International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

International environmental law is one of the most dynamic fields of public international law, and has rapidly acquired great breadth and sophistication. Yet the rate of global environmental decline has also increased and is accelerating. Halting and reversing this process is a challenge of effective governance, requiring institutions that can ensure that the now impressive body of environmental norms is faithfully implemented. This thesis explores whether and to what extent international courts and tribunals can play a useful role in international environmental regimes. Consideration is given to the threefold function of adjudication in resolving environmental disputes, in promoting compliance with environmental standards, and in developing environmental rules. The thesis is divided into three Parts. The first Part examines the spectrum of adjudicative bodies that have been involved in the resolution of environmental disputes, situates these within the evolution of institutions for compliance control, and offers a reassessment of their relevance in contemporary environmental governance. The second Part critically assesses the contribution that arbitral awards and judicial decisions have made to the development of norms and principles of environmental law, examining case law relating to transboundary pollution, shared freshwater resources and marine environmental protection. In the third Part of the thesis consideration is given to three looming challenges for international environmental litigation: accommodating greater levels of public participation in adjudicative processes, resolving practical problems stemming from the interaction among multiple jurisdictions, and ensuring that specialised courts and tribunals do not apply environmental norms in a parochial manner that privileges the policy objectives of issue-specific regimes.

Thesis (Doctoral)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-202).

Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka om bosättningslagens möjligheter och brister, detta genom att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma under lagen upplever sitt arbete. Vi har i studien utgått ifrån ett kommunalt perspektiv i form av en fallstudie där vi studerade en kommun på djupet. Propositionen för bosättningslagen tillkom mitt i flyktingkrisen i slutet av år 2015, detta då regeringen menade att många kommunala verksamheter, exempelvis socialtjänsten, var hårt ansträngda eller stod inför stora prövningar. Propositionen lagstiftades hastigt och många kommuner runt om i landet menade på att det fanns brister och otydligheter gällande lagens riktlinjer. Vi genomförde studien med en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda inom kommunens sektion som arbetar under lagen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i vår studie har varit en kombination av två teorier, Lundquists implementeringsteori gällande begreppen: förstå, kan och vill, som fungerar som en generell teori. Samt Qvists forskning gällande samverkan inom integration. Qvists forskning fungerar som en operativ teori om hur det fungerar i praktiken, och har hjälpt oss se implementeringsteorin kring bosättningslagen ur ett samverkansperspektiv. Vårt empiriska material visade att individerna vi intervjuade menade på att det fanns ett stort tomrum i bosättningslagen i form av riktlinjer av mottaget och introduktionsstödet för en av målgrupperna, ett bristande barnperspektiv, brist på resurser, en bristande samverkan mellan kommun och statlig myndighet, samt att lagen hade ett för stort tolkningsutrymme. Vilket de menade lämnade tolkningen av lagen till kommunerna. Det framkom även att kommunen i studien inte visste vad de ska göra år 2020 då deras första anvisade nyanlända familjer som bosattes år 2016 i kommunen, kommer ha nått max antal år av bosättning enligt lagens bestämmelser. Intervjupersonernas berättelser visade på en vilja inom kommunen då de berättade om vilka möjligheter det fanns i deras arbete, de har inom kommunen själva startat projekt med frivilligorganisationer, för att sammanknyta människor och arbeta utifrån barnets bästa utifrån deras resurser. / The Purpose of our study is to investigate the possibilities and deficits of the law (2016:38) of settlements, this by examining how professionals under the law experience their work. We based the study out of a municipal perspective in the form of a case study where we have studied a municipality in depth. The bill for the law of settlement came into act in the middle of the refugee crisis at the end of 2015, when the government believed that many municipal activities such as the social services, were severely strained or were facing major trials. The bill was swiftly legislated and many municipalities around the country believed that there were deficits and ambiguities regarding the law´s guidelines. In the study, we implemented a qualitative method in the form of semi- structured interviews with employees in the municipal section working under the law. The theoretical starting point in our study has been a combination of two theories, Lundquist´s implementation theory concerning the concepts: understanding, can and will, which functions as a general theory. As well as Qvist´s research on the importance of collaboration between different parts of the government for a more effective integration- process. Qvist´s research serves as an operational theory of how it works in practice and has helped us see the implementation theory around the law of settlement from a collaborative perspective. Our empirical material showed that the individuals we interviewed, meant that there was a large void in the law of settlement in the form of guidelines for the reception and introduction support for one of the two target groups. A lack of children´s perspective, a lack of resources, a lack of cooperation between the municipality and the state authority, and the law had an excessive scope of interpretation, which they believed left the interpretation of the law to the municipality itself. It also emerged that the municipality in the study, did not know what to do in 2020 when their first assigned newly arrived families who settled in the municipality in 2016, will have reached the maximum number of years of residence in accordance with the law´s directions. The interviewees told stories of a desire within the municipality when they talked about the opportunities that existed in their work, within the municipality they have started projects with voluntary organizations to connect people and work based on the best interests of the child according to their resources they have at their disposal.

During the last twenty years there has been a proliferation of local studies of Poor Law administration, many of them concerned with the period of transition from the Old to the New Poor Laws. This thesis complements other local studies; it offers a detailed examination of Poor Law administration in and around the rapidly expanding industrial town of Bradford. At the same time, the thesis seeks to broaden the scope of such local studies by placing the Poor Law more firmly within its local social, economic and political context. Bradford's experiences are compared with those of other, particularly northern, urban Unions, and for the period after 1848, detailed comparison is made between Poor Law administration in the neighbouring Bradford and North Bierley Unions. Chapter 1 highlights those elements of Bradford's economic and social structure likely to exert the greatest influence on Poor Law administration. Chapter 2 examines administrative structures and relief practices under the Old Poor Law, with particular reference to the area's claim to-administrative efficiency. Chapter 3 examines local reactions to the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and traces the history of Bradford's popular anti-Poor Law movement. Chapter 4 investigates the new administrative structure. Chapter 4(1) evidences the occupational and political distinctions between the Borough and non-Borough Guardians, highlighting the political dimension of Poor Law administration. Chapter 4(ii) analyses the mechanics of relief distribution and Chapter 4(iii) examines the New Poor Law's'shaky financial base. Chapter 5(i) looks at the fate of the principles of 1834 with regard to able-bodied paupers and at the debate surrounding the introduction of the Outdoor Labour Test Order. Chapter 5(ii) deals largely with the provision of outdoor medical relief. Chapter 5(iii) examines the Workhouse regime and the treatment of particular groups of inmates, such as the mentally ill and vagrants. The education provided for Workhouse children is compared with that available to the independent poor. The Chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the Workhouse debate of 1846-8. Chapter 5(iv) investigates non-statutory relief provision in Bradford and attempts to assess its qualitative and quantitative importance. Chapter 6 examines the operation of the Law of Settlement, the workings of the non-resident relief system and the immediate impact of the legislation of 1846-7. Chapter 7 outlines the Poor Law authorities' involvement in bastardy affiliation actions. Chapter 8 assesses the impact of the New Poor Law and considers some of the major determinants of relief policy, including a survey of local attitudes to poverty. Part One concludes with the Union's division in 1848. Part Two considers the more settled administration of the 1850s and 1860s, building on the framework used in Part One. Chapter 9 looks at the occupations, politics and conduct of business of the Bradford and North Marley Boards of Guardians. Chapter 10 traces changes in the system of distributing relief and in the Poor Law's financial base, with particular reference to the financial reforms culminating in the Union Chargeability Act of 1865. Chapter 11 pursues the able-bodied debate, continues the earlier survey of outdoor medical relief and examines the novel provision of education for the children of outdoor paupers. Chapter 12 catalogues the erection of new Union Workhouses in Bradford and North Bierley and traces their evolving role as general pauper hospitals. Chapter 13 examines the enlarged contribution of charities in Bradford while Chapter 14 surveys the continuing but reduced impact of the Law of Settlement. Chapter 15 comments on the changes seen in the later period.