Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / James D. Lillich / Objective - To compare the biomechanical characteristics of the currently recommended (CR) technique and a less invasive (LI) surgical approach for arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). Additionally, to describe a technique for cartilage removal and disruption of the subchondral bone. Study design - Randomized paired limb design for biomechanical comparison. Cartilage removal and subchondral bone disruption was accomplished using an orthopedic drill bit. Sample Population – 76 cadaver limbs. Methods - Cadaver PIPJs were drilled using a 3.5mm, 4.5mm or 5.5mm drill bit. Articular surfaces were digitally photographed and analyzed. Other paired PIPJs were arthrodesed using either the CR or the LI surgical technique. Implants consisted of a 3-hole DCP and two 5.5mm transarticular screws. Constructs were tested to failure in dorso-palmar/plantar and latero-medial in single cycle 3-point bending. The maximum load and yield load was measured and composite stiffness was calculated and statistically compared. Results - The LI technique had significantly greater mean yield load (11.3 ± 2.8 kN vs. 7.68 ± 1.1 kN, P=0.008) and mean maximum load (13.5 ± 3.1 kN vs. 10.1 ± 1.94 kN, P= 0.02) under latero-medial bending. Under dorso-palmar/plantar bending there was no statistical difference between the surgical approaches (P=0.5). The 4.5mm drill bit removed 42% ± 7.3 of the cartilage and disrupted subchondral bone. The LI technique had a decreased surgical time (19 ± 3 min.) when compared with the CR (31 ± 3 min.) technique. Conclusion – The LI technique results in a stronger composite as measured in 3-point bending, loaded to failure. Clinical Relevance – The LI surgical technique may be considered for clinical cases requiring arthrodesis of the PIPJ as there is no reduction in composite strength.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra pateikti bešvaistiklio eksperimentinio kompresoriaus triukšmo lygio, vibracinio aktyvumo, elektros energijos sąnaudų, našumo tyrimų rezultatai. Tyrimams atlikti buvo suprojektuotas ir sukonstruotas specialus tyrimų stendas bei sudarytos tyrimų metodikos, parinkta tyrimų įranga. Eksperimentai buvo atliekami, esant skirtingiems kompresoriaus sukimosi greičiams ir keičiant slėgį, suspausto oro sistemoje. Triukšmo tyrimai buvo atlikti keliuose skirtinguose matavimo taškuose, vibracinis aktyvumas matuojamas keliomis skirtingomis koordinačių ašių kryptimis. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, mokslinės literatūros, susijusios su tiriamuoju objektu, apžvalga, tiriamos problemos analizė ir pagrindimas, teorinis pagrindimas, eksperimentiniai tyrimai ir jų rezultatų įvertinimas, lyginamoji analizė, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūra. Darbo apimtis – 132 puslapiai teksto be priedų, 139 iliustracijų, 34 lentelės, 37 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / The data of noise level, vibration activity, used electric power, duty research of crank less mechanism are submitted in the final thesis for the master’s degree. For research making was designed and constructed a special test stand, and scheduled research methodology. Experiments were carried out at different speeds of compressors and compressed air system pressure. Noise tests were carried out at several different points of measurement, vibration activity - a number of different coordinate axes. Structure: introduction, review of scientific literature related to the investigating object, analysis and justification of the investigated problem, theoretical justification, experiments and their evaluation of the results, comparative analysis, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consists of: 132 pages text without appendixes, 139 pictures, 34 tables, 37 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

When tourism is growing fast it is important to develop it in a sustainable way which benefits the communities involved as much as possible. Homestay tourism can benefit local communities such as mass tourism has been widely criticized for failing to do. Homestay has shown to be successful as a tool for building sustainable tourism and contributing to locals involved in other countries. The concept has given hosts an opportunity to gain from their local resources. This gives the resources importance thereby locals preserve them. Although, there is a lack of studies on how the homestay concept can contribute to sustainable tourism development and how the concept is implemented in the Philippines. The aim with the research is to explore impacts of the homestay concept in sustainable tourism development through following perspectives: assess the social and economic impacts of having a homestay, identify motivational factors behind local peoples' decisions to put up a homestay, explore further ways of developing homestays in a developing country with focus on the central part of The Philippines. In the research, several challanges for implementing the homestay concept in a sustainable way have been identified and given suggestions on. The biggest challenge identified is that hosts do not have the skills and knowledge for the purpose of the homestay concept. The study argue that this challenge could be overcome by host-training to a large extent. This host-training should preferably be facilitated by the government, which in the Philippines has internal challenges such as reversed hierarchy and low commitment to overcome before being able to facilitate the homestays for a more sustainable tourism development.

Introduction: Weight dissatisfaction and misperception are widespread problems in the United States as are unhealthy weight loss practices. These negative body image issues can lead to eating disorders which have serious health and quality of life consequences. Objective: To evaluate the extent to which the prevalence of distorted body image and unhealthy dieting tactics exist in adults in the US and how these are related. Methods: Data from NHANES 2000-20006 on adults aged 20-59 was used. Weight perception was assessed with the physical exam measurements of weight status and the weight history questionnaire item asking if the person considered him or herself to be underweight, normal weight or overweight. Weight loss techniques were assessed with the weight history questionnaire items asking what methods they used if they tried to lose weight. Respondents were classified as having a weight perception discord if their perception was greater than actual weight status, and as having a concord in all other cases. Results: The total sample was 6,022. 10% had a perception discord and 15% used unhealthy weight loss practices. After adjustment, a significant relationship between a perception discord and behaviors was not found--this held true for both men and women. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results were similar overall to past studies; our inability to find a relationship could have been hampered by stigma associated with the subject matter. There are clearly other factors related to the adoption of unhealthy weight loss behaviors, which need to be determined.

Memory management unit (MMU) is a hardware component providing above all the translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses and thus providing secure isolation of kernel and processes. HelenOS is a research operating system which is being developed at MFF UK. The kernel of HelenOS uses hardware MMU of the processor for virtual to physical memory translation using paging. The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the techniques which can be used to (partially) substitute the functionality of MMU by other means. A proposed design, analysis and prototype implementation of an extension to HelenOS is also part of this work. This extension enables functionality of HelenOS on processors without MMU.

Background: In recent years, research in the field of Augmented Reality (AR) in cultural heritage has been rapidly expanding, due to the advancement of technology and availability of cheaper “off the shelf” hardware. It is, amongst other things, being used as a means to increase availability and regain the public’s interest in cultural heritage.Objectives: This study compares marker-based and marker-less AR in perceived usability and perceived performance through a user study. Methods: With the use of the software Unity3D and Vuforia, two AR applications were implemented. Both applications display a model of an 18th-century Swedish warship, based on a wooden ship model, each using one of the two AR methods. The digital model was remade in Autodesk Maya, to suit the needs of an AR application used on mobile devices. The applications were evaluated in a user study with 14 participants. Each participant was asked to perform a simple task of walking around the displayed ship and then answering a questionnaire on usability. This process was done for both applications, followed by a post-experiment questionnaire on perceived performance where the two methods were compared. Results: The result of the study showed that both applications were perceived as usable and well performing. The result of the usability questionnaire showed that the applications were considered usable, with an average of 90.5 points for marker-based AR and 86.8 points for marker-less AR on a 0-100 point scale. Regarding performance, the marker-based method was perceived as better performing. Conclusions: The participants felt that with just a few instructions, the applications were easy to use, even though 50% of them had no previous experience in using AR, that it could enhance a museum exhibition. Possible further development of the app would be to complete the ship-model by adding more details that are currently missing.

Neste trabalho, medidas microdosimétricas foram realizadas usando um contador proporcional equivalente à tecido - TEPC. com uma cavidade esférica de diâmetro de 1.27 cm. O TEPC foi preenchido com gás propane puro, C3HS, à pressão de 5,6 kPa (42 Torr), que é equivalente a 1,3 μm em diâmetro de unidade de densidade do tecido. O instrumento de medida microdosimétrica foi irradiado com radiação de nêutrons rápidos do reator de pequisa do Nuclear Science Center da Texas A&M University, em College Station,-Texas. Os feixes de nêutrons rápidos foram emitidos com três diferentes valores de potência. 0,5, 1,0, e 2,0 kVV, durante 1 hora para alto ganho e o mesmo tempo para baixo ganho, totalizando 2 horas para cada potência, com 0,0083 Gy/min de taxa de dose. O neutron foi filtrado usando o sistema de irradiação de néutrons rápidos fortemente nitrados (FNIS). do Nuclear Science Center, para obter uma redução da contaminação da radiação de neutron por radiação gama e assim obter espectros microdosimetricos de neutrons como, distribuição de freqüência de energia lineal e distribuição de dose de energia lineal, com boa precisão, e outras grandezas como, freqüência média de energia lineal, dose média de energia lineal, dose absorvida, dose equivalente e fator de qualidade médio de neutron rápido. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, com os espectros microdosimetricos de nêutrons mostrando uma contaminação de radiação gama abaixo de 5 %, especialmente para distribuição de dose de energia lineal. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram comparados com outros da literatura científica, que usaram outros procedimentos para a redução da contaminação do neutron por radiação gama. estando em concordância com eles. / In this work, microdosimetric measurements were performed using a Wall-less Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter - TEPC was filled with spherical cavity with an inner diameter of 1.27 cm. The TEPC was tilled with pure propane gas, C3H8 at 5.6 kPa (42 Torr) pressure, which is equi\\alent to 1.3μm in diameter of unit density tissue. The microdosimetric measurement device was irradiated with fast neutron radiation from Texas A&M University Nuclear Science Center research reactor, in College Station, Texas. The fast neutron beams were emitted with three different power values, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kW. during Ih for both high gain and low gain, totalizing two hours for each power with 0.0083 Gy/min of dose rate. The neutron was filtered using the heavily filtered fast neutron irradiation s\\stem (FNIS). from Nuclear Science Center, to obtain a decrease of neutron radiation contamination by gamma ray and so, to gain the neutron microdosimetric spectra as. frequency distribution of lineal energy, dose distribution of lineal energy with good precision, and another quantities as frequency-mean of lineal energy, dose- mean of lineal energy, absorbed dose, equivalent dose and average quality factor of fast neutron. The obtained results were satisfactory, with the neutron microdosimetric spectra showing a gamma ray contamination under 5 %, especially to dose distribution of lineal energy. The results obtained in this work were in agreement when compared with another results from scientific literature, which used another procedure to reduce the neutron contamination by gamma ray.

Följande studie syftar till att analysera mindre kommuners hinder och möjligheter i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien belyser även hur kritiska faktorer tar sig form som betydande i klimatanpassningsarbetet enligt aktörerna. Studiens empiriska material är baserat på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer, genomförda med aktörer med varierande yrkesroll i fyra svenska kommuner. Analysen av det empiriska materialet identifierade ett antal teman som lyfte faktorer som ansågs betydelsefulla att belysa i mindre kommuners kommunala klimatanpassningsarbete. Identifierade teman var följande: ekonomiska barriärer, politik, kompetens, interna och externa samverkansprocesser och stöd och vägledning i klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien visade att mindre kommuner har ett antal möjligheter som ansågs betydande i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet och dessa bestod av korta beslutsvägar och god intern och extern kommunikation. Studien pekade på att mindre kommuners klimatanpassningsarbete karaktäriseras av fler hinder än möjligheter, något som anses hämma implementeringen i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet. Hindren utgörs av bristande förståelse från allmänheten, bristande intresse på politisk nivå, svårigheter i att rekrytera relevant kompetens samt att definiera och strukturera det egna klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien visar även att det är komplext för mindre kommuner att endast tala om översvämningar i klimatanpassningsarbetet, därav pekar studien på att mindre kommuner behöver få hjälp att skala ner riktlinjer till den egna kommunens kapacitet. Mindre kommuners långsiktiga och strategiska mål i kommunalt klimatanpassningsarbete anses vara viktiga variabler att belysa i framtida studier. / The following study aims to analyze the barriers and opportunities for less-populous municipalities in the climate adaptation work. The study also highlights critical issues taking shape as important to climate adaptation work according to the actors and how they differ in their work towards higher populated municipalities. The study's empirical material is based on six semi-structured interviews, conducted with actors with varying professional roles in four Swedish municipalities. The analysis of the empirical material identified several themes that were considered important in the municipalities' climate adaptation work. Identified themes were as follows: economic barriers, politics, competence, internal and external collaboration processes and support and guidance in climate adaptation work.The study showed that less-populous municipalities have a number of opportunities that were considered significant in the municipal climate adaptation work and these consisted of short decision paths and good internal and external communication. The study pointed out that less-populous municipalities' climate adaptation work is characterized by more obstacles than opportunities, something that is considered to impede the implementation. The obstacles consist of a lack of understanding from the public, a lack of interest at the political level, difficulties in retaining and recruiting relevant competence, and defining and structuring the local climate adaptation work. The study also shows that it is complex for less-populous municipalities to only talk about flooding in the climate adaptation work, hence the study points out that less-populous municipalities need to acquire tools to be able to scale down guidelines to their own municipality's capacity. The municipalities' long-term and strategic goals in the climate adaptation work are considered to be important variables to highlight in future studies.

Neste trabalho, medidas microdosimétricas foram realizadas usando um contador proporcional equivalente à tecido - TEPC. com uma cavidade esférica de diâmetro de 1.27 cm. O TEPC foi preenchido com gás propane puro, C3HS, à pressão de 5,6 kPa (42 Torr), que é equivalente a 1,3 μm em diâmetro de unidade de densidade do tecido. O instrumento de medida microdosimétrica foi irradiado com radiação de nêutrons rápidos do reator de pequisa do Nuclear Science Center da Texas A&M University, em College Station,-Texas. Os feixes de nêutrons rápidos foram emitidos com três diferentes valores de potência. 0,5, 1,0, e 2,0 kVV, durante 1 hora para alto ganho e o mesmo tempo para baixo ganho, totalizando 2 horas para cada potência, com 0,0083 Gy/min de taxa de dose. O neutron foi filtrado usando o sistema de irradiação de néutrons rápidos fortemente nitrados (FNIS). do Nuclear Science Center, para obter uma redução da contaminação da radiação de neutron por radiação gama e assim obter espectros microdosimetricos de neutrons como, distribuição de freqüência de energia lineal e distribuição de dose de energia lineal, com boa precisão, e outras grandezas como, freqüência média de energia lineal, dose média de energia lineal, dose absorvida, dose equivalente e fator de qualidade médio de neutron rápido. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, com os espectros microdosimetricos de nêutrons mostrando uma contaminação de radiação gama abaixo de 5 %, especialmente para distribuição de dose de energia lineal. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram comparados com outros da literatura científica, que usaram outros procedimentos para a redução da contaminação do neutron por radiação gama. estando em concordância com eles. / In this work, microdosimetric measurements were performed using a Wall-less Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter - TEPC was filled with spherical cavity with an inner diameter of 1.27 cm. The TEPC was tilled with pure propane gas, C3H8 at 5.6 kPa (42 Torr) pressure, which is equi\\alent to 1.3μm in diameter of unit density tissue. The microdosimetric measurement device was irradiated with fast neutron radiation from Texas A&M University Nuclear Science Center research reactor, in College Station, Texas. The fast neutron beams were emitted with three different power values, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kW. during Ih for both high gain and low gain, totalizing two hours for each power with 0.0083 Gy/min of dose rate. The neutron was filtered using the heavily filtered fast neutron irradiation s\\stem (FNIS). from Nuclear Science Center, to obtain a decrease of neutron radiation contamination by gamma ray and so, to gain the neutron microdosimetric spectra as. frequency distribution of lineal energy, dose distribution of lineal energy with good precision, and another quantities as frequency-mean of lineal energy, dose- mean of lineal energy, absorbed dose, equivalent dose and average quality factor of fast neutron. The obtained results were satisfactory, with the neutron microdosimetric spectra showing a gamma ray contamination under 5 %, especially to dose distribution of lineal energy. The results obtained in this work were in agreement when compared with another results from scientific literature, which used another procedure to reduce the neutron contamination by gamma ray.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iris Vania Santos Rosa.pdf: 1150226 bytes, checksum: c737d95216a9be9b4638c0521330a559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-11 / This PHD Thesis has simple goals. Based in reality brought by our courts, we intend to treat about the tax foreclosure process governed by Law No. 6.830/1980 and expropriation measure known as Garnishment "On Line" within the context of the principle of least burden to the debtor. Initially highlight the reality, linked to knowledge, working with Comparative Language Social and Legal Language in the context of the structure of our legal system, determining a form of communication between humans - language itself. That justified our approach to semiotics understood as the General Theory of Signs - split plan syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. Is it true that in general terms and abstract born the tax obligation, which formalized its essential element is the tax credit. Moreover, with the tax legal fact, hypothesis poured language competent to give tax incidence. We seek an approach to valuing the law, especially constitutional principles guiding the organs judges and legal standards as a paradigm homelands, in the context of a rule complete. These considerations, it is possible to identify the timing of Tax Enforcement in the process of positive law in one moves from the point of abstraction higher expressions of the law to those of greater concreteness externadas, for example, the attachment of assets to guarantee certain outstanding debt. Finally, despite various forms of Garnishment accepted in our legal system, as the Bank Guarantee, the Real Estate, the novelty of the surety, and also the decisions of the courts in relation to these guarantees, we will give special attention to Attachment " On Line "and its main features, so we can demonstrate the effectiveness of this measure and its usefulness in completing the Executive Committee, considering the principle of least burden to the debtor / A presente Tese de Doutorado tem objetivos bem simples. Baseados na realidade trazida pelos nossos Tribunais, pretendemos tratar sobre o processo de Execução Fiscal regido pela Lei n⁰ 6.830/1980 e a medida expropriatória conhecida como Penhora ―On Line‖ dentro do contexto do princípio da menor onerosidade ao devedor. Inicialmente destacamos a realidade, atrelada ao conhecimento, trabalhando com o comparativo entre Linguagem Social e Linguagem Jurídica no contexto da estruturação do nosso sistema jurídico, determinando uma forma de comunicação entre os seres a própria linguagem. Disso justifica-se nossa aproximação com a Semiótica compreendida como a Teoria Geral dos Signos dividida em plano sintático, semântico e pragmático. É correto afirmar que em termos gerais e abstratos nasce a obrigação tributária, da qual seu elemento essencial formalizado é o crédito tributário. Ademais, com o fato jurídico tributário, hipótese vertida em linguagem competente, dá-se a incidência tributária. Procuramos fazer uma abordagem valorativa do Direito, destacando os princípios constitucionais norteadores, os órgãos julgadores e como paradigma, as normas jurídicas pátrias, no contexto de norma jurídica completa. Dessas considerações, possível será identificar o momento de ocorrência da Execução Fiscal dentro do Processo de Positivação do Direito em que transitamos do ponto de maior abstração das expressões do Direito até aquelas de maior concretude externadas, por exemplo, na Penhora de Bens para garantia de determinada dívida ativa. Por fim, apesar das várias formas de Penhora admitidas no nosso Ordenamento Jurídico, como a Fiança Bancária, os Bens Imóveis, a novidade do seguro garantia e com as decisões dos Tribunais em relação a essas garantias, daremos, atenção especial à Penhora ―On Line‖ e suas principais características, assim poderemos demonstrar a efetividade dessa medida e a sua utilidade na conclusão do Executivo Fiscal, considerando o Princípio da menor Onerosidade ao devedor