This thesis investigates the binding of overt and null subject pronouns in second language (L2) acquisition and first language (L1) attrition of Turkish. The aim is to provide a comparative investigation of language transfer effects in the ultimate state of the L2 and L1 grammar. More specifically, it examines transfer effects from English L1 and English L2 into the grammars of Turkish L2 and Turkish L1, respectively. / In this thesis, I propose that the Subset Condition (Berwick, 1985; Manzini & Wexler, 1987) can account for transfer phenomena observed in both L2 acquisition and L1 attrition. I argue that the subset relation that holds between the L1 and the L2 can be a predictor for the extent and duration of cross-linguistic transfer in L2 acquisition and L1 attrition. In other words, whether or not a particular property will resist L2 acquisition and undergo L1 attrition can be determined by looking at the subset relationship between the L1 and the L2 with respect to that property. / The prediction is that in configurations where the 'influencing language' (L1 in L2 acquisition and L2 in L1 attrition) is the superset of the 'affected language' (L2 in L2 acquisition and L1 in L1 attrition), L1 transfer effect will persist in L2 acquisition and we will see more signs of L2 transfer into the L1 grammar, resulting in more attrition effects. / Pronominal binding is chosen to investigate such cross-linguistic transfer effects. English and Turkish differ with respect to governing domains and types of pronominals present in two languages. Turkish, being a pro-drop language, allows null subject pronouns in main and embedded clauses. It also has a special type of anaphoric pronominal, kendisi, for which English has no corresponding form. / Two experiments were conducted to test L2 acquisition and L1 attrition of binding properties of Turkish overt and null subject pronouns under the influence of English. Participants included native English-speakers living in Turkey (end-state L2 Turkish speakers) and native Turkish-speakers living in North America (end-state L2 English speakers). Overall, results obtained from the two studies reveal cross-linguistic transfer effects in the manner predicted. In particular, properties of English overt pronouns (e.g., him/her) are transferred onto the overt Turkish pronoun o in L2 acquisition and in attrition, whereas properties of the Turkish null pronoun and the anaphoric pronominal kendisi are unaffected by English.

We examined the relationship between orthographic processing and spelling in French immersion children. Study 1 included 148 first graders and they were assessed on orthographic processing and spelling in English and French. In Study 2, we followed 69 second graders for two years. Orthographic processing and spelling in English and French were administered in second and third grade. In Study 3, we analyzed the spelling errors made by the third graders in Study 2. In Study 1, we found a within-language relationship in English and French between orthographic processing and spelling. Cross-language transfer from French orthographic processing to English spelling was also observed. In Study 2, Grade 2 English spelling predicted gains in Grade 3 English and French orthographic processing. Study 3 showed that children made transfer errors when spelling in English and French. Overall, the current research highlights the importance of orthographic processing and spelling in French immersion children.

It is widely recognized that differences in both prosodic complexity and position-sensitive contrasts exist both within and across languages. In contemporary phonological theory, these differences are often attributed to differences between heads and non-heads and the asymmetries in licensing potential that exist between such positions. / In this thesis, the consequences of such differences for the second language (L2) acquisition of prosodic complexity and position-sensitive contrasts are explored. It is argued that an explanatorily adequate account of L2 syllabification must include highly-structured representations as well as a theory of licensing, which distinguishes between the licensing of a given position and the licensing of featural content in such a position. Using data drawn primarily from a number of studies that investigate the acquisition of French by native speakers of English and Mandarin, it is demonstrated that the widely-attested interlanguage (IL) syllable-structure-modification processes of deletion, epenthesis, and feature change have a common source. Specifically, all three processes result from the IL grammar's inability to license a syllable position or (some of) the featural content present in such a position in the target representation. Within Optimality theory, the framework adopted, this is formalized through the competition between Faithfulness constraints and Markedness constraints, which evaluate the wellformedness of the licensing relationships. Finally, it is argued that Prosodic Licensing and the principle of Licensing Inheritance from Harris (1997) work together to encode prosodic markedness in representation, as they create a series of head-dependent asymmetries in which heads are strong licensors vis-a-vis their dependents.

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-151). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xi, 151 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M. Div.)--Columbia Biblical Seminary and School of Missions, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-169).

Thesis (M. Div.)--Columbia Biblical Seminary and School of Missions, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-169).

This master's thesis investigated realizations of typologically marked structures (word final stops) in the interlanguages of 15 ESL learners across Arabic, Brazilian-Portuguese and Japanese first languages (L1s). In general, previous theories of markedness (see Eckman's MARKEDNESS DIFFERENTIAL HYPOTHESIS and STRUCTURAL CONFORMITY HYPOTHESIS) and transfer (such as Major's ONTOGENY MODELS) were upheld in that more marked structures proved more problematic than less marked areas. Where uniformity of modification strategies was found, OPTIMALITY THEORY was implemented to illustrate process of acquisition undertaken during interlanguage development. In an isolated speech task, participants who demonstrated acquisition of more marked structures (ie., voiced final stops) were also successful with their less marked counterparts (voiceless final stops), but not vice versa. In connected speech, more advanced participants' modifications of target structures (such as assimilation of voicing and place of articulation) were more similar to patterns exhibited by native speakers of the target language while less advanced participants' productions (ie., lack of intervocalic voicing) were more reflective of their L1. These findings support the hypothesis that interlanguages adhere to universal grammar and, thus, behave as natural languages. Finally, future directions such as potential research of L1/L2 perception issues and pedagogical implications of the study's results are explored.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-08-01T12:12:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5750928 bytes, checksum: 75cf649091cb908aba9874c250aa8388 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T12:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5750928 bytes, checksum: 75cf649091cb908aba9874c250aa8388 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to analyze how bilingual speakers (recruited both in the United States of America and Brazil) and monolingual speakers (recruited exclusively in the United States of America) process sentences in English. Considering as hypothesis the possibility that semantic and syntactic strings may be transferred from a mother tongue to a second language (ODLIN, 1989 e JARVIS & PAVLENKO, 2008), we intend to describe how native bilinguals (early bilinguals), late bilinguals, English-Portuguese Brazilian bilinguals and then monolingual speakers process the adjective and adverb order in English by using data gathered from two self-paced reading online experiments and two acceptability judgment offline experiments. We suggest by conducting this study that Brazilian bilinguals are more likely to transfer semantic and syntactic strings from their mother tongue to their L2 during second language processing, regardless if they are reading sentences that might be judged as agrammatical by a monolingual speaker, or even if these sentences are being read in a non-productivity context (AMARAL & ROEPER, 2014). Based on the experiments results, we suggest, therefore, that not only bilingual processing differs from monolingual processing (FELSER & CLAHSEN, 2006), but also both mother tongue and L2, from a bilingual speaker, are not processed in a selective way (COOK, 1991, GROSJEAN, 2008). / Ao presente estudo interessa analisar como falantes bilíngues (recrutados tanto nos Estados Unidos, como no Brasil) e monolíngues (recrutados nos Estados Unidos) processam sentenças em língua inglesa. Partindo da hipótese de que restrições semântico-sintáticas podem ser transferidas de uma língua materna para uma segunda língua, (ODLIN, 1989 e JARVIS & PAVLENKO, 2008) propomo-nos a descrever o processamento sentencial da ordem do adjetivo e do advérbio em língua inglesa por falantes bilíngues nativos, bilíngues tardios, bilíngues brasileiros falantes de inglês e falantes monolíngues, através de dados a serem obtidos por meio de dois experimentos online de leitura automonitorada e de dois experimentos offline de julgamento de aceitabilidade. Importa-nos saber, assim, como bilíngues processam a ordem do adjetivo e do advérbio em língua inglesa, tanto quando comparados entre si, quanto quando comparados a falantes monolíngues. Sugerimos, inclusive, através do presente estudo, que bilíngues brasileiros sejam capazes de transferir traços de sua língua materna durante o processamento de sua L2, mesmo que em sentenças consideradas agramaticais por falantes monolíngues, ou em situações de não produtividade (AMARAL & ROEPER, 2014). Outrossim, considerando os resultados experimentais obtidos, aventamos que falantes bilíngues apresentam processamento notavelmente diferente em relação a falantes monolíngues não apenas em virtude de suas duas línguas (FELSER & CLAHSEN, 2006) mas, sobretudo, pelo fato das suas duas línguas (materna e L2) não serem processadas de modo seletivo (COOK, 1991, GROSJEAN, 2008).

English prepositions cause problems for learners of English. The way prepositions are taught has impact on how students learn. Using corpora in teaching makes it possible for teachers and pupils to explore language together and is a good alternative to filling in missing prepositions on worksheets. Sometimes linguistic errors are caused by mother tongue interference. Little research has been made earlier with a Swedish contrastive approach to prepositions but a great deal of literature concern language transfer and mother tongue interference. This essay is written on the assumption that Swedish as a first language interferes with English and causes prepositional mistakes. Two classes of ninth graders participated in my investigation. I wanted to find out if students performed better when they had given answers to choose from or when they had to produce the preposition themselves. My study proved that pupils had a better knowledge of prepositions perceptively than productively. It also proved that learners resorted to Swedish when they did not know the correct answer. Many learners fail to recognise prepositions as parts of multiword expressions. By teaching students how to notice grammatical collocations and lexical chunks we can help them to achieve acceptable levels of language proficiency and accuracy.

M.Ed. (Subject Didactics) / The focus in this study is on roleplay as a technique for second language education, wi the specific reference to oral communication. The field study as well as the theoretical framework is placed against the background of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) as language education approach or; The theoretical research encompasses role-play as Anthropological phenomenon and especially also as a didactic principle. This framework is complemented by a brief exposition of LT as language education paradigm. The field work is based on qualitative observation. The researcher had participant observation st.atus at a school for a month. A multi-faceted analysis of two oral communication lessons were made. The qualitative observation is triangulated with structured interviews (questionnaire type), open-ended interviews, document analysis as well as structured systematic analysis of two recorded lessons. It was found that there was a significant difference in interpersonal social language usage in the two lessons. The lessons in which role-play was implemented as a technique showed a qualitative increase in language production. It is to be concluded that role-play accommodates oral communication in second language context meaningfully as a mode of pedagogic discourse, supported by a simulated naturalistic milieu.