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The Role of Landscape Spatial Patterns on Childhood Obesity and Quality of Life: A Study of Hispanic Children in Inner-City NeighborhoodsKim, Jun Hyun 2010 May 1900 (has links)
This research examines the associations between landscape spatial patterns of urban
forests, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and obesity (captured by body mass
index, BMI) among Hispanic children living in Houston's inner city neighborhoods.
One hundred 4th and 5th grade children and their mothers were recruited from
five elementary schools. Children's BMI values were calculated from objectively
measured height and weight. Children were surveyed about their environmental
perceptions, physical activity, and socio-demographic factors. In addition, both the
children and their mothers completed the PedsQL survey to measure the children's
HRQOL. Using high-resolution Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle (DOQQ) aerial
photo imagery, landscape spatial patterns of urban forests were measured by Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing. FRAGSTATS was used to compute
various landscape indices for areas within a half-mile and a quarter-mile from each
child's home, using both airline and network distances.
Multiple regression models were used to predict the children's BMI and
HRQOL. Four groups of independent variables were examined: landscape indices,
socio-demographic variables, physical activity, and environmental perceptions and
satisfaction (factor variables). Separate models were estimated using the GIS variables
captured at different spatial extents including a half-mile and quarter-mile airline buffer,
and a half-mile and quarter-mile network buffer.
This research showed that several landscape indices were significantly
correlated with the children's BMI and HRQOL. Well-connected landscape spatial
patterns and more tree patches (disaggregated landscape patterns) in a half-mile airline
buffer from the subjects' homes were negatively associated with the children's BMI.
Less fragmented landscape spatial conditions and larger areas of urban forests and tree
patches showed positive associations with the children's HRQOL.
This research adds to the current multi-disciplinary area of research on
environment-health relationships, by investigating the roles of urban greeneries and
linking their spatial structure to children's obesity and quality of life.
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Análise das variáveis ambientais causadas pelas mudanças dos usos e cobertura da terra do município de São Carlos, São Paulo, BrasilTrevisan, Diego Peruchi 31 August 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Anthropogenic impacts tend to simplify natural ecosystems, reducing the inherent resistance
to change and breaking their resilience thresholds in more than one place at a time. Such
interference in the landscape converts extensive and continuous areas of forest cover in forest
fragments, affecting the availability and quality of natural resources. It is essential to analyze
the municipality in its local and regional geographical context as well as the study of typically
urban and agricultural structures, aiming at establishing forms of growth and consolidation
consistent with sustainable development goals. Given these considerations, this study aimed
to obtain landscape information in the Brazilian city of São Carlos (SP) using landscape
structural indices. Data were entered and analyzed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Landscape structure was evaluated using dynamic and municipal land cover in 2003 and 2013
as well as applying the Urbanity Index. The Index of Landscape Fragility assessed
environmental fragility of the city's landscape. The Environmental Quality Vegetation Index
identified and analyzed susceptibility to the effects of ecological components of a particular
human activity. The Environmental Quality Index of Water Resources assessed susceptibility
of water resources in relation to distance of impact sources. The Vulnerability Index assessed
landscape susceptibility due to loss of biodiversity and habitats resulting from fragmentation
of native vegetation class. Results showed that direct and indirect forces of change acting on
landscape are respectively agricultural activities, mainly correlated to sugarcane cultivation.
From 2003 to 2013, there was an increase in the areas occupied by human activities and
consequently the reduction of natural areas and loss landscape’s environmental quality with
resulting increased fragility as environmental vulnerability. Current developmental
trajectories cannot occur without causing impacts, but are not providing benefits the way they
should. Loss and degradation of areas of natural vegetation remaining in São Carlos
municipality landscape continue growing way. However, the available evidence suggests that
the continuation of these fragments in landscape can still provide more economical benefits
than those obtained from the conversion and agricultural expansion of land use. The current
stage of the city is not the only concern, but also trends – such as the loss of natural areas with
increases of anthropogenic uses that solidify over the years, and are discussed in the analysis
of the remaining vegetation in the city. The current growth model and generation of impacts
are not carried out in favor of the need for concrete development of the city as a whole, but
only of certain activities and sectors present in it. / Os impactos antropogênicos tendem a simplificar os ecossistemas naturais, reduzindo a
resistência intrínseca à mudança e rompendo seus limiares de resiliência em mais de um lugar
ao mesmo tempo. Essas interferências na paisagem convertem extensas e contínuas áreas com
cobertura florestal em fragmentos florestais, afetando a disponibilidade e a qualidade dos
recursos naturais. Torna-se fundamental a análise do município em seu contexto geográfico
local e regional, tanto quanto o estudo das estruturas tipicamente urbanas e agrícolas, visando
o estabelecimento de formas de crescimento e de adensamento compatíveis com as metas de
desenvolvimento sustentável. Diante dessas considerações, esta dissertação teve como
objetivo a obtenção de informações sobre a paisagem no município brasileiro de São Carlos
(SP), por meio da utilização de índices estruturais da paisagem. As informações foram
inseridas e analisadas em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs). A estrutura da
paisagem foi avaliada através da dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra do município em 2003 e
2013, bem como a aplicação do Índice de Urbanidade. A Fragilidade Ambiental da paisagem
do município foi avaliada através do Índice de Fragilidade da Paisagem. O Índice de
Qualidade Ambiental da Vegetação identificou e analisou a suscetibilidade dos componentes
ecológicos aos efeitos de uma determinada atividade antrópica. O Índice de Qualidade
Ambiental dos Recursos Hídricos analisou a suscetibilidade dos recursos hídricos em relação
à distância das fontes impactantes e o Índice de Vulnerabilidade analisou a suscetibilidade da
paisagem em relação à perda de biodiversidade e de hábitats decorrente da condição da
fragmentação da classe de vegetação nativa. Os resultados mostraram que as forças diretas e
indiretas de mudanças que atuam sobre a paisagem são respectivamente as atividades
agrícolas, principalmente correlacionadas ao cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. De 2003 a 2013
houve uma aumento das áreas ocupadas por atividades antrópicas e consequentemente a
redução das áreas naturais e perda da qualidade ambiental da paisagem com resultante
aumento da fragilidade quanto da vulnerabilidade ambiental. As trajetórias
desenvolvimentistas atuais não podem ocorrer sem causar impactos, porém não estão
proporcionando benefícios da forma como deveriam. A perda e a degradação das áreas de
vegetação natural remanescentes na paisagem do município de São Carlos continuam de
maneira crescente. Contudo as evidências disponíveis sugerem que a continuidade destes
fragmentos na paisagem, pode ainda proporcionar muito mais benefícios econômicos do que
os obtidos da conversão e expansão agrícola do uso da terra. Faz-se essencial a preocupação
não apenas com o estado atual do município, mas também com as tendências que se
solidificam ao passar dos anos, tendências estas (perda de áreas naturais com crescimentos
dos usos antrópicos) que estão evidenciadas na análise dos remanescentes de vegetação no
município, sendo que este modelo de crescimento e de geração de impactos não são realizados
em prol da necessidade do desenvolvimento concreto do município como um todo, mas
apenas de algumas atividades e setores presentes no mesmo.
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