萬波. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 1998. / 參考文獻 (p. 183-205) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Wan Bo. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1998. / Can kao wen xian (p. 183-205) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

Abstract not available

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the current linguistic situation of the Venetian language (a minority language spoken in the northeastern Italian region of Veneto) and its relationship with Italian, the official language of Italy. This is a study of Venetian people and how they are reacting to the changes occurring to their language. To research the situation, I traveled to Italy, to the region of Veneto. My objective was to investigate and determine whether or not Venetian is, in fact, a language. If it is, is it on the verge of disappearing, or is there a chance that it might be maintained? Will Venetians shift completely from speaking their vernaculars to using only Italian? To gather data, I used qualitative research including participant observation, open-ended unstructured interviews with consultants, as well as internet and archival research in order to be able to glimpse the situation as seen by those who live it. Because I speak Italian and have relatives in the region, I was allowed to take part in many situations where I was able to observe familial language use, as well as the public attitudes concerning Venetian. I analyzed the Venetian situation by examining the ways in which we look at the words "language" and "dialect" from the linguistic, political and sociolinguistic perspectives, I looked at the situation through anthropological and socio-psychological theories of language choice, and how we understand the indicators of language loss, ethnicity, ethnic group strategies, and changes in identity as they relate to language shift. Although Venetian is a dialect in the political sense, subordinate to the official language, Italian, I found that the Venetian language is not derived from Italian, and so does not fit the linguistic definition of a dialect. However, it has been labeled a dialect and is understood as such by most Italians, including Venetians. This labelization has encouraged negative stereotyping and a measure of disuse. However, the recent secessionist movement has highlighted some of the linguistic issues, and brought more attention to the possibility of preserving Venetian. I recommend changes that alter the negative attitudes towards Venetian and other vernaculars, changes that include focusing on encouraging new and innovative utilization of local languages (art, literature and plays, etc.) and establishing and implementing curricula in the educational system that emphasizes the regional history and its contribution to the present day Italy. Changes such as those mentioned should encourage more acceptance of others and encourage the usage of local languages as well as increase peoples' pride in their ethnic heritage. / Graduation date: 2003

South Kyungsang Korean is spoken in the southeastern part of Korea. The critical problems in analyzing this language are the substantial inconsistency among authors concerning tonal descriptions, and the typologically unusual tone alternation patterns, which have consequently led to vague tonal contrasts and conflicting data. Given that the majority of earlier studies on this language have been based on transcription data, there is limited physical evidence concerning these issues. This research therefore presents the phonetic realization of tonal contrasts, based on F0 production and perception experiments. It was found that there are three distinct tone classes in monosyllabic roots, and they are different in F0 height, syllable duration, and the timing of F0 peak and fall both in unsuffixed words and in suffixed words. It has been suggested, based on this acoustic evidence, that South Kyungsang Korean has three different tone contrasts in monosyllabic roots, e.g., M, H, and R, and that the different tone alternation patterns of these three tone classes in suffixed words might be the reflection of the phonetic implementation of each tone class. This work provides not only new basic facts of South Kyungsang Korean tonology, but also another way of understanding tone targets and tone alternation patterns. While clarifying the complications in a particular language, the findings in this work also contribute to debated topics of modern intonational research, concerning such as phonological and linguistic units in the F0 continuum, the temporal alignment of F0 features with segmental strings, and perception of tonal contrasts.

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

施仲謀. / 據手稿本複印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院敎育學部. / Ju shou gao ben fu yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 344-355). / Shi Zhongmou. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan jiao yu xue bu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 / Chapter （一） --- 引言 --- p.1-2 / Chapter （二） --- 目的 --- p.2-3 / Chapter （三） --- 對象 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二章 --- 問題說明 / Chapter （一） --- 名詞的解釋 --- p.4 / Chapter （二） --- 研究對應關係的理由 --- p.5-7 / Chapter （三） --- 兩語之間的語音對應關係 --- p.7-8 / Chapter （四） --- 從廣州話出發探討其與普通話語音的對應關係 --- p.8-12 / Chapter 第三章 --- 三種音系的概述及比較 / Chapter （一） --- 廣州話的語音結構及特點 --- p.13-19 / Chapter （二） --- 普通話的語音結構及特點 --- p.20-24 / Chapter （三） --- 中古音的語音結構及特點 --- p.24-31 / Chapter （四） --- 廣州話與中古音的音系比較 --- p.32-42 / Chapter （五） --- 普通話與中古音的音系比較 --- p.43-55 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究設計 / Chapter （一） --- 工具 --- p.56-57 / Chapter （二） --- 方法 --- p.57-63 / Chapter （三） --- 程序 --- p.63-64 / Chapter （四） --- 限制 --- p.65 / Chapter 第五章 --- 廣州話普通話聲母的對應關係 / Chapter （一） --- 對應關係表 --- p.66-123 / Chapter （二） --- 結果分析及討論 --- p.124-153 / Chapter 第六章 --- 廣州話普通話韻母的對應關系 / Chapter （一） --- 對應關係表 --- p.154-232 / Chapter （二） --- 結果分析及討論 --- p.233-276 / Chapter 第七章 --- 廣州話普通話聲調的對應關係 / Chapter （一） --- 對應關係表 --- p.277-289 / Chapter （二） --- 結果分析及討論 --- p.290-293 / Chapter 第八章 --- 研究成果的應用 / Chapter （一） --- 廣東人學習普通話的困難 --- p.294-302 / Chapter （二） --- 兩種語音系統的同異 --- p.302-310 / Chapter （三） --- 如何利用本研究資料 --- p.311-339 / 注釋 --- p.340-343 / 參考書目 --- p.344-355 / 附錄 / Chapter （一） --- 廣州話聲韻母表 --- p.1-4 / Chapter （二） --- 普通話聲韻母表 --- p.1-2 / Chapter （三） --- 中古音聲韻母表 --- p.1-2 / Chapter （四） --- 廣州話普通話字音對照表 --- p.1-112

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

The thesis investigates the factors which lead to the development of 'prestige' terminology in the Northern Sotho vocabulary. It investigates the factors which lead to the development of 'prestige' language varieties and 'prestige' dialects, which are sources of 'prestige' terminology. These factors include, inter alia, urbanization, industrialization, the missionary activities and standardisation. The thesis tries to explain the reason why most of the Northern Sotho people do not feel free to speak their language when they are among other communitiesK__U explains the reason why the speakers of the so-called 'inferior' dialects of Northern Sotho have an inferiority complex while the speakers of the 'prestige' dialects have confidence when speaking their dialects. The people who are residents of the urban and industrialized areas have a high standard of living due to the availability of employment opportunities, while the rural communities are usually unemployed and, as such, their standard of living is low. This elevates the urban community to a high status which is shared by the type of language they speak. The rural communities start associating themselves with the urban communities by imitating the urban varieties in order to elevate themselves. This is one of the reasons which lead to the widespread use of urban slang and other language varieties which are associated with the urban areas of South Africa, i.e. the PWV (Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vereeniging). Standardisation of Northern Sotho and the missionary activities within the Northern Sotho communities led to the creation of 'superior' and 'inferior' dialects. The missionary societies established missionary stations among certain Northern Sotho communities while other communities did not have these stations, and became the vanguards of Western civilization among the indigenous people of Southern Africa. ~The dialects among which the missionary stations were established came to enjoy a high status since these varieties were the first to be converted to written forms. In this case, the first varieties to be considered during standardisation were those which had a written orthography, and this is exactly what happened in the standardisation of Northern Sotho. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Italian loadwords in Libyan Arabic have not received the attention and concern they deserve despite their number, high frequency, and wide use by all Libyans at all levels for more than one and a half centuries. This study attempts to record as many Italian loanwords in Libyan Arabic as possible as reported by the Libyan students and their spouses in the United States, to establish a linguistic criterion for the identification of these loanwords in Libyan Arabic, to determine the semantic adaptations they have undergone, and to verify their recognition and use by the students and their spouses. A list of 1000 words suspected to be Italian loanwords were collected through direct observation of Libyan speech, including my own as a native speaker of the dialect, by use of informants and intensive reading. The words were then checked against their possible native models in Italian through the use of Italian dictionaries and consultation with native Italian speakers, most of whom are linguists or language teachers. The list was reduced to 682 words, which were used in the questionnaire sent to 290 Libyan students and their spouses in the United States. From the 148 replies to the questionnaire, it is found that on the average 75% of the respondents know all the 684 words and 58% of them use them. About 82% of the loanwords have literary or colloquial Arabic equivalents. About 55% had presumably entered Libyan Arabic or Libyan Arabic speakers were exposed to them during the 1911-1970 period, which marks the Italian occupation of Libya, 5% between 1832-1910, and 5% between 1970-1985. About 93% of the Italian loanwords are nouns, 7% adjectives, 1% verbs, 0.8% adverbs, and 0.5% interjections. Meanings of most of the loanwords are more pervasive in Italian than in Libyan Arabic. It was also found that most of the loanwords had adopted Arabic grammatical rules for tense formation and inflection for number or gender.

This thesis made a phonological analysis of the features in the Appalachian speech pattern used by native speakers of western Steuben County, New York: (1) to identify phonological features predominant in this specific area of Appalachia, (2) to describe the speech patterns of the elderly inhabitants, and (3) to identify possible phonological trends among three discrete age groups of native speakers.The selected sample of twelve speakers, who had been born in and had spent most of their lives in the area, comprised three age groups which represented the population distribution of the area.In addition to the predominance of the fronted nasal /a/, the predominance of high nasal /ae/, centralized /I/, diphthongs before /r/, and the distinctive pronunciation of Chili, Castile, Lima, and Nunda, there is a tendency toward unrounding which leads to preference for /U/ over /u/ and for /^/ over // in unstressed position.It was concluded that more phonological agreement exists within the oldest and the youngest age groups, that more phonological agreement exists between the oldest and the middle age groups, and that greatest disagreements between age groups occurs between the oldest and the youngest groups of speakers.