Les milieux agricoles constituent des habitats essentiels pour de nombreuses espèces mais l’intensification agricole des dernières décennies a provoqué un fort déclin de la biodiversité. Cette intensification a des conséquences tant à l’échelle locale de la parcelle (engrais, pesticides, labour, perte de diversité des espèces cultivées) qu’à l’échelle du paysage (homogénéisation, perte des éléments semi-naturels) et a des dimensions tant spatiales que temporelles (simplification des rotations culturales). L’objectif général de cette thèse est donc (i) d’identifier les processus structurant les communautés dans le temps et l’espace en milieu changeant et hétérogène ; (ii) de tester l’influence de l’hétérogénéité des cultures en terme de composition et de configuration, (iii) ainsi que l’influence des pratiques agricoles plus extensives (agriculture biologique) sur la diversité et la stabilité des communautés. Nous avons premièrement évalué la part relative de l’environnement vs de la dispersion dans les processus d’assemblage des communautés d’oiseaux. Nos résultats mettent en avant un fort effet de la dispersion dans les milieux agricoles ouverts, par opposition à un effet dominant de l’environnement dans les milieux plus bocagers. Nous concluons que les communautés seraient plus structurées par des processus de type « mass effect » en milieu changeant et par des processus de type « species sorting » en milieux stables. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la composition et de la configuration des cultures à travers une analyse inter-sites (comparaison entre 8 sites d’étude en Europe et Canada) nous permettant de vérifier la généralité des effets observés. Nous avons testé si l’effet de l’hétérogénéité était dépendant du niveau d’intensification global de la région ou de sa composition en éléments semi-naturels. Nos résultats montrent globalement un effet positif de la composition en culture agissant en interaction avec les éléments boisés du paysage et dépendant du niveau d’intensification (plus de diversité dans les paysages complexes, boisés et de faible niveau d’intensification).Troisièmement, nous avons cherché à évaluer l’importance relative des composantes spatiales et temporelles et à mettre en évidence d’éventuels facteurs stabilisant les communautés d’oiseaux face à l’instabilité et l’imprédictibilité des milieux agricoles. Notre hypothèse était que l’hétérogénéité des milieux agricoles pourrait jouer un rôle d’assurance en stabilisant les communautés localement. Nos résultats montrent un turnover important des espèces dans le temps et l’espace et mettent en évidence que les éléments pérennes du paysage (haies) ainsi qu’une configuration complexe contribuent à stabiliser les communautés locales dans le temps. Enfin nous avons testé l’effet de pratiques agricoles moins intensives (agriculture biologique) à l’échelle du paysage sur la diversité des communautés d’adventices. Nous avons cherché à vérifier l’hypothèse que les parcelles gérées en agriculture biologiques pouvaient constituer des zones refuges et maintenir la diversité des adventices au sein des paysages agricoles via des phénomènes de dispersion à l’échelle de la méta-communauté. Nos résultats montrent un effet positif de l’agriculture biologique à l’échelle du paysage sur la richesse spécifique des champs conventionnels et biologiques, et principalement prononcé en bordure de champs et sur les espèces rares. En conclusion nous montrons que des solutions existent pour concilier production et biodiversité dans les agro-ecosystèmes (selon l’hypothèse de « land sharing ») via un maintien ou un rétablissement de la diversité des cultures associé à la préservation de zones semi-naturelles, ainsi que par le maintien dans les paysages d’exploitations gérées de manière moins intensives pouvant constituer des zones source de biodiversité. / Agricultural areas represent essential habitats for many species, but the agricultural intensification of the last decades has caused a significant decline in biodiversity. This intensification has consequences both at the local level in fields (fertilizer, pesticides, ploughing, decrease in cultivated crop diversity) and at the landscape level (homogenization, decrease in semi-natural habitats) and impacts both the spatial and temporal levels (decrease in crop rotation complexity). The main objective of this PhD was (i) to identify the structuring processes of bird and weed communities in space and time in changing and heterogeneous landscapes; (ii) to assess crop heterogeneity effects (composition and configuration), (iii) and the impact of more extensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on the stability and diversity of bird communities. We first assessed the role of environment as it related to dispersal and structuring of bird communities. Our results show a strong dispersal effect in open agricultural landscapes, as opposed to a dominant structuring effect of environment in more wooded agricultural landscapes. We conclude that bird communities could be more structured by a « mass effect » process in changing landscapes and by a « species sorting » process in stable landscapes.Secondly, we analyzed crop composition and configuration effects in an inter-site study (comparison between eight study sites in Europe and Canada), enabling us to check the generality of the effects we observed. We studied whether or not landscape heterogeneity was dependent on the overall intensification level or on the proportion of semi-natural habitats of the region. Our results show a positive effect of crop composition complexity, interacting with the semi-natural habitats and intensification levels (more diversity in complex landscapes with wooded areas and low intensification levels).Thirdly, we compared the relative importance of spatial and temporal components, and we tried to identify potential stabilizing factors for bird communities in response to the instability and unpredictability of agricultural landscapes. Our hypothesis is that agricultural landscape heterogeneity can act to ensure the stabilization of the local communities. Our results show a significant species turnover in space and time, and highlight the fact that perennial landscape habitats (hedgerows) as well as complex landscape configurations contribute to the stabilization of local communities over time. Finally, we assessed the effects of less intensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on weed community diversity at the landscape level. We tested the hypothesis that organic fields can constitute refuge areas and maintain weed diversity in agricultural landscapes via the dispersal processes at the meta-community level. Our results show the positive effects of organic farming on the richness of weed species for both conventional and organic fields, but positive effects were more pronounced in field boundaries and for rare species.In conclusion, this thesis shows that potential solutions exist to conciliate production and biodiversity in agro-ecosystems (according to the « land sharing » hypothesis) by the preservation or the restoration of crop diversity associated with the conservation of semi-natural habitats, and by supporting less intensive farms which can constitute source areas of biodiversity.

Conservation corridors, areas of land connecting patches of natural land cover, are frequently cited and implemented as a restorative strategy to counteract fragmentation. Current corridor ecology focuses on experimental corridor systems or designed and built conservation corridors to assess functionality. Such systems and designs are typically short, straight swaths of homogenous land cover with unambiguous transitions between patches. Quantifying the degree to which amorphous landscape configurations, tortuosity, and heterogeneity of land cover and land uses within the corridor has on functional connectedness is a crucial yet overlooked component of corridor efficacy studies. Corridor literature lacks a robust and repeatable methodology for delineating existing landscape elements, recognizing arbitrary edges, and identifying the start and end of ambiguous transitions between the patches and corridor. Using a set of landscapes being studied as part of a global assessment of corridor efficacy, I designed a workflow that standardizes the boundary of corridor-patch interfaces. The proposed method is a quantitative and repeatable approach that minimizes the subjectivity in corridor delineations. This research investigates the degree to which the existence of a corridor modifies the structural and functional connectivity between patches connected by a corridor compared to an intact reference area.

Programas de restauração florestal e pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos vêm sendo incentivados em várias regiões que apresentam problemas de abastecimento hídrico, com objetivo de recuperação e manutenção dos recursos hídricos. Embora se considere que a cobertura florestal é benéfica para a conservação dos recursos hídricos, esta relação é complexa e dependente de vários fatores físicos, assim como da proporção e da configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da proporção e configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica no aumento ou manutenção dos serviços hidrológicos. Para tal, um modelo hidrológico distribuído de base física foi calibrado e validado para permitir a simulação hidrológica dos diferentes usos da terra. A parametrização do modelo teve como base uma bacia hidrográfica monitorada (deflúvio e precipitação) de características agrícolas (pastagem e cana-de-açúcar). Após calibrado e validado o modelo (R2 de 0,65 e 0,62 respectivamente), os cenários a serem simulados foram gerados modificando-se a composição da paisagem (proporção de cobertura florestal) e a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal. É importante ressaltar que as modificações no modelo para cada uso foram referentes diretamente aos processos de evapotranspiração e escoamento superficial e seus desdobramentos. Não foram modificados os processos referentes ao solo (e.g. infiltração e percolação), uma vez que a influência do uso na estrutura do solo ainda é um ponto conflitante. Os serviços hidrológicos considerados foram os de disponibilidade hídrica e proteção. Os indicadores para análise da disponibilidade hídrica foram o deflúvio anual (Q), vazões mínimas (Q95) e índice de fluxo base (BFI); e os indicadores de proteção foram as vazões máximas (Q5) e índice de velocidade (IF). O efeito da proporção da cobertura florestal foi testado por meio de cenários com aumento aleatório de 10% na cobertura florestal (CF), iniciando com o cenário referência de 0% CF até o cenário referência de 100% (11 cenários simulados). As hipóteses testadas foram de que (i) o aumento da cobertura florestal diminui o serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica, e (ii) o aumento da cobertura florestal aumenta o serviço hidrológico de proteção. Ambas as hipóteses foram aceitas, uma vez que, apesar de os resultados terem apresentado diferenças relativas entre os cenários, não foi possível obter diferença estatística para todos os indicadores. Foi constatada diminuição dos indicadores de Q e Q95 e aumento nos valores de Q5 seguidos de aumento da cobertura florestal. A diferença estatística ocorreu para os indicadores Q e Q5, sendo que em ambos foi possível perceber um limiar de 50% CF, a partir do qual o deflúvio anual e o índice de máximas passaram a ser estatisticamente diferentes do cenário 0% CF. O efeito da configuração espacial foi testado por meio de simulações de cenários com a mesma proporção de cobertura florestal, mas com alterações quanto a sua configuração espacial. Foram simulados quatro cenários: CF no terço inferior (INF); CF no terço médio (MED); CF no terço superior (SUP) da bacia hidrográfica; e CF aleatoriamente distribuída na área (ALE). As hipóteses testadas foram que (i) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica não tem influência no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade de água; e (ii) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal nas áreas próximas aos corpos hídricos (terço inferior) tem influência positiva no serviço de proteção, ou seja, no aumento deste serviço. Os resultados permitiram aceitar parcialmente as hipóteses, uma vez que apesar de relativamente ocorrer diferenças no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica esta não foi estatisticamente significativa, o mesmo ocorrendo para o serviço de proteção. Assim como anteriormente, os resultados permitiram perceber um trade-off entre os serviços testados, pois o cenário com maior redução nos valores de Q e Q95 (INF) foi o que apresentou as maiores reduções no índice de vazão máxima. No entanto, mesmo com a diminuição nos indicadores de disponibilidade hídrica, o cenário com cobertura florestal na parte inferior da bacia hidrográfica foi considerado o mais próximo a um ótimo em relação aos serviços hidrológicos. Diante dos resultados encontrados, pode-se observar que ao se tratar de serviços hidrológicos a cobertura florestal pode apresentar trade-off entre os mesmos, sendo necessário aos programas de restauração e pagamento de serviços ambientais conhecerem esta dinâmica para maximizarem o serviço hidrológico de interesse. / Water resources recovery and maintenance are the main objectives of restoration cover forest programs and payment for ecosystem services. These programs are gaining force and incentives, especially in water crises regions. However, water resources recovery and maintenance are attributed in many cases to forest cover effects on hydrological processes and, consequently, on hydrological services. In this context, our aim in this study was to evaluate if forest cover restoration can result in increase or maintenance of hydrological services. Therefore, firstly it was necessary to calibrate and validate a distributed hydrological physical base model to simulate different land use at the catchment scale. The model parameterization was done on a monitored catchment (flow and precipitation) of agricultural characteristics (pasture and sugar cane). After calibrating and validating the model (R2 of 0.65 and 0.62, respectively), the land use scenarios were generated based on two landscape approaches: forest cover proportion and spatial configuration on catchment scale. The hydrological services used were water supply and protection; indicators for analysis were annual flow (Q), minimum flows (Q95), base flow index (BFI); maximum flows (Q5) and velocity index (IF). Q, Q95 e BFI correspond to water supply, the others are flood protection service. The first approach objective was tested forest cover proportion scenarios with a random increase in forest cover (CF) of 10%, starting with 0% CF reference scenario to 100% CF reference scenario (total of 11 simulated scenarios). The hypotheses tested were that (i) the random increase in forest cover decreases the hydrological service of water supply, and (ii) the random increase in forest cover increases the hydrological protection service. Both hypotheses were partially accepted. Since the results showed relative differences between the scenarios without statistical difference. There was a decrease in Q and Q95 indicators and an increase in Q5 values followed by an increase in forest cover. The statistical difference happened only for Q and Q5 indicators. For both hydrological services it is possible to perceive a threshold of 50% CF, from which the flow annual and the maximum index become statistically different from the 0% CF scenario. The second approach was the simulations of same forest cover proportion scenarios, however with changes in their spatial configuration. Four scenarios were simulated: CF in the lower land (LOW); CF in the middle land (MIDD); CF in the upper lands (UPP) of the river basin; and CF randomly distributed in the area (RAN). The hypotheses tested were (i) the forest cover spatial configuration has no influence on water supply hydrological service; and (ii) the forest cover spatial configuration in areas near the water bodies (lower land) has a positive impact on protection hydrological service. Our results allowed partially accepting the hypotheses, since there are relative differences in the water supply hydrological service after scenarios simulation, there was no statistically significant difference, the same occurring for the protection hydrological service. The results allow us to highlight a trade-off between hydrological services tested in this study, for example, the scenario with the greatest reduction in Q and Q95 values (LOW) also presented the greatest reductions in Q5. However, even with the decrease in water supply indicators, the LOW scenario was considered the closest to an optimum scenario to hydrological services. In view of this, we can be observed that forest cover can present hydrological services trade-off, being necessary to restoration and payment of environmental services programs to know dynamics to maximize the hydrological service of interest. It is important to emphasize that these results and analyses simulations were based on land use change scenarios (related to the evapotranspiration and surface runoff processes) and their unfolding, however, were not modified (e.g. infiltration and percolation). However, land use effects on the soil structure are still not proved a point, possibly these being key processes to forest cover restoration and hydrological services trade-off.

Programas de restauração florestal e pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos vêm sendo incentivados em várias regiões que apresentam problemas de abastecimento hídrico, com objetivo de recuperação e manutenção dos recursos hídricos. Embora se considere que a cobertura florestal é benéfica para a conservação dos recursos hídricos, esta relação é complexa e dependente de vários fatores físicos, assim como da proporção e da configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da proporção e configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica no aumento ou manutenção dos serviços hidrológicos. Para tal, um modelo hidrológico distribuído de base física foi calibrado e validado para permitir a simulação hidrológica dos diferentes usos da terra. A parametrização do modelo teve como base uma bacia hidrográfica monitorada (deflúvio e precipitação) de características agrícolas (pastagem e cana-de-açúcar). Após calibrado e validado o modelo (R2 de 0,65 e 0,62 respectivamente), os cenários a serem simulados foram gerados modificando-se a composição da paisagem (proporção de cobertura florestal) e a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal. É importante ressaltar que as modificações no modelo para cada uso foram referentes diretamente aos processos de evapotranspiração e escoamento superficial e seus desdobramentos. Não foram modificados os processos referentes ao solo (e.g. infiltração e percolação), uma vez que a influência do uso na estrutura do solo ainda é um ponto conflitante. Os serviços hidrológicos considerados foram os de disponibilidade hídrica e proteção. Os indicadores para análise da disponibilidade hídrica foram o deflúvio anual (Q), vazões mínimas (Q95) e índice de fluxo base (BFI); e os indicadores de proteção foram as vazões máximas (Q5) e índice de velocidade (IF). O efeito da proporção da cobertura florestal foi testado por meio de cenários com aumento aleatório de 10% na cobertura florestal (CF), iniciando com o cenário referência de 0% CF até o cenário referência de 100% (11 cenários simulados). As hipóteses testadas foram de que (i) o aumento da cobertura florestal diminui o serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica, e (ii) o aumento da cobertura florestal aumenta o serviço hidrológico de proteção. Ambas as hipóteses foram aceitas, uma vez que, apesar de os resultados terem apresentado diferenças relativas entre os cenários, não foi possível obter diferença estatística para todos os indicadores. Foi constatada diminuição dos indicadores de Q e Q95 e aumento nos valores de Q5 seguidos de aumento da cobertura florestal. A diferença estatística ocorreu para os indicadores Q e Q5, sendo que em ambos foi possível perceber um limiar de 50% CF, a partir do qual o deflúvio anual e o índice de máximas passaram a ser estatisticamente diferentes do cenário 0% CF. O efeito da configuração espacial foi testado por meio de simulações de cenários com a mesma proporção de cobertura florestal, mas com alterações quanto a sua configuração espacial. Foram simulados quatro cenários: CF no terço inferior (INF); CF no terço médio (MED); CF no terço superior (SUP) da bacia hidrográfica; e CF aleatoriamente distribuída na área (ALE). As hipóteses testadas foram que (i) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica não tem influência no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade de água; e (ii) a configuração espacial da cobertura florestal nas áreas próximas aos corpos hídricos (terço inferior) tem influência positiva no serviço de proteção, ou seja, no aumento deste serviço. Os resultados permitiram aceitar parcialmente as hipóteses, uma vez que apesar de relativamente ocorrer diferenças no serviço hidrológico de disponibilidade hídrica esta não foi estatisticamente significativa, o mesmo ocorrendo para o serviço de proteção. Assim como anteriormente, os resultados permitiram perceber um trade-off entre os serviços testados, pois o cenário com maior redução nos valores de Q e Q95 (INF) foi o que apresentou as maiores reduções no índice de vazão máxima. No entanto, mesmo com a diminuição nos indicadores de disponibilidade hídrica, o cenário com cobertura florestal na parte inferior da bacia hidrográfica foi considerado o mais próximo a um ótimo em relação aos serviços hidrológicos. Diante dos resultados encontrados, pode-se observar que ao se tratar de serviços hidrológicos a cobertura florestal pode apresentar trade-off entre os mesmos, sendo necessário aos programas de restauração e pagamento de serviços ambientais conhecerem esta dinâmica para maximizarem o serviço hidrológico de interesse. / Water resources recovery and maintenance are the main objectives of restoration cover forest programs and payment for ecosystem services. These programs are gaining force and incentives, especially in water crises regions. However, water resources recovery and maintenance are attributed in many cases to forest cover effects on hydrological processes and, consequently, on hydrological services. In this context, our aim in this study was to evaluate if forest cover restoration can result in increase or maintenance of hydrological services. Therefore, firstly it was necessary to calibrate and validate a distributed hydrological physical base model to simulate different land use at the catchment scale. The model parameterization was done on a monitored catchment (flow and precipitation) of agricultural characteristics (pasture and sugar cane). After calibrating and validating the model (R2 of 0.65 and 0.62, respectively), the land use scenarios were generated based on two landscape approaches: forest cover proportion and spatial configuration on catchment scale. The hydrological services used were water supply and protection; indicators for analysis were annual flow (Q), minimum flows (Q95), base flow index (BFI); maximum flows (Q5) and velocity index (IF). Q, Q95 e BFI correspond to water supply, the others are flood protection service. The first approach objective was tested forest cover proportion scenarios with a random increase in forest cover (CF) of 10%, starting with 0% CF reference scenario to 100% CF reference scenario (total of 11 simulated scenarios). The hypotheses tested were that (i) the random increase in forest cover decreases the hydrological service of water supply, and (ii) the random increase in forest cover increases the hydrological protection service. Both hypotheses were partially accepted. Since the results showed relative differences between the scenarios without statistical difference. There was a decrease in Q and Q95 indicators and an increase in Q5 values followed by an increase in forest cover. The statistical difference happened only for Q and Q5 indicators. For both hydrological services it is possible to perceive a threshold of 50% CF, from which the flow annual and the maximum index become statistically different from the 0% CF scenario. The second approach was the simulations of same forest cover proportion scenarios, however with changes in their spatial configuration. Four scenarios were simulated: CF in the lower land (LOW); CF in the middle land (MIDD); CF in the upper lands (UPP) of the river basin; and CF randomly distributed in the area (RAN). The hypotheses tested were (i) the forest cover spatial configuration has no influence on water supply hydrological service; and (ii) the forest cover spatial configuration in areas near the water bodies (lower land) has a positive impact on protection hydrological service. Our results allowed partially accepting the hypotheses, since there are relative differences in the water supply hydrological service after scenarios simulation, there was no statistically significant difference, the same occurring for the protection hydrological service. The results allow us to highlight a trade-off between hydrological services tested in this study, for example, the scenario with the greatest reduction in Q and Q95 values (LOW) also presented the greatest reductions in Q5. However, even with the decrease in water supply indicators, the LOW scenario was considered the closest to an optimum scenario to hydrological services. In view of this, we can be observed that forest cover can present hydrological services trade-off, being necessary to restoration and payment of environmental services programs to know dynamics to maximize the hydrological service of interest. It is important to emphasize that these results and analyses simulations were based on land use change scenarios (related to the evapotranspiration and surface runoff processes) and their unfolding, however, were not modified (e.g. infiltration and percolation). However, land use effects on the soil structure are still not proved a point, possibly these being key processes to forest cover restoration and hydrological services trade-off.

Halbnatürliche Grünlandflächen sind artenreiche Habitate von großer Bedeutung für viele Tier- und Pflanzenarten und die Bereitstellung zahlreicher Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Jedoch werden diese Flächen zunehmend seltener, weshalb ihr Schutz in Europa ein wichtiges Ziel geworden ist. Der Verlust von halbnatürlichem Grünland ist häufig mit einer Intensivierung der Agrarwirtschaft verbunden und innerhalb Europas geographisch sehr unterschiedlich. Diese Arbeit befasst sich hauptsächlich mit der Region Südtranssilvanien in Rumänien, in der fast alle dauerhaften Grünlandflächen halbnatürlich sind, jedoch von der zunehmenden Intensivierung bedroht werden. Der Schutz dieser Grünlandflächen wird hier auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Ebenen und aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln betrachtet, um sowohl die ökologischen als auch die gesellschaftlichen Aspekte der Bewirtschaftung zu berücksichtigen. Schutzmaßnahmen werden derzeit hauptsächlich auf der Feldebene umgesetzt, jedoch interagieren Grünlandarten häufig auch mit Populationen in der umgebenden Landschaft. Daher beschäftigt sich Kapitel 2 dieser Arbeit am Beispiel von Pflanzen und Heuschrecken mit den Auswirkungen von ökologischen Prozessen auf Grünlandarten auf lokaler und auf Landschaftsebene. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Landschaftszusammensetzung im 2 km-Radius einen gleichstarken Effekt auf die Artenvielfalt hat wie die lokalen Faktoren. Hierbei steigt der Pflanzenartenreichtum mit höherer Landschaftsheterogenität, während die Heuschrecken positiv auf den Anteil von Grünlandfläche in der Umgebung reagieren. Schutzmaßnahmen für artenreiches Grünland sollten daher Prozesse auf Landschaftsebene mit berücksichtigen, obwohl kein Landschaftstyp gleichzeitig alle Artengruppen begünstigt. Daher ist die Förderung einer extensiven Landwirtschaft die beste Möglichkeit, eine Vielfalt an Landschaftstypen zu erhalten, die die Artenvielfalt der Grünländer unterstützt. Neben dem Design von Schutzmaßnahmen ist auch ihre Umsetzbarkeit von großer Bedeutung. In der Untersuchungsregion ist die Kooperation der Nutzer miteinander besonders wichtig für Management-Entscheidungen, da es sich bei dem beweideten Grünland überwiegend um gemeinschaftlich benutzte Flächen (Allmendweiden) handelt. Allerdings zeigt Kapitel 3, dass sich dieses System hin zur Aufteilung der Flächen in kleinere Parzellen, die von Einzelnen gepachtet werden, verändert. Diese „Privatisierung“ der Allmende wird hauptsächlich von den flächenbasierten Zahlungen der gemeinsamen EU-Agrarpolitik gefördert. Sie wirkt sich derzeit sowohl negativ auf den Zugang von Kleinbauern zur Weide, als auch möglicherweise auf deren extensive Bewirtschaftung aus. Kapitel 4 untersucht daher das Potential von Bauernverbänden für die Wahrung der gemeinschaftlichen Bewirtschaftung von Allmendweiden. Bauernverbände können mithilfe von Agrarsubventionen eine extensive Bewirtschaftung der Allmendweide sichern sowie auch Informationen und Dienstleistungen für die Landwirte bereitstellen. Derzeit bedürfen derartige Verbände in der Untersuchungsregion allerdings noch Unterstützung bei der Organisation ihrer Aktivitäten. Forschung und Politik auf der europäischen Ebene müssen die Vielfalt der sozio-ökologischen Kontexte berücksichtigen, unter denen Naturschutz in Agrarlandlandschaften stattfindet. Kapitel 5 zeigt auf, dass die Unterschiede im Naturschutz in der Agrarlandschaft zwischen Ländern in West- und Osteuropa nicht ausreichend wahrgenommen werden. Forschung und Politik sind vorwiegend auf westeuropäische Länder fokussiert, während sich besonders große Flächen von artenreichen Agrarlandschaften jedoch in Osteuropa befinden. Diese benötigen häufig andere Naturschutzkonzepte, da sich die Hofstruktur und die Einstellung gegenüber dem Naturschutz vielfach von der in Westeuropa unterscheiden. Forschung in weniger untersuchten Gegenden sollte gefördert werden, um regional-spezifische, wissensbasierte Maßnahmen zu erarbeiten. Zudem sollte versucht werden, über Umweltbildung die Effektivität von Maßnahmen zu erhöhen. Die ausgedehnten Grünlandflächen in Südtranssilvanien bieten eine hervorragende Möglichkeit extensive, artenreiche Agrarlandschaften zu untersuchen und zu schützen. Auch wenn die Bewirtschaftung traditionell wirkt, ist der Fortschritt in vielen Bereichen sichtbar. Diese von Menschen geschaffenen Habitate müssen den zukünftigen Bedürfnissen einer wachsenden Bevölkerung angepasst werden. Diese Arbeit versucht durch das Verständnis der Einflussfaktoren auf Grünland, Wege aufzuzeigen, wie Entwicklungs- und Naturschutzziele miteinander verbunden werden können. Dies kann vor allem durch wissensbasierte und effiziente Naturschutzmaßnahmen und durch die Stärkung der Zusammenarbeit unterschiedlicher Interessengruppen erreicht werden. Dies gilt für viele Teile Osteuropas, in denen extensive Landwirtschaft und gemeinschaftliche Landnutzung Möglichkeiten bieten, artenreiche Agrarlandschaften auch in Zukunft zu erhalten.

In this dissertation, we study integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes. Specifically, we provide a framework for linking individual dispersal behavior with population-level dynamics in patchy landscapes by integrating recent advances in modeling dispersal into an integrodifference equation. First, we formulate a random-walk model in a patchy landscape with patch-dependent diffusion, settling, and mortality rates. We incorporate mechanisms for individual behavior at an interface which, in general, results in the probability-density function of the random walker being discontinuous at an interface. We show that the dispersal kernel can be characterized as the Green's function of a second-order differential operator and illustrate the kind of (discontinuous) dispersal kernels that arise from our approach. We examine the dependence of obtained kernels on model parameters. Secondly, we analyze integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes equipped with discontinuous kernels. We obtain explicit formulae for the critical-domain-size problem, as well as, explicit formulae for the analogous critical size of good patches on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape. We examine the dependence of obtained formulae on individual behavior at an interface. Through numerical simulations, we observe that, if the population can persist on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape, its spatial profile can evolve into a discontinuous traveling periodic wave. We derive a dispersion relation for the speed of the wave and illustrate how interface behavior affects invasion speeds. Lastly, we develop a strategic model for the spread of the emerald ash borer and its interaction with host trees. A thorough literature search provides point estimates and interval ranges for model parameters. Numerical simulations show that the spatial profile of an emerald ash borer invasion evolves into a pulse-like solution that moves with constant speed. We employ Latin hypercube sampling to obtain a plausible collection of parameter values and use a sensitivity analysis technique, partial rank correlation coefficients, to identify model parameters that have the greatest influence on obtained speeds. We illustrate the applicability of our framework by exploring the effectiveness of barrier zones on slowing the spread of the emerald ash borer invasion.

Understanding how humans and ecosystems interact across landscapes is an importantchallenge for the development of sustainable societies. Human dominated landscapes arefrequently heterogeneous in their distribution of ecosystems and the associated goods andservices. It can be difficult to create management strategies that cater to diverse demandsfrom different resource managers, while at the same time promoting healthy functioningof ecosystems held in common. I use a social network perspective to analyze howmunicipal management units connect to each other with regards to a water resource intwo watersheds in Québec, Canada. I test the importance of collaborative network ties formunicipalities’ engagement in water quality management activities. I assess ifmunicipalities with different ecosystems, namely agriculture and tourism, engagedifferently in water quality management activities and if they have different socialnetworks. I assess the role of third party actor groups such as Government Ministries andNon-Governmental Organizations that connect municipalities across the diverselandscape. Third party actor groups are instrumental in connecting municipalities acrossa diverse landscape. Municipalities with ecosystems facilitating tourism have morecollaborative ties in the water quality management network and are more engaged inwater quality management activities than municipalities managing for agriculturalproduction. An asymmetry in collaborations and activity engagement for water qualitymanagement has implications for the capacity of the region to encourage basin scalewater management.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment l'hétérogénéité du paysage (i.e. composition, structuration spatiale et dynamique temporelle) affecte les populations, notamment dans les paysages agricoles, fortement structurés par la mosaïque des parcelles et les rotations culturales. Nous abordons cette question à la fois de manière théorique (en simulant des dynamiques de populations dans des paysages aux propriétés spatiales et temporelles contrôlées) mais également empirique (en analysant la sélection d'habitat par la communauté de passereaux des paysages agricoles).Nous avons ainsi montré que la composition, la configuration spatiale et la dynamique temporelle étaient toutes trois importantes pour expliquer les dynamiques de population, et que la nature des réponses à l'hétérogénéité dépendait des traits des espèces (taux de croissance, dispersion, échelle de réponse au paysage). L'analyse sur la communauté de passereaux a montré que la composition en cultures influençait la sélection d'habitat chez certaines espèces, mais nos données ne nous ont pas permis de mettre en avant un effet significatif de la structuration spatiale des cultures sur les passereaux. Une analyse plus fine pour l'Alouette des champs (Alauda arvensis) a montré un effet positif de la diversité des cultures à l'échelle du territoire, expliqué par une complémentarité fonctionnelle entre les cultures, suggérant que des petites parcelles et un mélange des cultures dans le paysage seraient bénéfiques pour cette espèce. L'effet de la structuration spatiale et temporelle des cultures sur les populations mériterait d'être testé de façon plus approfondie à l'échelle adéquate sur de nombreux taxons. Une meilleure connaissance de l'effet des propriétés de la matrice cultivée sur les processus permettrait de prédire l'évolution des populations face à des modifications du paysage à l'aide de modèles mécanistes, et offrirait de nouvelles opportunités pour gérer la biodiversité. / The aim of this thesis is to understand how landscape heterogeneity (i.e. composition, configuration and temporal dynamics) affects populations, especially in farmlands, highly structured by the crop mosaic and rotations. We answer this question theoretically (simulating population dynamics in landscapes with controlled spatial and temporal properties) and empirically (analysing habitat selection by the farmland bird community).We found that landscape composition, configuration and temporal dynamics were all important to explain population dynamics and that the response to landscape heterogeneity depended on species traits (growth rate, dispersal, scale of response to the landscape). The analyse of farmland birds data revealed that crop composition influenced habitat selection for some species, but did not reveal a significant effect of crop configuration on birds. A finer analyse on Skylark showed a positive effect of crop diversity at the territory scale explained by a functional complementation among crops. It suggested that small fields and crop well mixed in the landscape would be beneficial for this species. The effect of spatial and temporal crop heterogeneity should be studied in depth at the right scale on many taxa. A good understanding of the effect of the cultivated matrix on processes would allow us to predict the change in populations when modifying the landscape and would offer new opportunities to manage biodiversity.

L’importance écologique et agronomique des abeilles sauvages dans les paysages agricoles rend cruciale la gestion de ces insectes pollinisateurs. Les abeilles sauvages utilisent plusieurs habitats dans les paysages agricoles, comme les milieux semi-naturels (bois, haies, prairies permanentes), mais aussi les parcelles agricoles. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser la structure des communautés de pollinisateurs et le succès de pollinisation le long de gradients de composition et de configuration des milieux semi-naturels ainsi que d’intensité des pratiques agricoles à l’échelle paysagère. Par une approche basée sur les trais écologiques, traduisant des différences d’utilisation des ressources par les abeilles sauvages, nous avons mis en évidence que i) les abeilles sauvages peu mobiles, les espèces solitaires mais aussi les espèces terricoles (nids souterrains) sont plus abondantes dans des parcelles agricoles entourées d’une forte proportion de prairies permanentes faiblement fragmentées, ii) les parcelles entourées d’une forte quantité de lisières forestières présentent une abondance plus importante d’espèces peu mobiles, d’espèces tardives, sociales et polylectiques, iii) les espèces oligolectiques sont filtrées (exclues) dans les paysages fortement boisés car ce sont des espèces profitant de ressources fournies par la mosaïque cultivée. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence que l’effet positif de la proportion en milieux semi-naturels sur la diversité des abeilles sauvages était plus important dans des paysages à la mosaïque agricole gérée de façon intensive. Nous montrons par ailleurs que l’intensité locale des pratiques agricoles peut autant influencer la diversité des abeilles sauvages que la proportion de milieux semi-naturels environnants. Enfin, nous montrons que, suivant les situations, l’abondance des espèces d’abeilles sauvages dominantes ou la présence d’un assemblage d’espèces peu communes peut expliquer le succès de pollinisation. Il semblerait que, dans le cas où le succès de pollinisation répond à l’occurrence d’espèces peu communes, la proportion de milieux semi-naturels aurait une influence positive sur le succès de pollinisation par les abeilles sauvages. Ce travail de thèse démontre l’importance d’espèces peu communes, dépendantes des milieux semi-naturels, pour le succès de pollinisation mais aussi la relation positive entre l’abondance de certains groupes d’espèces et la proportion de milieux semi-naturels. Ce travail permet donc de soutenir l’hypothèse selon laquelle les milieux semi-naturels sont garants du maintien de la diversité des abeilles sauvages et des services rendus par ces dernières. Cependant, l’effet positif des milieux semi-naturels sur la diversité des abeilles sauvages est variable, puisque il dépend des pratiques agricoles à l’échelle locale et paysagère. Les préconisations d’aménagement paysager et de modifications des pratiques ne peuvent donc être faites indépendamment les unes des autres. / The ecological and agricultural importance of wild bees in farmlands stresses the needs for management strategies for these insect pollinators. Wild bees use multiple habitats in agricultural landscapes, such as semi-natural habitats (woodlands, hedgerows, permanent grasslands) and crop fields. This study aims to characterize the community structure of wild bees and assess pollination delivery along gradients of landscape heterogeneity – based on the composition and configuration of semi-natural habitats – and landscape-wide intensity of farming practices. Using a trait-based approach, based on traits determining resource-use by wild bee species, we showed that i) the least mobile species, solitary bees and ground-nesting species were more abundant in crop fields surrounded by large amounts of little-fragmented permanent grasslands, ii) crop fields surrounded by high amount of woodland edges supported a greater abundance of little-mobile bee species, late-emerging bees, social bees and polylectic bees, iii) oligolectic bee species were filtered out in highly forested landscapes, because these species could thrive on resources provided by the crop mosaic. We also found that the positive effect of the proportion of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity was greater in landscapes with intensively managed crop mosaic. Moreover, we showed that the local intensity of farming practices had as much influence on bee diversity as the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Finally, we showed that, depending on situations, the abundance fluctuations of dominant bee species or the occurrence of an assemblage of uncommon bee species can explain variations in pollination success. In the cases where pollination success responded to the occurrence of uncommon species, the proportion of semi-natural habitats had a positive influence on pollination delivery provided by wild bees. This study shows the importance of some uncommon species, dependent on semi-natural habitats, for pollination delivery but also the positive relationship between the abundance of some species groups and the proportion of semi-natural habitats. This work therefore confirms the hypothesis that semi-natural habitats sustain the diversity of wild bee communities and pollination delivery. However, the positive effect of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity depends on farming practices at the local and landscape scale. Therefore, recommendations on the management of landscape heterogeneity and changes in farming practices cannot be given independently from each other.

In this dissertation, we study integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes. Specifically, we provide a framework for linking individual dispersal behavior with population-level dynamics in patchy landscapes by integrating recent advances in modeling dispersal into an integrodifference equation. First, we formulate a random-walk model in a patchy landscape with patch-dependent diffusion, settling, and mortality rates. We incorporate mechanisms for individual behavior at an interface which, in general, results in the probability-density function of the random walker being discontinuous at an interface. We show that the dispersal kernel can be characterized as the Green's function of a second-order differential operator and illustrate the kind of (discontinuous) dispersal kernels that arise from our approach. We examine the dependence of obtained kernels on model parameters. Secondly, we analyze integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes equipped with discontinuous kernels. We obtain explicit formulae for the critical-domain-size problem, as well as, explicit formulae for the analogous critical size of good patches on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape. We examine the dependence of obtained formulae on individual behavior at an interface. Through numerical simulations, we observe that, if the population can persist on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape, its spatial profile can evolve into a discontinuous traveling periodic wave. We derive a dispersion relation for the speed of the wave and illustrate how interface behavior affects invasion speeds. Lastly, we develop a strategic model for the spread of the emerald ash borer and its interaction with host trees. A thorough literature search provides point estimates and interval ranges for model parameters. Numerical simulations show that the spatial profile of an emerald ash borer invasion evolves into a pulse-like solution that moves with constant speed. We employ Latin hypercube sampling to obtain a plausible collection of parameter values and use a sensitivity analysis technique, partial rank correlation coefficients, to identify model parameters that have the greatest influence on obtained speeds. We illustrate the applicability of our framework by exploring the effectiveness of barrier zones on slowing the spread of the emerald ash borer invasion.