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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Mathematical Expression Detection and Segmentation in Document Images

Bruce, Jacob Robert 19 March 2014 (has links)
Various document layout analysis techniques are employed in order to enhance the accuracy of optical character recognition (OCR) in document images. Type-specific document layout analysis involves localizing and segmenting specific zones in an image so that they may be recognized by specialized OCR modules. Zones of interest include titles, headers/footers, paragraphs, images, mathematical expressions, chemical equations, musical notations, tables, circuit diagrams, among others. False positive/negative detections, oversegmentations, and undersegmentations made during the detection and segmentation stage will confuse a specialized OCR system and thus may result in garbled, incoherent output. In this work a mathematical expression detection and segmentation (MEDS) module is implemented and then thoroughly evaluated. The module is fully integrated with the open source OCR software, Tesseract, and is designed to function as a component of it. Evaluation is carried out on freely available public domain images so that future and existing techniques may be objectively compared. / Master of Science
2

A User Centered Design and Prototype of a Mobile Reading Device for the Visually Impaired

Keefer, Robert B. 10 June 2011 (has links)
No description available.
3

An algorithm to evaluate plant layout alternatives using the manufacturing process as a criterion

Imam, Altaf S. January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
4

Analýza rozložení textu v historických dokumentech / Text Layout Analysis in Historical Documents

Palacková, Bianca January 2021 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to design and implement algorithm for text layout analysis in historical documents. Neural network was used to solve this problem, specifically architecture Faster-RCNN. Dataset of 6 135 images with historical newspaper was used for training and testing. For purpose of the thesis four models of neural networks were trained: model for detection of words, headings, text regions and model for words detection based on position in line. Outputs from these models were processed in order to determine text layout in input image. A modified F-score metric was used for the evaluation. Based on this metric, the algorithm reached an accuracy almost 80 %.
5

Comparative study of table layout analysis : Layout analysis solutions study for Swedish historical hand-written document

Liang, Xusheng January 2019 (has links)
Background. Nowadays, information retrieval system become more and more popular, it helps people retrieve information more efficiently and accelerates daily task. Within this context, Image processing technology play an important role that help transcribing content in printed or handwritten documents into digital data in information retrieval system. This transcribing procedure is called document digitization. In this transcribing procedure, image processing technique such as layout analysis and word recognition are employed to segment the document content and transcribe the image content into words. At this point, a Swedish company (ArkivDigital® AB) has a demand to transcribe their document data into digital data. Objectives. In this study, the aim is to find out effective solution to extract document layout regard to the Swedish handwritten historical documents, which are featured by their tabular forms containing the handwritten content. In this case, outcome of application of OCRopus, OCRfeeder, traditional image processing techniques, machine learning techniques on Swedish historical hand-written document is compared and studied. Methods. Implementation and experiment are used to develop three comparative solutions in this study. One is Hessian filtering with mask operation; another one is Gabor filtering with morphological open operation; the last one is Gabor filtering with machine learning classification. In the last solution, different alternatives were explored to build up document layout extraction pipeline. Hessian filter and Gabor filter are evaluated; Secondly, filter images with the better filter evaluated at previous stage, then refine the filtered image with Hough line transform method. Third, extract transfer learning feature and custom feature. Fourth, feed classifier with previous extracted features and analyze the result. After implementing all the solutions, sample set of the Swedish historical handwritten document is applied with these solutions and compare their performance with survey. Results. Both open source OCR system OCRopus and OCRfeeder fail to deliver the outcome due to these systems are designed to handle general document layout instead of table layout. Traditional image processing solutions work in more than a half of the cases, but it does not work well. Combining traditional image process technique and machine leaning technique give the best result, but with great time cost. Conclusions. Results shows that existing OCR system cannot carry layout analysis task in our Swedish historical handwritten document. Traditional image processing techniques are capable to extract the general table layout in these documents. By introducing machine learning technique, better and more accurate table layout can be extracted, but comes with a bigger time cost. / Scalable resource-efficient systems for big data analytics
6

Semantic Segmentation of Historical Document Images Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Ahrneteg, Jakob, Kulenovic, Dean January 2019 (has links)
Background. This thesis focuses on the task of historical document semantic segmentation with recurrent neural networks. Document semantic segmentation involves the segmentation of a page into different meaningful regions and is an important prerequisite step of automated document analysis and digitisation with optical character recognition. At the time of writing, convolutional neural network based solutions are the state-of-the-art for analyzing document images while the use of recurrent neural networks in document semantic segmentation has not yet been studied. Considering the nature of a recurrent neural network and the recent success of recurrent neural networks in document image binarization, it should be possible to employ a recurrent neural network for document semantic segmentation and further achieve high performance results. Objectives. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate if recurrent neural networks are a viable alternative to convolutional neural networks in document semantic segmentation. By using a combination of a convolutional neural network and a recurrent neural network, another objective is also to determine if the performance of the combination can improve upon the existing case of only using the recurrent neural network. Methods. To investigate the impact of recurrent neural networks in document semantic segmentation, three different recurrent neural network architectures are implemented and trained while their performance are further evaluated with Intersection over Union. Afterwards their segmentation result are compared to a convolutional neural network. By performing pre-processing on training images and multi-class labeling, prediction images are ultimately produced by the employed models. Results. The results from the gathered performance data shows a 2.7% performance difference between the best recurrent neural network model and the convolutional neural network. Notably, it can be observed that this recurrent neural network model has a more consistent performance than the convolutional neural network but comparable performance results overall. For the other recurrent neural network architectures lower performance results are observed which is connected to the complexity of these models. Furthermore, by analyzing the performance results of a model using a combination of a convolutional neural network and a recurrent neural network, it can be noticed that the combination performs significantly better with a 4.9% performance increase compared to the case with only using the recurrent neural network. Conclusions. This thesis concludes that recurrent neural networks are likely a viable alternative to convolutional neural networks in document semantic segmentation but that further investigation is required. Furthermore, by combining a convolutional neural network with a recurrent neural network it is concluded that the performance of a recurrent neural network model is significantly increased. / Bakgrund. Detta arbete handlar om semantisk segmentering av historiska dokument med recurrent neural network. Semantisk segmentering av dokument inbegriper att dela in ett dokument i olika regioner, något som är viktigt för att i efterhand kunna utföra automatisk dokument analys och digitalisering med optisk teckenläsning. Vidare är convolutional neural network det främsta alternativet för bearbetning av dokument bilder medan recurrent neural network aldrig har använts för semantisk segmentering av dokument. Detta är intressant eftersom om vi tar hänsyn till hur ett recurrent neural network fungerar och att recurrent neural network har uppnått mycket bra resultat inom binär bearbetning av dokument, borde det likväl vara möjligt att använda ett recurrent neural network för semantisk segmentering av dokument och även här uppnå bra resultat. Syfte. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om ett recurrent neural network kan uppnå ett likvärdigt resultat jämfört med ett convolutional neural network för semantisk segmentering av dokument. Vidare är syftet även att undersöka om en kombination av ett convolutional neural network och ett recurrent neural network kan ge ett bättre resultat än att bara endast använda ett recurrent neural network. Metod. För att kunna avgöra om ett recurrent neural network är ett lämpligt alternativ för semantisk segmentering av dokument utvärderas prestanda resultatet för tre olika modeller av recurrent neural network. Därefter jämförs dessa resultat med prestanda resultatet för ett convolutional neural network. Vidare utförs förbehandling av bilder och multi klassificering för att modellerna i slutändan ska kunna producera mätbara resultat av uppskattnings bilder. Resultat. Genom att utvärdera prestanda resultaten för modellerna kan vi i en jämförelse med den bästa modellen och ett convolutional neural network uppmäta en prestanda skillnad på 2.7%. Noterbart i det här fallet är att den bästa modellen uppvisar en jämnare fördelning av prestanda. För de två modellerna som uppvisade en lägre prestanda kan slutsatsen dras att deras utfall beror på en lägre modell komplexitet. Vidare vid en jämförelse av dessa två modeller, där den ena har en kombination av ett convolutional neural network och ett recurrent neural network medan den andra endast har ett recurrent neural network uppmäts en prestanda skillnad på 4.9%. Slutsatser. Resultatet antyder att ett recurrent neural network förmodligen är ett lämpligt alternativ till ett convolutional neural network för semantisk segmentering av dokument. Vidare dras slutsatsen att en kombination av de båda varianterna bidrar till ett bättre prestanda resultat.
7

Layout Analysis on modern Newspapers using the Object Detection model Faster R-CNN

Funkquist, Mikaela January 2022 (has links)
As society is becoming more and more digitized the amount of digital data is increasing rapidly. Newspapers are one example of this, that many Libraries around the world are storing as digital images. This enables a great opportunity for research on Newspapers, and a particular research area is Document Layout Analysis where one divides the document into different segments and classifies them. In this thesis modern Newspaper pages, provided by KBLab, were used to investigate how well a Deep Learning model developed for General Object Detection performs in this area. In particular the Faster R-CNN Object detection model was trained on manually annotated newspaper pages from two different Swedish publishers, namely Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet. All newspaper pages were taken from editions published between 2010 and 2020, meaning only modern newspapers were considered. The methodology in this thesis involved sampling editions from the given publishers and time periods and then manually annotating these by marking out the desired layout elements with bounding boxes. The classes considered were: headlines, subheadlines, decks, charts/infographics, photographs, pull quotes, cartoons, fact boxes, bylines/credits, captions, tableaus and tables. Given the annotated data, a Faster R-CNN with a ResNet-50-FPN backbone was trained on both the Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet train sets and then evaluated on different test set. Results such as a mAP0.5:0.95 of 0.6 were achieved for all classes, while class-wise evaluation indicate precisions around 0.8 for some classes such as tableaus, decks and photographs. / I takt med att samhället blir mer och mer digitaliserat ökar mängden digital data snabbt. Tidningar är ett exempel på detta, som många bibliotek runt om i världen lagrar som digitala bilder. Detta möjliggör en stor möjlighet för forskning på tidningar, och ett särskilt forskningsområde är Dokument Layout Analys där man delar in dokumentet i olika segment och klassificerar dem. I denna avhandling användes moderna tidningssidor, tillhandahållna av KBLab, för att undersöka hur väl en djupinlärnings-modell utvecklad för generell Objektdetektering presterar inom detta område. Mer precist, tränades en Faster R-CNN Objektdetekteringsmodell på manuellt annoterade tidningssidor från två olika svenska förlag, nämligen Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet. Alla tidningssidor togs från utgåvor som publicerats mellan 2010 och 2020, vilket innebär att endast moderna tidningar behandlades. Metodiken i detta examensarbete innebar att först göra ett urval av utgåvor från givna förlag och tidsperioder och sedan manuellt annotera dessa genom att markera ut önskade layoutelement med begränsningsrutor. Klasserna som användes var: rubriker, underrubriker, ingress, diagram/infografik, fotografier, citat, tecknade serier, faktarutor, författares signatur, bildtexter, tablåer och tabeller. Givet den annoterade datan, tränades en Faster R-CNN med en ResNet-50-FPN ryggrad på både Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet träningsdatan och sedan utvärderades dem på olika testset. Resultat som mAP0.5:0.95 på 0.6 uppnåddes för alla klasser, medan klassvis utvärdering indikerar precision kring 0.8 för vissa klasser som tablåer, ingresser och fotografier.
8

Advances in Document Layout Analysis

Bosch Campos, Vicente 05 March 2020 (has links)
[EN] Handwritten Text Segmentation (HTS) is a task within the Document Layout Analysis field that aims to detect and extract the different page regions of interest found in handwritten documents. HTS remains an active topic, that has gained importance with the years, due to the increasing demand to provide textual access to the myriads of handwritten document collections held by archives and libraries. This thesis considers HTS as a task that must be tackled in two specialized phases: detection and extraction. We see the detection phase fundamentally as a recognition problem that yields the vertical positions of each region of interest as a by-product. The extraction phase consists in calculating the best contour coordinates of the region using the position information provided by the detection phase. Our proposed detection approach allows us to attack both higher level regions: paragraphs, diagrams, etc., and lower level regions like text lines. In the case of text line detection we model the problem to ensure that the system's yielded vertical position approximates the fictitious line that connects the lower part of the grapheme bodies in a text line, commonly known as the baseline. One of the main contributions of this thesis, is that the proposed modelling approach allows us to include prior information regarding the layout of the documents being processed. This is performed via a Vertical Layout Model (VLM). We develop a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based framework to tackle both region detection and classification as an integrated task and study the performance and ease of use of the proposed approach in many corpora. We review the modelling simplicity of our approach to process regions at different levels of information: text lines, paragraphs, titles, etc. We study the impact of adding deterministic and/or probabilistic prior information and restrictions via the VLM that our approach provides. Having a separate phase that accurately yields the detection position (base- lines in the case of text lines) of each region greatly simplifies the problem that must be tackled during the extraction phase. In this thesis we propose to use a distance map that takes into consideration the grey-scale information in the image. This allows us to yield extraction frontiers which are equidistant to the adjacent text regions. We study how our approach escalates its accuracy proportionally to the quality of the provided detection vertical position. Our extraction approach gives near perfect results when human reviewed baselines are provided. / [ES] La Segmentación de Texto Manuscrito (STM) es una tarea dentro del campo de investigación de Análisis de Estructura de Documentos (AED) que tiene como objetivo detectar y extraer las diferentes regiones de interés de las páginas que se encuentran en documentos manuscritos. La STM es un tema de investigación activo que ha ganado importancia con los años debido a la creciente demanda de proporcionar acceso textual a las miles de colecciones de documentos manuscritos que se conservan en archivos y bibliotecas. Esta tesis entiende la STM como una tarea que debe ser abordada en dos fases especializadas: detección y extracción. Consideramos que la fase de detección es, fundamentalmente, un problema de clasificación cuyo subproducto son las posiciones verticales de cada región de interés. Por su parte, la fase de extracción consiste en calcular las mejores coordenadas de contorno de la región utilizando la información de posición proporcionada por la fase de detección. Nuestro enfoque de detección nos permite atacar tanto regiones de alto nivel (párrafos, diagramas¿) como regiones de nivel bajo (líneas de texto principalmente). En el caso de la detección de líneas de texto, modelamos el problema para asegurar que la posición vertical estimada por el sistema se aproxime a la línea ficticia que conecta la parte inferior de los cuerpos de los grafemas en una línea de texto, comúnmente conocida como línea base. Una de las principales aportaciones de esta tesis es que el enfoque de modelización propuesto nos permite incluir información conocida a priori sobre la disposición de los documentos que se están procesando. Esto se realiza mediante un Modelo de Estructura Vertical (MEV). Desarrollamos un marco de trabajo basado en los Modelos Ocultos de Markov (MOM) para abordar tanto la detección de regiones como su clasificación de forma integrada, así como para estudiar el rendimiento y la facilidad de uso del enfoque propuesto en numerosos corpus. Así mismo, revisamos la simplicidad del modelado de nuestro enfoque para procesar regiones en diferentes niveles de información: líneas de texto, párrafos, títulos, etc. Finalmente, estudiamos el impacto de añadir información y restricciones previas deterministas o probabilistas a través de el MEV propuesto que nuestro enfoque proporciona. Disponer de un método independiente que obtiene con precisión la posición de cada región detectada (líneas base en el caso de las líneas de texto) simplifica enormemente el problema que debe abordarse durante la fase de extracción. En esta tesis proponemos utilizar un mapa de distancias que tiene en cuenta la información de escala de grises de la imagen. Esto nos permite obtener fronteras de extracción que son equidistantes a las regiones de texto adyacentes. Estudiamos como nuestro enfoque aumenta su precisión de manera proporcional a la calidad de la detección y descubrimos que da resultados casi perfectos cuando se le proporcionan líneas de base revisadas por humanos. / [CA] La Segmentació de Text Manuscrit (STM) és una tasca dins del camp d'investigació d'Anàlisi d'Estructura de Documents (AED) que té com a objectiu detectar I extraure les diferents regions d'interès de les pàgines que es troben en documents manuscrits. La STM és un tema d'investigació actiu que ha guanyat importància amb els anys a causa de la creixent demanda per proporcionar accés textual als milers de col·leccions de documents manuscrits que es conserven en arxius i biblioteques. Aquesta tesi entén la STM com una tasca que ha de ser abordada en dues fases especialitzades: detecció i extracció. Considerem que la fase de detecció és, fonamentalment, un problema de classificació el subproducte de la qual són les posicions verticals de cada regió d'interès. Per la seva part, la fase d'extracció consisteix a calcular les millors coordenades de contorn de la regió utilitzant la informació de posició proporcionada per la fase de detecció. El nostre enfocament de detecció ens permet atacar tant regions d'alt nivell (paràgrafs, diagrames ...) com regions de nivell baix (línies de text principalment). En el cas de la detecció de línies de text, modelem el problema per a assegurar que la posició vertical estimada pel sistema s'aproximi a la línia fictícia que connecta la part inferior dels cossos dels grafemes en una línia de text, comunament coneguda com a línia base. Una de les principals aportacions d'aquesta tesi és que l'enfocament de modelització proposat ens permet incloure informació coneguda a priori sobre la disposició dels documents que s'estan processant. Això es realitza mitjançant un Model d'Estructura Vertical (MEV). Desenvolupem un marc de treball basat en els Models Ocults de Markov (MOM) per a abordar tant la detecció de regions com la seva classificació de forma integrada, així com per a estudiar el rendiment i la facilitat d'ús de l'enfocament proposat en nombrosos corpus. Així mateix, revisem la simplicitat del modelatge del nostre enfocament per a processar regions en diferents nivells d'informació: línies de text, paràgrafs, títols, etc. Finalment, estudiem l'impacte d'afegir informació i restriccions prèvies deterministes o probabilistes a través del MEV que el nostre mètode proporciona. Disposar d'un mètode independent que obté amb precisió la posició de cada regió detectada (línies base en el cas de les línies de text) simplifica enormement el problema que ha d'abordar-se durant la fase d'extracció. En aquesta tesi proposem utilitzar un mapa de distàncies que té en compte la informació d'escala de grisos de la imatge. Això ens permet obtenir fronteres d'extracció que són equidistants de les regions de text adjacents. Estudiem com el nostre enfocament augmenta la seva precisió de manera proporcional a la qualitat de la detecció i descobrim que dona resultats quasi perfectes quan se li proporcionen línies de base revisades per humans. / Bosch Campos, V. (2020). Advances in Document Layout Analysis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/138397
9

Deep Learning Methodologies for Textual and Graphical Content-Based Analysis of Handwritten Text Images

Prieto Fontcuberta, José Ramón 08 July 2024 (has links)
[ES] En esta tesis se abordan problemas no resueltos en el campo de la Inteligencia Artificial aplicada a documentos históricos manuscritos. Primero haremos un recorrido por diversas técnicas y conceptos que se utilizarán durante la tesis. Se explorarán diferentes formas de representar datos, incluidas imágenes, texto y grafos. Se introducirá el concepto de Índices Probabilísticos (PrIx) para la representación textual y se explicará su codificación usando TfIdf. También se discutirá la selección de las mejores características de entrada para redes neuronales mediante Information Gain (IG). En el ámbito de las redes neuronales, se abordarán modelos específicos como Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Redes Neuronales Convolucionales (CNNs) y redes basadas en grafos (GNNs), además de una breve introducción a los transformers. El primer problema que aborda la tesis es la segmentación de libros históricos manuscritos en unidades semánticas, un desafío complejo y recurrente en archivos de todo el mundo. A diferencia de los libros modernos, donde la segmentación en capítulos es más sencilla, los libros históricos presentan desafíos únicos debido a su irregularidad y posible mala conservación. La tesis define formalmente este problema por primera vez y propone un pipeline para extraer consistentemente las unidades semánticas en dos variantes: una con restricciones del corpus y otra sin ellas. Se emplearán diferentes tipos de redes neuronales, incluidas CNNs para la clasificación de partes de la imagen y RPNs y transformers para detectar y clasificar regiones. Además, se introduce una nueva métrica para medir la pérdida de información en la detección, alineación y transcripción de estas unidades semánticas. Finalmente, se comparan diferentes métodos de ``decoding'' y se evalúan los resultados en hasta cinco conjuntos de datos diferentes. En otro capítulo, la tesis aborda el desafío de clasificar documentos históricos manuscritos no transcritos, específicamente actos notariales en el Archivo Provincial Histórico de Cádiz. Se desarrollará un framework que utiliza Índices Probabilísticos (PrIx) para clasificar estos documentos y se comparará con transcripciones 1-best obtenidas mediante técnicas de Reconocimiento de Texto Manuscrito (HTR). Además de la clasificación convencional en un conjunto cerrado de clases (Close Set Classification, CSC), la tesis introduce el framework de Open Set Classification (OSC). Este enfoque no solo clasifica documentos en clases predefinidas, sino que también identifica aquellos que no pertenecen a ninguna de las clases establecidas, permitiendo que un experto los etiquete. Se compararán varias técnicas para este fin y se propondrán dos. Una sin umbral en las probabilidades a posteriori generadas por el modelo de red neuronal, y otra que utiliza un umbral en las mismas, con la opción de ajustarlo manualmente según las necesidades del experto. En un tercer capítulo, la tesis se centra en la Extracción de Información (IE) de documentos tabulares manuscritos. Se desarrolla un pipeline que comienza con la detección de texto en imágenes con tablas, línea por línea, seguido de su transcripción mediante técnicas de HTR. De forma paralela, se entrenarán diferentes modelos para identificar la estructura de las tablas, incluidas filas, columnas y secciones de cabecera. El pipeline también aborda problemas comunes en tablas manuscritas, como el multi-span de columnas y la sustitución de texto entre comillas. Además, se emplea un modelo de lenguaje entrenado específicamente para detectar automáticamente las cabeceras de las tablas. Se utilizarán dos conjuntos de datos para demostrar la eficacia del pipeline en la tarea de IE, y se identificarán las áreas de mejora en el propio pipeline para futuras investigaciones. / [CA] En aquesta tesi s'aborden problemes no resolts en el camp de la Intel·ligència Artificial aplicada a documents històrics manuscrits. Primer farem un recorregut per diverses tècniques i conceptes que s'utilitzaran durant la tesi. S'exploraran diferents formes de representar dades, incloses imatges, text i grafos. S'introduirà el concepte d'Índexs Probabilístics (PrIx) per a la representació textual i s'explicarà la seva codificació usant TfIdf. També es discutirà la selecció de les millors característiques d'entrada per a xarxes neuronals mitjançant Information Gain (IG). En l'àmbit de les xarxes neuronals, s'abordaran models específics com Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Xarxes Neuronals Convolucionals (CNNs) i xarxes basades en grafos (GNNs), a més d'una breu introducció als transformers. El primer problema que aborda la tesi és la segmentació de llibres històrics manuscrits en unitats semàntiques, un desafiament complex i recurrent en arxius de tot el món. A diferència dels llibres moderns, on la segmentació en capítols és més senzilla, els llibres històrics presenten desafiaments únics degut a la seva irregularitat i possible mala conservació. La tesi defineix formalment aquest problema per primera vegada i proposa un pipeline per extreure consistentment les unitats semàntiques en dues variants: una amb restriccions del corpus i una altra sense elles. S'empraran diferents tipus de xarxes neuronals, incloses CNNs per a la classificació de parts de la imatge i RPNs i transformers per detectar i classificar regions. A més, s'introdueix una nova mètrica per mesurar la pèrdua d'informació en la detecció, alineació i transcripció d'aquestes unitats semàntiques. Finalment, es compararan diferents mètodes de ``decoding'' i s'avaluaran els resultats en fins a cinc conjunts de dades diferents. En un altre capítol, la tesi aborda el desafiament de classificar documents històrics manuscrits no transcrits, específicament actes notarials a l'Arxiu Provincial Històric de Càdiz. Es desenvoluparà un marc que utilitza Índexs Probabilístics (PrIx) per classificar aquests documents i es compararà amb transcripcions 1-best obtingudes mitjançant tècniques de Reconèixer Text Manuscrit (HTR). A més de la classificació convencional en un conjunt tancat de classes (Close Set Classification, CSC), la tesi introdueix el marc d'Open Set Classification (OSC). Aquest enfocament no només classifica documents en classes predefinides, sinó que també identifica aquells que no pertanyen a cap de les classes establertes, permetent que un expert els etiqueti. Es compararan diverses tècniques per a aquest fi i es proposaran dues. Una sense llindar en les probabilitats a posteriori generades pel model de xarxa neuronal, i una altra que utilitza un llindar en les mateixes, amb l'opció d'ajustar-lo manualment segons les necessitats de l'expert. En un tercer capítol, la tesi es centra en l'Extracció d'Informació (IE) de documents tabulars manuscrits. Es desenvolupa un pipeline que comença amb la detecció de text en imatges amb taules, línia per línia, seguit de la seva transcripció mitjançant tècniques de HTR. De forma paral·lela, s'entrenaran diferents models per identificar l'estructura de les taules, incloses files, columnes i seccions de capçalera. El pipeline també aborda problemes comuns en taules manuscrites, com ara el multi-span de columnes i la substitució de text entre cometes. A més, s'empra un model de llenguatge entrenat específicament per detectar automàticament les capçaleres de les taules. S'utilitzaran dos conjunts de dades per demostrar l'eficàcia del pipeline en la tasca de IE, i s'identificaran les àrees de millora en el propi pipeline per a futures investigacions. / [EN] This thesis addresses unresolved issues in the field of Artificial Intelligence as applied to historical handwritten documents. The challenges include not only the degradation of the documents but also the scarcity of available data for training specialized models. This limitation is particularly relevant when the trend is to use large datasets and massive models to achieve significant breakthroughs. First, we provide an overview of various techniques and concepts used throughout the thesis. Different ways of representing data are explored, including images, text, and graphs. Probabilistic Indices (PrIx) are introduced for textual representation and its encoding using TfIdf is be explained. We also discuss selecting the best input features for neural networks using Information Gain (IG). In the realm of neural networks, specific models such as Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and graph-based networks (GNNs) are covered, along with a brief introduction to transformers. The first problem addressed in this thesis is the segmentation of historical handwritten books into semantic units, a complex and recurring challenge in archives worldwide. Unlike modern books, where chapter segmentation is relatively straightforward, historical books present unique challenges due to their irregularities and potential poor preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this thesis formally defines this problem. We propose a pipeline to consistently extract these semantic units in two variations: one with corpus-specific constraints and another without them. Various types of neural networks are employed, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for classifying different parts of the image and Region Proposal Networks (RPNs) and transformers for detecting and classifying regions. Additionally, a new metric is introduced to measure the information loss in the detection, alignment, and transcription of these semantic units. Finally, different decoding methods are compared, and the results are evaluated across up to five different datasets. In another chapter, we tackle the challenge of classifying non-transcribed historical handwritten documents, specifically notarial deeds, from the Provincial Historical Archive of Cádiz. A framework is developed that employs Probabilistic Indices (PrIx) for classifying these documents, and this is compared to 1-best transcriptions obtained through Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) techniques. In addition to conventional classification within a closed set of classes (Close Set Classification, CSC), this thesis introduces the Open Set Classification (OSC) framework. This approach not only classifies documents into predefined classes but also identifies those that do not belong to any of the established classes, allowing an expert to label them. Various techniques are compared, and two are proposed. One approach without using a threshold on the posterior probabilities generated by the neural network model. At the same time, the other employs a threshold on these probabilities, with the option for manual adjustment according to the expert's needs. In a third chapter, this thesis focuses on Information Extraction (IE) from handwritten tabular documents. A pipeline is developed that starts with detecting text in images containing tables, line by line, followed by its transcription using HTR techniques. In parallel, various models are trained to identify the structure of the tables, including rows, columns, and header sections. The pipeline also addresses common issues in handwritten tables, such as multi-span columns and substituting ditto marks. Additionally, a language model specifically trained to detect table headers automatically is employed. Two datasets are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the pipeline in the IE task, and areas for improvement within the pipeline itself are identified for future research. / Prieto Fontcuberta, JR. (2024). Deep Learning Methodologies for Textual and Graphical Content-Based Analysis of Handwritten Text Images [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206075
10

Analysis Of Multi-lingual Documents With Complex Layout And Content

Pati, Peeta Basa 11 1900 (has links)
A document image, beside text, may contain pictures, graphs, signatures, logos, barcodes, hand-drawn sketches and/or seals. Further, the text blocks in an image may be in Manhattan or any complex layout. Document Layout Analysis is an important preprocessing step before subjecting any such image to OCR. Here, the image with complex layout and content is segmented into its constituent components. For many present day applications, separating the text from the non-text blocks is sufficient. This enables the conversion of the text elements present in the image to their corresponding editable form. In this work, an effort has been made to separate the text areas from the various kinds of possible non-text elements. The document images may have been obtained from a scanner or camera. If the source is a scanner, there is control on the scanning resolution, and lighting of the paper surface. Moreover, during the scanning process, the paper surface remains parallel to the sensor surface. However, when an image is obtained through a camera, these advantages are no longer available. Here, an algorithm is proposed to separate the text present in an image from the clutter, irrespective of the imaging technology used. This is achieved by using both the structural and textural information of the text present in the gray image. A bank of Gabor filters characterizes the statistical distribution of the text elements in the document. A connected component based technique removes certain types of non-text elements from the image. When a camera is used to acquire document images, generally, along with the structural and textural information of the text, color information is also obtained. It can be assumed that text present in an image has a certain amount of color homogeneity. So, a graph-theoretical color clustering scheme is employed to segment the iso-color components of the image. Each iso-color image is then analyzed separately for its structural and textural properties. The results of such analyses are merged with the information obtained from the gray component of the image. This helps to separate the colored text areas from the non-text elements. The proposed scheme is computationally intensive, because the separation of the text from non-text entities is performed at the pixel level Since any entity is represented by a connected set of pixels, it makes more sense to carry out the separation only at specific points, selected as representatives of their neighborhood. Harris' operator evaluates an edge-measure at each pixel and selects pixels, which are locally rich on this measure. These points are then employed for separating text from non-text elements. Many government documents and forms in India are bi-lingual or tri-lingual in nature. Further, in school text books, it is common to find English words interspersed within sentences in the main Indian language of the book. In such documents, successive words in a line of text may be of different scripts (languages). Hence, for OCR of these documents, the script must be recognized at the level of words, rather than lines or paragraphs. A database of about 20,000 words each from 11 Indian scripts1 is created. This is so far the largest database of Indian words collected and deployed for script recognition purpose. Here again, a bank of 36 Gabor filters is used to extract the feature vector which represents the script of the word. The effectiveness of Gabor features is compared with that of DCT and it is found that Gabor features marginally outperform the DOT. Simple, linear and non-linear classifiers are employed to classify the word in the feature space. It is assumed that a scheme developed to recognize the script of the words would work equally fine for sentences and paragraphs. This assumption has been verified with supporting results. A systematic study has been conducted to evaluate and compare the accuracy of various feature-classifier combinations for word script recognition. We have considered the cases of bi-script and tri-script documents, which are largely available. Average recognition accuracies for bi-script and tri-script cases are 98.4% and 98.2%, respectively. A hierarchical blind script recognizer, involving all eleven scripts has been developed and evaluated, which yields an average accuracy of 94.1%. The major contributions of the thesis are: • A graph theoretic color clustering scheme is used to segment colored text. • A scheme is proposed to separate text from the non-text content of documents with complex layout and content, captured by scanner or camera. • Computational complexity is reduced by performing the separation task on a selected set of locally edge-rich points. • Script identification at word level is carried out using different feature classifier combinations. Gabor features with SVM classifier outperforms any other feature-classifier combinations. A hierarchical blind script recognition algorithm, involving the recognition of 11 Indian scripts, is developed. This structure employs the most efficient feature-classifier combination at each individual nodal point of the tree to maximize the system performance. A sequential forward feature selection algorithm is employed to. select the most discriminating features, in a case by case basis, for script-recognition. The 11 scripts are Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odiya, Puniabi, Roman. Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

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