En quoi le phénomène de hiatus, observé au sein des interactions langagières orales, peut-il devenir un révélateur d’obstacles aux apprentissages scolaires, dans les disciplines où l’émotion esthétique est sollicitée ?Pour traiter cette question, et plus spécifiquement le phénomène de hiatus et ses manifestations en situation scolaire, notre recherche convoque des travaux issus des sciences du langage, de la didactique, de la littérature, de la sociologie de l’éducation ainsi que de l’anthropologie. Prenant appui sur 7 corpus enregistrés dans des classes de fin de cycle 3, nous avons analysé le rôle et les marqueurs de hiatus dans la construction de contenus disciplinaires tels que la compréhension et l’interprétation d’œuvres littéraires ou de productions plastiques réalisées par les élèves. En tant qu’action langagière, le hiatus apparaît, dans les données recueillies, comme un lieu de tensions entre des sens et des significations, entre des pratiques sociales de référence déjà construites par certains élèves et des pratiques scolaires qui les convoquent, le tout au sein d’activités langagières scolaires et scolarisées. Selon nous, l’enjeu didactique est alors de faire de ces lieux de tensions, voire de ruptures, cognitivo-verbales - observables dans les discours - des « objets problèmes didactiques » afin notamment que les élèves en difficulté, et pourtant porteurs de questions en adéquation avec l’activité demandée par l’enseignant, puissent mener à bien la construction des objets enseignés. Au final, cette étude de cas permet de cibler des manifestations de hiatus en situation scolaire et d’interroger leurs effets sur la transformation des situations étudiées, sur la place et le rôle des apprenants, sur leurs difficultés scolaires dans les disciplines et les activités considérées ainsi que sur la construction de significations. / How may the phenomenon of hiatus, observed within oral language interactions, become an indicator of obstacles to school learning in school subject that appeal to aesthetic emotion?To address this question, and more specifically the phenomenon of hiatus and its outward signs in a school context, our research brings together work from language science, didactics, literature, educational sociology and anthropology. Focusing on 7 groups recorded at the end of the elementary school cycle, we have analysed the role and the markers of hiatus in the building of subject content such as the understanding and interpretation of literary works or the handiwork produced by pupils. As a language action, the phenomenon of hiatus appears in the data collected as a site of tension between senses and meanings, between benchmark social practices already acquired by certain pupils and school practices that summon them, all within school and school-related language activities. In our opinion, the didactic issue here is to turn these sites of cognitive-verbal tension or even rupture – observable in speech – into « didactic issue items » so that pupils experiencing difficulties – yet still asking questions that are relevant to the activity requested by the teacher – may succeed in their construction of the subjects being taught. Ultimately, this case study allows us to target outward signs of hiatus in a school context and to query their effects on the transformation of studied situations, on the place and role of teachers, on their schooling difficulties in the school subject and activities under consideration, and on the building of significations.

Il razionale di questo progetto affonda le sue radici nelle recenti teorie che considerano il linguaggio come fondato sull’azione, e quindi strettamente collegato al sistema motorio. Negli ultimi decenni, infatti, la scoperta dei neuroni specchio, prima nella scimmia e poi negli esseri umani, ha portato ad un filone di ricerca spesso denominato “embodied language”. Grazie alle metodiche messe a disposizione dalle neuroscienze, ad oggi sono stati raccolti molti dati sperimentali a favore del legame tra sistema motorio e linguaggio, anche se la natura di questo legame non è del tutto chiara. In questa prospettiva, in aggiunta ai tradizionali strumenti di indagine come la Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale (fMRI) o la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica (TMS), anche la Realtà Virtuale (RV), che consente di provare un’”esperienza incorporata”, sembra possa aiutare i ricercatori a far luce sulle questioni ancora aperte. Il presente progetto, quindi, si compone di tre ricerche distinte, ciascuna delle quali pone ad oggetto di indagine una sfaccettatura diversa del complesso fenomeno dell’embodied language. Il primo esperimento è finalizzato ad indagare il ruolo della corteccia motoria primaria nei compiti di comprensione, utilizzando la rTMS; nel secondo esperimento viene introdotta la realtà virtuale per valutare se e come un’azione virtuale, grazie a un processo di simulazione, modula la comprensione di verbi; il terzo studio, infine, usando lo stesso ambiente virtuale del secondo studio, si propone di indagare il ruolo dell’azione virtuale durante l’apprendimento di una lingua straniera. / The rational of this project is rooted in the recent theories that consider language as grounded in action, and thus tightly tied to the motor system. In the last decades, the discovery of the mirror neurons in monkeys, and of the correspondent mirror neuron system in humans, led to a new research topic often called “embodied language”. Thanks to the methodics supplied by neuroscience, nowadays a great corpus of experimental data has been collected that support the link between language and motor system, even if the nature of this link is still not completely understood. In this perspective, beyond traditional tools such as Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), also Virtual reality (RV), which allows to create an embodied experience, seems suitable to shed light on the open questions. The present project, thereby, is structured in three independent researches, each one aiming at investigating one specific facet of the complex phenomenon of embodied language. The first experiment is designed to investigate the role of the primary motor cortex during language comprehension, using rTMS; in the second one, the virtual reality is introduced, in order to test if and how a virtual action, thanks to simulation, modulates verbs comprehension; the third study, finally, using the same virtual environment, aims at examining the role of the virtual action during foreign language learning.

The proposed thesis deals with the topic of body language in visual art and with understanding of body language as synergy of the innermost experience and the experience of the bodily form. The theoretical part of the thesis analyses psychological, anthropological and art historical literature published both in the Czech Republic and abroad. The point of departure for the theoretical part is the concept of interconnectedness of sensory perception, its cognitive analysis and the ensuing answer to the environment, focusing especially on the subjective character of these processes. In the practical part of the proposed thesis, an educational art project is designed, based on the results of the theoretical study in the first part and impulses from contemporary visual art (Eva Koťátková, Erwin Wurm, Miriam Cabessa and others). The aim of the educational part is to observe the processes mentioned above, concentrating especially on the creative expression through an artistic action and the experience of the individual.

Gestaltung wird maßgeblich bestimmt durch das bildhafte Denken. Es bestimmt unsere frühkindliche Entwicklung, unser „Denken vor dem Sprechen" , und die Kunst. Versuche des Menschen mit Hilfe bildhafter Zeichen zu kommunizieren reichen ca. 30.000 Jahre zurück. Die Schriftsprache ist erst etwa 3.500 Jahre alt.