de metano ea geração de energia possível para o Betim região específica. O estudo foi realizado no aterro sanitário da cidade. Com 500.000 habitantes, e produzindo 300 toneladas de resíduos por dia, Betim começou a operar seu aterro sanitário em 2002 e deverá ser concluída em 2012. O sistema de disposição e tratamento de lixo inclui o aterro sanitário, lagoas de tratamento de chorume e um pátio de compostagem. Ele recebe lixo doméstico e comercial da cidade e os restos de poda e capina. Os resíduos de poda e capina, restaurantes e caminhões de lixo são transformados em matéria orgânica no pátio de compostagem. O gás é constituído por 50% -60% de metano gerado pela decomposição da matéria orgânica por bactérias, e também de dióxido de carbono, oxigênio, hidrogênio, sulfureto de hidrogênio, amoníaco, monóxido de carbono, água e pequenas percentagens de outros elementos. Várias coleções e análises foram realizados e comparados com estimativas de medição diferentes das biogás captura sistema de aterros sanitários por meio de métodos diferentes: Banco Mundial - BM; Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima - IPCC, e Estados Unidos Agência de Proteção Ambiental - EPA, com o objetivo de encontrar parâmetros para avaliar os dados obtidos. A comparação dos nossos dados com as curvas previstas com os métodos acima, e os resultados fornecidos pelo laboratório, tornou possível para validar os modelos teóricos.

Sundsvall Energi har ansvaret för den gamla deponin på Blåbergets avfallsanläggning strax västerut från Sundsvall. Mellan slutet av 1960-talet fram till och med 2008 har ca 2 miljoner ton avfall deponerats. Från denna deponi har det under en längre tid producerats stora mängder deponigas. Deponigasen har tidigare använts i en hetvattenpanna vid Nacksta och tillfört värme till fjärrvärmesystemet. På grund av ineffektiv drift och minskande metaninnehåll i deponigasen stoppades transporten av deponigas till Nacksta 2013. Därefter har deponigasen enbart använts för fackling vilket innebär att deponigasen förbränns i en gasfackla. Enligt bestämmelser måste deponigas behandlas och användas för exempelvis energiutvinning eftersom innehållet i deponigasen har en kraftig växthuseffekt då gasen består av ca 40–60 % metan och 30–50 % koldioxid. Metan har en 28 gånger högre potential för global uppvärmning jämfört med koldioxid över en 100-årsperiod. I detta examensarbete har syftet varit att undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns för att ta vara på deponigasens energiinnehåll och därmed föreslå ett tekniskt alternativ gentemot enbart fackling av deponigasen. Dessutom har arbetet som syfte att beskriva den miljömässiga- och ekonomiska nyttan. Arbetet har utförts genom att energiinnehållet har tagits fram genom formler och antaganden samt att värmebehovet och uppskattningen av investeringskostnaden tagits fram. Nuvärdesmetoden och PayOffmetoden använts i samband ekonomiberäkningen i arbetet. Värmebehovet på anläggningen fick styra över hur mycket effekt som värmekällan bör ha för att klara högsta årsbehovet. Examensarbetet resulterade i att det mest lämpliga teknikalternativet, nämligen Stirlingmotorn, användes i detta arbete. På grund av ogynnsamma förutsättningar för att täcka värmebehovet på anläggningen har antagandet gjorts att den producerade värmen i stället gör miljönytta genom att tillföra värme till en av lakvattendammarna. Den producerade elen beräknades ha en täckningsgrad på ca 19 % av totala energiförbrukningen på anläggningen. Lönsamhetskalkylerna visar att lönsamheten för en eventuell investering blir ogynnsam vid låga elpriser samt vid låga metanhalter. Dock blir lönsamheten lämpligare vid höga elpriser och lägre investeringskostnader. Dessutom kunde det konstateras att lönsamheten blir betydligt gynnsammare om värmeproduktionen skulle ha nyttiggjorts samtidigt som elproduktionen. / Sundsvall Energi is responsible for taking care of the old landfill at  Blåberget waste facility west of Sundsvall. Between the end of the 1960s to year 2008, about 2 million tons of waste were deposit at the landfill. Large amounts of landfill gas have been produced at this landfill over the years. The landfill gas has previously been burned in a boiler at Nacksta and therefore added some heat to the district heating system. Due to inefficiency and declining methane content in the landfill gas, the distribution of landfill gas to Nacksta ended in 2013. Since then, the landfill gas has only been torched at the landfill site. Since the landfill gas has a strong greenhouse effect and due to regulations, the landfill gas must be treated and used for, as an example, energy utilization. Methane has a 28 times higher contribution risk to global warming compared to carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. In this project, the purpose has been to investigate what opportunities there are to utilize the energy content in the landfill gas and by that suggest an alternative instead of just torching the landfill gas. Additionally, the further purpose with the project is to describe the  environmental and economic benefits of the solution. The work has been done by determine the energy content by using formulas and assumptions. In addition, the heat demand for the landfill site as well as the estimation of investment cost was determined. The NPV and the Pay-Off was used in the economic calculations. The heat demand of the landfill site was the deciding factor of how much power the technical alternative should have to meet the highest annual heat demand. The project resulted in the fact that the most suitable technical alternative, namely the Stirling engine, became the technical choice in this work. Due to unfavorable conditions for the heat production from the Stirling engines at the plant, the assumption was made that the produced heat instead got  to supply heat to one of the leachate ponds. The electricity produced was calculated to meet around 19% of the total energy consumption at the landfill site. The economical estimates showed that the profitability of an eventual investment becomes unfavorable at low electricity prices and at low methane contents. However, the investment becomes far more profitable at high electricity prices and at lower investment costs. In addition, the results showed that profitability would be far more favorable if the produced heat had been utilized for property heating simultaneously as the electricity got produced.