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A prototype reinforced concrete moment frame representative of low-rise office buildings in the Central and Eastern United States from the 1950s-1970s was designed and selected for evaluation under seismic loads. A plane frame specimen from the prototype was incorporated into the design of a test-bed of four full-scale, side-by-side nominally identical structures that could be evaluated independently. The testing of the first frame serves as the topic of this dissertation. The specimen was two bays x two stories x 9-ft. wide. A new method for testing full-scale structures under seismic loads was proposed that used a hydraulic linear inertial shaker (LIS) to impart seismic loads. The response of the structure was monitored using 155 strain gages, 38 linear variable differential transformers, six string potentiometers, and 42 accelerometers. The response of the frame to a series of 25 load histories using the nees@UCLA LIS was marked by gradual structural softening and minimal yielding of the steel reinforcing throughout the structure. At a first interstory drift of 1.5% some yielding of the reinforcing bars was measured. Between 1.5% and 2% first interstory drift, a global sway mechanism formed when the failure of a splice at the base of the first story west column led to a cascading set of failures within other first-story column splices. The experimental behavior suggests previous scaled testing of similar structures may have inadequately represented the vulnerability column splices. The design of the test-bed, response of the structure to seismic loads, qualitative evaluation of the test method, and implications on future research are discussed.

Reinforced concrete bridge columns can deteriorate prematurely due to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and/or delayed ettringite formation (DEF), causing internal expansion and cracking on the surface of the concrete. The performance of the longitudinal reinforcement lap splice in deteriorated concrete columns is the focus in this research. This thesis presents the results from the deterioration of large-scale specimens constructed and placed in an environment susceptible to ASR/DEF deterioration, the experimental results from four-point and three-point structural load tests, and an analytical model based on bending theory characterizing the specimen behavior during the structural load tests. Fourteen large-scale specimens were constructed, placed in an environment to accelerate the ASR/DEF deterioration mechanisms, and instrumented both internally and externally to measure the internal concrete expansions, and surface expansions and crack widths. In addition, two control specimens were constructed and kept in a laboratory, preventing ASR/DEF deterioration. Post-tensioning was used to simulate axial load on a bridge column. Structural load tests were performed on eight specimens with no ASR/DEF damage to late stage ASR and minimal DEF damage. Comparing the specimen behaviors during the loading testing, it was found that the yield strength increased about 5-15%, and post-cracking stiffness up to first yielding of the deteriorated specimens was about 25-35% stiffer than the control specimens. The increased specimen strength and stiffness likely occurred from volumetric expansion due to ASR/DEF damage which engaged the reinforcement, further confining the concrete and causing a beneficial increase in the axial post-tensioning load. The analytical model matched the control specimens well and matched the non-control specimens when the axial load was increased.

This thesis investigates the tensile performance of unconfined lap splices in specimens constructed from interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) units. All lap splice specimens were constructed from hollow ICEB half units with one side grouting channel. ICEB units used in this research were exclusively produced from the Soeng Thai Model BP6 block press. The BP6 block press is currently manufactured in Thailand under the guidance and direction of the Center of Vocational Building Technologies (CVBT). All ICEB units and grout constructed for this research were created from mix proportions of soil, sand, cement, and water. Rebar bar sizes were restricted to M10 (#3) and M13 (#4) for all lap splice specimens due to the limited area of the hollow 2-inch diameter rebar cavity of the ICEB unit. The limited size and strength of the ICEB units also made the use of larger bar diameters impractical. Three ICEB unit types of varying strengths (3.78 MPa, 7.81 MPa, and 11.38 MPa) and three grout types of varying strengths (1.35 MPa, 7.47 MPa, and 15.50 MPa) were developed and used to construct all specimens. The measured ICEB lap splice specimen strengths were compared against the predicted strength calculated from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC). Findings suggested that the MSJC design equation did not adequately predict the lap splice strength of specimens, particularly for specimens constructed from weaker materials. The measured ICEB lap splice results were used to create a new ICEB lap splice design equation. This paper also investigates the compressive performance of fully grouted ICEB prisms constructed from the range of ICEB unit and grout strengths stated above. Findings suggested that the compressive strength of fully grouted ICEB prisms were exclusively controlled by the compressive strength of the ICEB units used to construct the prism. The strength of the grout had no discernable effect on the strength of the fully grouted prism. A design equation was proposed to calculate prism strengths based on measured strength results of ICEB units.

Non-contact lap splices placed within a single concrete placement are often used and have been studied in previous research projects. However, non-contact lap splices used with each bar in a different concrete placement such that there is a cold joint between the bars, have not been investigated. This situation is found in the repair of adjacent box beam bridges and in the construction of inverted T-beam systems, among others. It is vital to understand whether the same mechanisms are present across a cold joint with two different types of concrete as are present in traditional non-contact lap splices. In this research, eight T-beam specimens with non-contact lap splices were tested. The spacing between the bars, the splice bar blockout length, and presence of transverse bars were varied to study the effectiveness of the splices. The beams were tested in four point bending so that the splice region was under constant moment and the tension forces in the spliced bars were constant. End and midspan deflections were measured along with surface strain measurements at midspan and at the quarter span points, top and bottom. Gap openings were also measured at the ends of the blockouts. The main conclusions found from this research are that beams containing non-contact lap splices were able to develop nominal capacity with the bar spacing less than or equal to 4 in. and the blockout between 17 and 20 in. long. Extending the blockouts and adding transverse bars underneath the splices did not add to the capacity. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielli Cristina Borelli Cintra.pdf: 4222911 bytes, checksum: 0db55771987e1317b678d8aff9ba3ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-28 / The lap splice of the longitudinal reinforcement of columns positioned at the base, widely used in the execution of multiple floors structures in reinforced concrete floors, is the most vulnerable point in the pathological manifestations columns of buildings, compromising the structural performance and durability of the building. This region suffers from the stage of concrete, the high concentration of bars and high altitude release of concrete that promote segregation of the aggregate, and hinder access to the consolidation. During the life of the structure, is a region of high concentration of efforts, especially in columns bracing and often exposed to aggressive agents, such as the accumulation of waste chemicals, cleaning and humidity. The present work is an experimental and statistical study of the behavior at break of 31 short columns reinforced concrete subjected to concentric compression. All columns possessed cross section of 19cm x 19cm, height 170cm, concrete strength around 30MPa and longitudinal geometric rate of 0.88%. Varied only the position and the length of the lap splice to analyze the influence of these two factors and the interaction between them in the capacity of the columns. Are analyzed qualitatively manufacturing procedures samples of columns, which were close to the conditions of execution of the columns in the works. We used a factorial design to statistically analyze the experimental results, which confirmed the hypothesis that none of the factors applied, even the interaction between them, would be significant for the load capacity of the columns / A emenda por traspasse de armadura longitudinal posicionada na base de pilares, largamente utilizada na execução de estruturas de múltiplos pavimentos em concreto armado, consiste num dos pontos mais vulneráveis às manifestações patológicas em pilares de edifícios, comprometendo o desempenho estrutural e durabilidade da edificação. Tal região é prejudicada, desde a etapa de concretagem, pela alta concentração de armadura e pela altura elevada de lançamento do concreto, que promovem a segregação do agregado, além de dificultarem o acesso para o adensamento. Durante a vida útil da estrutura, é uma região de alta concentração de esforços e geralmente exposta a agentes agressivos, como o acúmulo de resíduos de produtos químicos, de limpeza e umidade. O presente trabalho trata-se de um estudo experimental e estatístico do comportamento até a ruptura de 31 pilares curtos de concreto armado, submetidos à compressão centrada. Todos os pilares possuíam seção transversal de 19cm x 19cm, altura de 170cm, resistência do concreto em torno de 30MPa e taxa geométrica de armadura longitudinal de 0,88%. Variou-se apenas a posição da emenda e o comprimento de traspasse da armadura longitudinal para analisar a influência desses dois fatores e da interação entre eles na capacidade de carga dos pilares. São analisados qualitativamente os procedimentos de fabricação das amostras de pilares, que foram próximos às condições de execução de pilares em obras. Utilizou-se um planejamento fatorial para analisar estatisticamente os resultados experimentais, que confirmou as hipóteses de que nenhum dos fatores adotados, nem mesmo a interação entre eles, seriam significativos para a capacidade de carga dos pilares

Self-compacting concrete is an innovative construction material / its priority to normal vibrated concrete is that there is not any vibration requirement. Bond strength of reinforcement is one of the key factors that ensures the usefulness of any reinforced concrete structure. In this study, 6 full-scale concrete beams spliced at the mid-span were tested under two-point symmetrical loading. Test variables were bottom cover, side cover, free spacing between longitudinal reinforcement, lap-splice length and presence of transverse reinforcements within the lap-splice region. Specimen SC_22_44_88_800 had cover dimensions close to the code limits and had 36db lap splice length. This specimen showed flexural failure. Specimen SC_44_44_44_710 had 32db lap splice and cover dimensions greater than code minimums. This specimen showed yielding primarily. With the increasing loading, however, bond failure occurred with side splitting. ACI 408 descriptive equation for normal vibrated concrete predicted bar stresses of the unconfined specimens produced with self-compacting concrete acceptably well. The predicted values were lower than the measured values to be on the safe side. The error varied between 3.4% and 6.5%. All predictions of the ACI408 descriptive equation was higher than the measured bar stresses of the confined specimens produced with SCC. All the calculated values were unsafe. The error varied between 10.6% and 34.5%. Specimen SC_44_22_22_530_T4 with 24db lap splice length had side cover and spacing between bars 63.3% and 56.7% less than the ACI 318 limits. The calculated bar stress was 21.6% higher than the measured value. The main reason of the deviation was inadequate cover dimensions. In specimen SC_44_22_22_530_T6, number transverse reinforcement was increased to 6 stirrups to overcome the small cover and spacing problem. However, increased number of stirrups inside a small side and face cover caused weak plane and measured bar stress decreased.

<p>Twelve large-scale reinforced concrete (RC) specimens were tested at Purdue University’s Bowen Laboratory to evaluate the deformability of structural walls with longitudinal lap splices at their bases. Eight specimens were tested under four-point bending and four specimens were tested as cantilevers under constant axial force and cyclic reversals of lateral displacement. All specimens failed abruptly by disintegration of the lap splice, irrespective of what loading method was used or what splice details were chosen. Previous work on lap splices has focused mainly on splice strength. But, in consideration of demands requiring structural toughness (e.g. blast, earthquake, differential settlement), deformability is arguably more important than strength. </p> <p>Approximations of wall drift-strain relationships are presented in combination with estimates of splice strength and deformability to provide lower-bound drift capacity estimates for RC walls with lap splices at their bases. Deformations in slender structural walls (with aspect ratios larger than 3) are controlled by flexure. Shear deformations must be considered for walls with smaller aspect ratios. For slender walls with lap splices comparable to those tested, the observations collected suggest that drift capacities can be as low as 0.5%. That is: splices with minimum concrete cover, minimum transverse reinforcement (0.25% transverse reinforcement ratio) terminating in hooks, and lap splice lengths selected to reach yielding in the spliced bars (approximately 60 bar diameters for splices of Grade-60 reinforcement) can fail as yield is reached or soon after. For splices of the same length, doubling the amount of hooked transverse reinforcement increases deformation capacity by nearly 50%. By maintaining the same transverse reinforcement ratio but confining splices with closed hoops (instead of hooks), deformation capacity nearly doubles. Increasing splice length increases the expected splice strength but also increases the strain required to reach the same drift ratio. </p> <p>Evidence from this and similar experimental programs suggests that lap splices with minimum cover and confined only by minimum transverse reinforcement terminating in hooks should not be used in critical sections of structural walls when toughness is required. To prevent abrupt failure during events that demand structural toughness, it is recommended that lap splices be shifted away from locations where yielding in structural walls is expected.</p>

Η παρούσα διατριβή ανήκει στο γενικότερο θεματικό πεδίο της σεισμικής αποτίμησης, σχεδιασμού ή ανασχεδιασμού κατασκευών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με βάση τις μετακινήσεις. Οι σύγχρονες μέθοδοι αυτού του τύπου, στηρίζονται σε έλεγχο και σύγκριση της σεισμικής απαίτησης με την ικανότητα των μελών της κατασκευής σε όρους μετακινήσεων παρά σε όρους δυνάμεων. Δημιουργείται επομένως η ανάγκη για απλό και αξιόπιστο υπολογισμό της συμπεριφοράς μελών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος σε κάμψη και διάτμηση, σε όρους μετακινήσεων. Το αντικείμενο της παρούσης διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη προσομοιωμάτων για τον υπολογισμό των βασικών χαρακτηριστικών της συμπεριφοράς καμπτόμενων μελών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος και συγκεκριμένα: της ροπής διαρροής, της παραμόρφωσης στη διαρροή, της ενεργού δυσκαμψίας, της παραμόρφωσης στην αστοχία, της διατμητικής αντοχής σε ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση, της αντοχής μελών με χαμηλό λόγο διάτμησης και της συμπεριφοράς υπό διαξονική καταπόνηση. Εξετάζονται μέλη διαφόρων τύπων και διαφορετικής διατομής, μέλη με ενίσχυση μανδύα οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος ή μανδύα σύνθετων υλικών, καθώς επίσης και μέλη με μάτιση του διαμήκους οπλισμού στην περιοχή πλαστικής άρθρωσης. Για την ανάπτυξη των προσομοιωμάτων, καθώς και για τον έλεγχο άλλων παλαιότερων, αναπτύχθηκε και αξιοποιήθηκε βάση πειραματικών δεδομένων μελών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με περισσότερα από 2800 πειράματα από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Για τον υπολογισμό της ροπής και της καμπυλότητας στη διαρροή, αναπτύσσονται απλές σχέσεις υπολογισμού, βασιζόμενες σε ανάλυση σε επίπεδο διατομής και καθορίζονται τα κατάλληλα κριτήρια διαρροής. Αναπτύσσονται ακολούθως σχέσεις υπολογισμού της παραμόρφωσης στη διαρροή, και συγκεκριμένα της γωνίας στροφής χορδής του μέλους στη διαρροή, θy, ως άθροισμα τριών όρων: καμπτικής παραμόρφωσης, διατμητικής παραμόρφωσης και παραμόρφωσης λόγω ολίσθησης των ράβδων διαμήκους οπλισμού από την περιοχή αγκύρωσης. Προτείνονται δε δύο εναλλακτικοί τρόποι υπολογισμού της ενεργού δυσκαμψίας, ένας θεωρητικός και ένας καθαρά εμπειρικός. Στη συνέχεια εξετάζεται η παραμόρφωση στην αστοχία και προτείνονται δύο εναλλακτικοί μέθοδοι υπολογισμού της γωνίας στροφής χορδής στην αστοχία, θu. Η 1η βασίζεται στον υπολογισμό της καμπυλότητας στην αστοχία, φu, με εφαρμογή του κατάλληλου προσομοιώματος περίσφιγξης του σκυροδέματος, και στην εφαρμογή της φu σε μήκος πλαστικής άρθρωσης ίσο με Lpl, ενώ η 2η σε καθαρά εμπειρικές εξισώσεις. Εξετάζεται ακολούθως η διατμητική αντοχή σε ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση και προτείνονται προσομοιώματα για αστοχία σε διαγώνιο εφελκυσμό ή αστοχία σε λοξή θλίψη, μετά την καμπτική διαρροή. Στη συνέχεια εξετάζεται η συμπεριφορά μελών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος υπό διαξονική καταπόνηση. Εξετάζονται επίσης μέλη με χαμηλό λόγο διάτμησης και προτείνονται νέα αντιπροσωπευτικότερα κριτήρια για τον χαρακτηρισμό ενός μέλους ως “κοντό μέλος”, καθώς και νέα μεθοδολογία υπολογισμού της αντοχής των μελών αυτών, με κατάλληλο συνδυασμό του προσομοιώματος των Shohara and Kato, 1981 και των Φαρδής και συνεργάτες 1998. Ακολούθως εξετάζονται μέλη ενισχυμένα με μανδύα σύνθετων υλικών και προτείνονται προσομοιώματα υπολογισμού της γωνίας στροφής χορδής στη διαρροή και την καμπτική αστοχία, καθώς και προσομοίωμα υπολογισμού της διατμητικής αντοχής. Στη συνέχεια εξετάζεται η συμπεριφορά μελών με μάτιση του διαμήκους οπλισμού στην περιοχή πλαστικής άρθρωσης, καθώς και η εφαρμογή μανδύα σύνθετων υλικών για την ενίσχυση της περιοχής αυτής. Τέλος εξετάζεται η συμπεριφορά στη διαρροή και στην αστοχία, μελών ενισχυμένων με μανδύα οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος. Η ανάπτυξη όλων των προτεινόμενων προσομοιωμάτων της διατριβής βασίζεται στην καλύτερη δυνατή συμφωνία με τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα της βάσης δεδομένων, χωρίς όμως να θυσιάζεται η απλότητα και η ευχρηστία αυτών. / The present Thesis belongs in the general field of seismic assessment, design and redesign of concrete structures with displacement based procedures. Modern methods of this kind are based in controlling and comparing seismic demand with structural elements capacity in terms of displacements rather than forces. This leads in the need of estimating reinforced concrete elements performance under bending and shear, in terms of displacements. The object of the Thesis is development of models for calculating the basic performance characteristics of reinforced concrete elements under bending, in particular: yield moment, deformation at yielding, effective stiffness, deformation at ultimate, shear strength under cyclic loading, maximum strength of members with low shear ratio and behavior under biaxial loading. Members with various types of section and various characteristics are included, as also members retrofitted with FRP jacket or concrete jacket and members with lap-splice of longitudinal reinforcement in plastic hinge region. In order to develop new models and check older ones, a database of more than 2800 experiments from international literature on reinforced concrete elements was created and used here. Simple equations and procedures are suggested for calculating yield moment and corresponding curvature, based on section analysis, by specifying the appropriate yield criteria. Equations for calculating deformation at yielding, in particular chord rotation at yielding, θy as the sum of deformations due to bending, due to shear and due to slippage of longitudinal reinforcement from anchorage zone, are also developed. Calculation of effective stiffness is based on two alternative models, one theoretical and one purely empirical. Deformation at ultimate is then examined where two methods for calculating chord rotation at ultimate are suggested. 1st one is based on ultimate curvature, φu, where an appropriate concrete confinement model is used, and plastic hinge length Lpl, while 2nd one is based on purely empirical equations. Shear strength under cyclic loading is also examined and new models for calculating shear strength for shear tension and shear compression failure after flexural yield are developed. Behavior of reinforced concrete elements under biaxial loading is then examined. Elements with low shear ratio are also covered and new, more representative, criteria to characterize an element as a “short element” are suggested. A procedure based on an appropriate combination of Shohara and Kato 1981 model and Fardis et al. 1998 model is then suggested for calculating maximum strength of such “short elements”. Retrofitted members with FRP jacket are then examined and models for chord rotation at yielding and ultimate, as well as for shear strength are suggested. Behavior of members with lap-splice of longitudinal reinforcement inside plastic hinge region is then examined, including also retrofitting of this region with FRP jacket. Performance at yielding and ultimate of retrofitted members with concrete jacket is also examined. Development of all the suggested models of the Thesis is based on best fit with experimental results of the database, without sacrificing simplicity and applicability of the models.

The primary reinforcement used for construction of structural concrete members has a yield strength of 60 ksi. This reinforcement grade was incorporated into construction over 50 years ago and remains the standard. Recent advances in material technology have led to the development of commercially available reinforcing steel with yield strengths of 100 ksi. While greater yield strengths can be utilized in design, it is essential that the bars can be properly anchored and spliced to fully develop their strength. Although design expressions are available for this purpose, they were established considering 60 ksi reinforcement. Therefore, the objective of this research program is to evaluate the development of high-strength reinforcing steel and establish a design expression for the development and splicing of this steel. Two phases of experimental tests were conducted. Phase I was performed by Glucksman (2018) and investigated the influence of splice length and transverse reinforcement on bond strength over four series of beam tests. This study (Phase II) was conducted following Phase I and consisted of reinforced concrete slab and beam testing over three series. An investigation was conducted on reinforcement development with a focus on the effect of splice length, concrete compressive strength, stress-strain relationships of the steel (ASTM A615 vs. ASTM A1035), and transverse reinforcement. Based on the results, the influences of test variables were identified, and a new confinement model was developed that estimates the transverse reinforcement contribution to bond strength. Finally, a design expression is provided for calculating the development and splice lengths of high-strength reinforcement.