This is an attempt to investigate the linguistic question ofderivation in usul ahfiqh (legal theory). Being treated in various linguistic disciplines, especially grammar, the subject matter is studied in light of these disciplines in order to expound the unique contribution of usulists to it. The present study explores the chronological evolution of the subject and presents "derivation" as one example of the methodology applied by usulists to linguistic issues. / Le present essai se veut le fruit d'une recherche sur la derivation: question linguistique mise en rapport avec le domaine suivant: usul ahfiqh (theorie legale). Le sujet, traite dans differentes disciplines, specialement la grammaire, est etudie a la lumiere de ces disciplines afin d'extraire la contribution particuliere qu" y ont apportee les usulistes. Notre etude retrace done revolution chronologique du sujet et presente la "derivation" comme un exemple de la ethodologie mise en practique par les usulistes en matieres linguistiques. fr

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The Shi'ite orthodoxy, represented by the Usuli trend, introduced a new institution, i.e. marja'-i taqlid, in the middle of the thirteenth/nineteenth century when the struggle for the authority of the Imam was heightened by the representatives of speculative thought in Shi'ism. This institution combined the status of the most learned mujtahid with the charisma derived from the vicegerency of the Imam of the Age without committing itself to miraculous performances or directly jeopardizing the ruling establishments. The Usuli orthodoxy successfully fought the Akhbaris' detachment from the formal bases of argumentation on the one hand and the direct pretension to the authority of the Imam by the Sufis and Shaykhis on the other hand. The Usulis not only placed the marja'-i taqlid at the head of the Shi'ite learned hierarchy, but gave his pronouncements as of binding authority for the community. Marja'-i taqlid benefitted from the growth of popular religion among post-Safavid Iranians whose religious alms and charities guaranteed the financial independence of the supreme mujtahids. Marja'-i taqlid played important roles in the socio-political development of the Shi'ite people of Iran and Iraq either by legitimizing their constitutional and reformist movements or opposing colonialist and Westernizationist processes. However, in practice, the institution of marja'iyat escaped any attempts to embed the institution into the constitutional system or into any formal structure of juristic hierarchy.

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The thesis is concerned with internal normative acts in the field of tax procedural law. Theoretical part of this work is based on current literature and relevant case law of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic and the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic. All findings of the theoretical part are used and analysed in the practical part - in the field of tax procedural law. The thesis consists of five chapters. These chapters are subdivided into several parts to obtain comprehensibility of this thesis. The first chapter deals with the term tax procedural law and its classification in the system of law. Tax procedural law is a part of the legal area of tax law. Tax law is included in the legal branch of financial law and that is why both tax and financial law are defined in this chapter. Finally, this chapter focuses on subjects of tax administration (including description of basis of organization structure of Financial and Customs Administration of Czech Republic). The second chapter clarifies the definition of the sources of law. It is particularly focused on formal sources of law because the ability to recognise formal sources of law is crucial for further analysi in the third and the fifth chapter. Formal sources of tax law in the Czech Republic are described at the end...

TITLE: Selected questions of normative regulation of the Czech educational system AUTHOR: Michaela Fořtová DEPARTMENT: Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy SUPERVISOR: JUDr. Stanislav Sádovský, PhD., LLM, MSc ABSTRACT: The thesis is devoted to the problems of normative regulation in the sphere of the Czech educational system. At the very beginning it defines regulation and its influence within the framework of jurisprudence in the form of normative regulation. Therefore the dissertation deals with the term of legal standard, its structure and the types of legal norms. It indicates normative regulation in practice, thus in selected laws. Thereafter it performs classification of normative instruments in education, which is made on the basis of law sources difference. The end of this thesis is dedicated to normative regulation of the educational system, which is illustrated by selected documents. Then regulation is evaluated and possibilities of its improvement suggested. KEYWORDS: school system, rule-making, law sources, self-government, inspection

This thesis seeks to sketch the outer contours of the epistemological universe in which the science of us&dotbelow;ul al-fiqh was elaborated in classical Islam. The task is accomplished by analyzing arguments both for and against qiyas and ta`lil as presented by two major jurists of the 5th century of the Hijra representing opposite ends of the Islamic theological spectrum: (1) the H&dotbelow;anafite Mu`tazilite jurist Abu l-H&dotbelow;usayn al-Bas&dotbelow;ri (d. 436/1044) and (2) the Z&dotbelow;ahirite Abu Muh&dotbelow;ammad `Ali ibn H&dotbelow;azm al-Andalusi (d. 456/1064). After detailing each author's stance regarding the justifiability of qiyas and ta`lil, the thesis analyzes the underlying theological and epistemological premises and assumptions that can be extrapolated from each author's position. This analysis focuses on three fundamental sets of questions, namely: (1) What can be inferred from each author's position regarding the nature and provenance of knowledge in general, and of the relative status of certain (qat&dotbelow;`i, yaqini) versus suppositional (z&dotbelow;anni ) knowledge in matters of Shari`a? (2) What, according to each author, was the moral-legal status of acts before the promulgation of the Shari`a, and what can be inferred from this about the nature and provenance of moral-legal norms as conceived in the Islamic world view? Finally, (3) What can we conclude, on the basis of each jurist's arguments for or against qiyas and ta`lil, about the purposefulness of Divine acts in general and of the Shari`a in particular?

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Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dégagés de façon prétorienne par la Cour de justice, les principes généraux du droit de l’Union occupent dans la jurisprudence administrative française une place que peut expliquer la notion de dédoublement fonctionnel. D’une part, ce sont des normes obligatoirement appliquées par le juge national dans le champ du droit de l’Union.D’autre part, en dehors du champ, ils constituent une source d’inspiration pour le Conseil d’Etat dans la création et l’interprétation des principes généraux du droit français. Dans le premier cas, le juge administratif est garant du respect de ces principes.Fidèle aux exigences de la Cour de justice, il assume pleinement son rôle de juge de droit commun de l’application des principes du droit de l’Union. Dans le second cas, il devient acteur de la circulation des principes en Europe. Toutefois la coexistence des principes peut engendrer des tensions, accentuées par la difficulté à délimiter le champ du droit de l’Union, incertain et en pleine expansion. C’est pourquoi la thèse propose le déploiement d’une politique jurisprudentielle de convergence, dans laquelle le juge administratif affirmerait explicitement son souci de s’inspirer des principes du droit de l’Union. Ces derniers, combinés avec les principes issus de la Charte des droits fondamentaux, de la CEDH et des ordres nationaux, semblent donner naissance à une nouvelle catégorie de source matérielle : les principes européens communs. L’originalité de celle-ci, qui la différencie de toute autre source, est de constituer une oeuvre collective des juges en Europe, dans laquelle ces derniers puisent leur inspiration pour créer de nouveaux principes ou interpréter les principes existants. / The general principles of EU law, which are a judicial creation of the Court of Justice, play a role in French administrative case law that can be explained by the notion of functional duplication (“dédoublement fonctionnel”). On the one hand, the general principles of EU law are rules that are mandatorily applied by the national courts within the scope of EU law. On the other hand, beyond that scope, they constitute a source of inspiration for the Conseil d’Etat in creating and interpreting general principles of French administrative law. In the first case, the administrative courts are the primeguarantors of compliance with these principles. In line with the requirements of theCourt of Justice, they entirely fulfill their role as the ordinary courts applying principles of EU law. In the second case, they become one of the protagonists of the movement of principles in Europe. However, the coexistence of principles could trigger tensions,heightened by the difficulties in delineating the scope of principles of EU law, which is uncertain and rapidly expanding. That is why the thesis proposes the development of a judicial convergence policy, in which the administrative courts would more clearly affirm their concern to take inspiration from the general principles of EU law. These latter, combined with the principles stemming from the Charter of Fundamental Rights,the ECHR and the national orders, seem to give rise to a new category of material source: the common European principles. The originality of this category, which differentiates it from any other source, is that it constitutes a collective work of judges inEurope, from which they draw their inspiration to create new principles or interpret the existing ones.