This thesis looks at what choice of medium of instruction (MOl) parents in a rural village in KwaZulu would make if they had the opportunity to choose. The background to this choice goes back to 1979, when Education and Training Act No. 90 established the mother tongue as MOl from Sub A to Std 2 in Department of Education and Training (DET) primary schools, followed by a sudden transition to English medium of instruction - (EMl) in Std 3. Though by 1990 98% of the schools had opted for EMI, conditions were not favourable for a sudden transition and the policy led to high drop-out rates. The problems encountered by teachers and learners were researched and documented by Macdonald in the Threshold Project Reports (1990). Although the Minister initially ignored the Project's findings, in May 1991 he admitted that his department's language policy was leading to serious educational disadvantages. The explosive situation that culminated in the 1976 school uprisings led to the amendment of the Act. There was concern among people involved in educational language policy that parents had not been given sufficient information to make informed educational choices. They feared that many parents would, largely out of ignorance, opt for straight-for-English, when in fact the conditions in the schools were not conducive to the success of that choice option. The widespread assumption about the parents choosing straight-for-English was based on anecdotal evidence. I decided to investigate this matter in the Nongoma area. My findings pointed to very healthy attitudes towards the mother tongue and there was even a measure of understanding of the place of mother tongue instruction in the beginner classes. But even though the respondents wanted their language to be respected, they also wanted their children to acquire a good education in English, so as to be eligible for jobs in an economy that emphasises the importance of English.

This study is on standard isiXhosa in a multilingual classroom and includes an interpretation of both urban and rurual learners’ literary texts. An attempt is made to examine a selection of isiXhosa texts in order to interprete the state of affairs of the isiXhosa language in the 21st century. Organization of the study This dissertation was organized in the following manner: Chapter one includes an introduction to the study, its aims and objectives as well as the research methodology. Since the isiXhosa language is the focal point of the study, it is discussed in some depth. In chapter two, the researcher concentrates on the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) "Imibono yethu". Imibono yethu is an anthology of learners' writings. The learners were invited to enter a competition by using various genres, e.g. short stories, poems, one-act dramas, rap songs, kwaito, essays, and melodic poems. The researcher wanted the learners to use whatever genre inspires them, to put it colloquially, "what turns them on!" Any aspect of the urban lifestyle could be explored within the theme of each entry and fell under the following headings: • Standard language. • Standard isiXhosa. Chapter three investigates non-standard language varieties with special reference to isiXhosa and the language policy of South Africa. In this chapter, a comparison was drawn between non-standard language and standard language. vi In chapter four, the researcher discusses the overall findings of the competition, comparing the results emanating from the Eastern Cape and Gauteng. Chapter five deals with achievement of the objectives and highlights of the research. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

This study is on standard isiXhosa in a multilingual classroom and includes an interpretation of both urban and rurual learners’ literary texts. An attempt is made to examine a selection of isiXhosa texts in order to interprete the state of affairs of the isiXhosa language in the 21st century. Organization of the study This dissertation was organized in the following manner: Chapter one includes an introduction to the study, its aims and objectives as well as the research methodology. Since the isiXhosa language is the focal point of the study, it is discussed in some depth. In chapter two, the researcher concentrates on the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) "Imibono yethu". Imibono yethu is an anthology of learners' writings. The learners were invited to enter a competition by using various genres, e.g. short stories, poems, one-act dramas, rap songs, kwaito, essays, and melodic poems. The researcher wanted the learners to use whatever genre inspires them, to put it colloquially, "what turns them on!" Any aspect of the urban lifestyle could be explored within the theme of each entry and fell under the following headings: • Standard language. • Standard isiXhosa. Chapter three investigates non-standard language varieties with special reference to isiXhosa and the language policy of South Africa. In this chapter, a comparison was drawn between non-standard language and standard language. vi In chapter four, the researcher discusses the overall findings of the competition, comparing the results emanating from the Eastern Cape and Gauteng. Chapter five deals with achievement of the objectives and highlights of the research. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Lam Tsui-shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-210). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Setting of the Present Research --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Research on Second/Foreign Language (SL/FL) Classroom Interaction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Research on English Classroom Interaction in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Rationale and Significance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organisation of This Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Origins and Development --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Communicative Competence: Framework --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Communicative Competence: Theoretical Approaches in Language Teacl --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- The interactional approach --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- The discoursal approach --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The fluency-based approach --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Communicative Competence: Practical Issues --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- The interactional approach: The role of output --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- The discoursal approach: The need of information gap --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- The fluency-based approach: The measurement of fluency --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- The Communicative Language Teaching in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- The development of CLT in English classroom --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Attitudes toward CLT and the actual practice: A dilemma --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Classroom Interaction and Language Learning --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Role of Interaction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Comprehensible input and its development --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Negotiation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Output --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Actual Interactional Patterns in Classroom: The Interactive Goals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Core Goals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Framework Goals --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Social Goals --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Desired Classroom Interactional Patterns --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- The Two Complementary Modes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- "The Triangular Elements: Play, Work and Learning" --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Aspects of Teacher-Learner (T-L) Interaction --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Teacher roles --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Learner roles --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Teacher talk --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Student talk --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.4.5 --- Turns of talk --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Classroom Interaction and Second Language Learners --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Learner Autonomy --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Learner Anxiety --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5 --- English Language Classroom Interaction in Hong Kong --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Analyzing Input and Interaction in Language Classrooms --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Communication Failure in the English Classroom --- p.69 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- The Five Second Language Discourses --- p.70 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Students' Participation in Language Classroom --- p.72 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Research Gaps in Hong Kong: Significance of Students' Voices --- p.73 / Chapter 2.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.75 / Chapter 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of Subjects --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- School --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Class --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Teacher --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Students --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Instruments --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Non-participant, Ethnographic Observations" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Stimulated Recall and Semi-structured Interviews --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Design of the Study --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Stage One: Data Collection --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Classroom observations --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Students' interviews --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Stage Two: Data Analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methods of Data Analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Analysing the Classroom Discourse Data --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Analysing the Interview Data --- p.87 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.88 / Chapter 4 --- DATA ANALYSIS --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Classroom Interactional Patterns: The General Picture --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Teacher's and Students' Talk --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- At the utterance level --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Language choice --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Teacher's and Students' Turn Allocation --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Amounts of turns taken --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Turn-taking patterns --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3 --- Teacher-Learner Verbal Interaction: An Overview --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Types of Teacher Talk --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- """Teacher-initiate""" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- """Teacher-respond""" --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Types of Student Talk --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- """Pupil-initiate""" --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- """Pupil-respond""" --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Brief Summary on the Classroom Discourse Data --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5 --- Findings Based on Students' Interview Data --- p.101 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Students Asking Questions in English Classroom --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to ask questions --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Moments of raising hand to ask questions --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Reasons for not asking questions in English --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Reasons for not asking questions in class --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.1.5 --- Expectations about teacher's answers --- p.104 / Chapter 4.5.1.6 --- Learning from asking questions --- p.104 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Students answering questions in English classroom --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Reasons for calling out the answer without teacher's nomination --- p.106 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Reasons for answering in private turns --- p.106 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Reasons for nodding or shaking head to answer questions --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative in answering questions --- p.108 / Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Learning from answering questions --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Teacher-Learner Interaction and Classroom Learning --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3.1 --- Motivating factors for speaking (in English) in class --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3.2 --- Types of classroom atmosphere encouraging verbal interactions --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.3.3 --- Positive effects of verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.3.4 --- De-motivating factors for speaking (in English) in class --- p.112 / Chapter 4.5.3.5 --- Types of classroom atmosphere discouraging verbal interactions(in English)in class --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.3.6 --- Negative effects of non-verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.3.7 --- Positive effects of non-verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5.3.8 --- Things in mind when learning in silence --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Students' Suggestions for English Teacher --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5.4.1 --- Influences of teacher's image --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5.4.2 --- Expected images and roles of the English teacher in the classroom --- p.116 / Chapter 4.5.4.3 --- Suggested actions to promote T-L interaction --- p.117 / Chapter 4.5.4.4 --- Suggested actions to promote speaking English in class --- p.118 / Chapter 4.6 --- A Brief Summary on the Student Interview Data --- p.119 / Chapter 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.120 / Chapter 5.2 --- Students' Participation in English Classroom: An Overview --- p.120 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Types of Teachers' Elicitation and Students' Responses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Types of Students' Elicitation and Teachers' Responses --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Language Choice of the Students --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3 --- Non-verbal Participation in Classroom Interaction --- p.130 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Students' Non-verbal Participation in Answering and Asking Questions --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Reasons for answering questions in private turns --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Reasons for using body language or games to answer questions --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative to ask questions in class --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- De-motivating Factors for Speaking in Class: A Review --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Students' anxiety in ESL classroom --- p.145 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Teacher's influences on students' non-verbal participation --- p.148 / Chapter 5.4 --- Verbal Participation in Classroom Interaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Students Verbal Participation in Answering and Asking Questions --- p.154 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to ask questions --- p.154 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- Reasons for not speaking in English --- p.155 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4.1.4 --- Reasons for shouting out the answer --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Motivating Factors for Speaking in Class: A Study on Teacher's Influence --- p.162 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Expected roles of an English teacher in classroom interaction --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Encouraging students' English verbal participation in classroom --- p.171 / Chapter 5.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.180 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.183 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2 --- A Summary of the Research Objectives and Findings --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Revisiting Research Objectives --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Summarising Research Findings --- p.184 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Classroom discourse data --- p.184 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Student interview data --- p.185 / Chapter 6.3 --- Pedagogical Implications --- p.190 / Chapter 6.4 --- Research Limitations --- p.193 / Chapter 6.5 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.194 / Chapter 6.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.196 / REFERENCES --- p.198 / APPENDICES --- p.211 / Chapter A --- An Overview of the English Language Classroom Interaction Research in Hong --- p.211 / Chapter B --- "Tsui's "" Seventeen-Category System"" and Its Illustration" --- p.213 / Chapter C --- Percentage of Partially and Totally Unintelligible Utterances of the Teachers and --- p.214 / Chapter D --- Relative Population and Distribution of Forty-eight Student Interviewees --- p.215 / Chapter E --- The Codes of the Forty-eight Student Interviewees --- p.216 / Chapter F --- Summary of Students' Explanations for Their Non-verbal Participation --- p.217 / Chapter G --- Summary of Students' Explanations for Their Verbal Participation --- p.218 / Chapter H --- Diagram 2. The Flow of Possible Worries in Students' Mind When They Are to Answer Teacher's Question --- p.219 / Chapter I --- Diagram 3. Possible Things in Students' Mind When They Have A Question in Mind --- p.220

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 155-162) Also available in print.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Education) -- Tshwane University of Technology, 2009. / The English language is not used by the majority of people in their daily and normal conversations at King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) district. It is not even encouraged in many homes and townships because it is associated with an oppressive regime. Hence, it is difficult for children to experience the English language before they start formal education. This study investigated the challenges posed by the English language in the teaching and learning of Technology in Grade 9 at King Sabata Dalindyebo educational district. The first section of the study focused on the language policy in schools, and the second part investigated language practice in schools and classrooms. Structured interviews were conducted with 5 learning areas specialists of the General Education and Training (GET) Band in the district. Closed questionnaires were administered to sampled technology teachers, and a literature review of previous studies on the topic was also conducted. The study revealed that the English language poses a challenge in the teaching and learning at KSD schools, not in the Technology learning area only, but in all the other learning areas. The study also found that, though schools have written language policies that are in line with that of the Department of Education (DoE), there are no implementation and monitoring strategies in place. From the findings, the study recommends that the Department of Education should develop implementation and monitoring strategies to enforce the language policy. The researcher further recommends that language teachers should be re-trained and equipped with the right books and resources which will improve their methods of teaching. Furthermore, it is recommended that schools should be provided with libraries. Reading, speed writing and debating should form part of the GET curriculum.

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics