by Tong Suk Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-206). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Landfilling in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Generation of Landfill Leachate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Composition of Landfill Leachate --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity of Landfill Leachate --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Treatment of Landfill Leachate --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Physico-chemical treatment --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1.1 --- Coagulation/Flocculation/Precipitation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1.2 --- Oxidation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1.3 --- Activated carbon adsorption --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1.4 --- Ammonia stripping --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1.5 --- Reverse osmosis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Biological treatment --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Aerobic treatment --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.1 --- Activated sludge system --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.2 --- Aeration lagoon --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.3 --- Sequencing batch reactor --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.4 --- Trickling filter --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.5 --- Rotating biological contactor --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Anaerobic treatment --- p.29 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Co-treatment with municipal wastewater --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Recirculation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Irrigation --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of the Thesis --- p.35 / Chapter 2 --- Characterization of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Description of landfill sites --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Biological analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of leachate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Temporal variation of leachate quality --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Correlation of leachate quality and rainfall --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Biological composition of leachate --- p.86 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.88 / Chapter 3 --- Toxicological Analysis of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate collection --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Biological toxicity testing --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Microtox test --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Algal bioassay、 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Crustacean bioassay --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Fish bioassay --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical properties of leachate --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Microtox test --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Crustacean bioassay --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Fish bioassay --- p.115 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 4 --- Nitrification of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Collection and analysis of leachate --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Set-up of nitrification system --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Experiment 1: Effect of additional phosphate on the rate of nitrification --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Experiment 2: Effect of HRT on the rate of nitrification --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Experiment 3: Effect of additional organic carbon on the rate of nitrification --- p.131 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chemical properties of landfill leachate --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experiment 1: Effect of additional phosphate on the rate of nitrification --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Experiment 2: Effect of HRT on the rate of nitrification --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Experiment 3: Effect of additional organic carbon on the rate of nitrification --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Inhibition of free ammonia and nitrous acid --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Fate of ammonia --- p.166 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.170 / Chapter 5 --- Denitrification of Nitrified Leachate / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Collection and analysis of landfill leachate --- p.175 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Set-up of treatment system --- p.176 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Performance of nitrification system --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Performance of denitrification system --- p.181 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Improvement of treatment efficiency --- p.187 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.190 / Chapter 6 --- General Conclusions --- p.192 / References --- p.196 / Appendices / "Appendix 1 Medium for enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria, protein-utilizing bacteria and lipid-utilizing bacteria" --- p.207 / Appendix 2 Preparation of Bristol's medium --- p.210 / Appendix 3 Enumeration of ammonia oxidizers by Most Probable Number Method --- p.211 / Appendix 4 Enumeration of nitrite oxidizers by Most Probable Number Method --- p.214

Wong Shiu Kai Raymond. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-157). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII / LIST OF PLATES --- p.XVII / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Landfilling of Solid Wastes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfilling in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Problems of Landfill Leachate --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Generation of Landfill Leachate --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Chemical Properties of Landfill Leachate --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Ecotoxicity of Landfill Leachate --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Identification of Leachate Toxicity / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Problem of identification of toxicants in landfill leachate --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Aims of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter 2. --- CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Site description --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of landfill leachates --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Variation of chemical properties with different ages --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Variation of chemical properties with different season --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.91 / Chapter 3. --- ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Site description --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Toxicity tests --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Protozoan bioassay --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Crustacean bioassays --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate toxicity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sensitivity of tested organisms --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Correlation with chemical properties --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 4. --- TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION OF MAJOR TOXICANTS IN LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Site description --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity bioassays --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Phase I Toxicity characterization --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Phase II Toxicity identification and multiple manipulations --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Phase III Toxicity confirmation --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chemical properties of collected sample --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Phase I results --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Phase II results --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Phase III results --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Use of TIE in leachate monitoring --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.140 / Chapter 5. --- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS --- p.142 / REFERENCES --- p.147

Cheng Chung-yin. / Thesis submitted in: December 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-195). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xi / List of figures --- p.xii / List of plates --- p.xiv / Plant species used in the experiments --- p.xv / Chapter 1 Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Soil wastes as an environmental challenge --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfilling --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Waste degradation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Control of degradation by-products --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Landfill leach ate --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Generation and control of landfill leachate --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Leachate characterization --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Leachate from local landfills --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Leachate treatment --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Leachate irrigation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Common practices of wastewater irrigation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Spray irrigation / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Rapid infiltration / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Overland flow / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effects of leachate irrigation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Effect of leachate irrigation on soil percolate / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Effect of leachate irrigation on soil / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Effect of leachate irrigation on plants / Chapter 1.5 --- Landfilling in Hong Kong --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Climate --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Geography and economy --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Waste composition --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Leachate sampling sites --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of this study --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Project outline --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Phytotoxicity evaluation of landfill leachate using seed germination tests / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Tests involving the use of germinating seeds --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Importance of germination to plants --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Advantages of germination tests --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Limitations of using germination as an endpoint --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Methods of germination test --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.5.1 --- Test design / Chapter 2.1.5.2 --- Plant species / Chapter 2.1.5.3 --- Measurement endpoints / Chapter 2.1.5.4 --- Statistical analysis and test endpoints / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives of study --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sample collection --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Phytotoxicity assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Leachate characterization --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Comparison among landfill sites / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Phytotoxicity assay --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Dose response relationships / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Implication of hormetic-like response on the selection of statistical model / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Phytotoxicity of leachate samples / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Comparison between species / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusions --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Leachate irrigation: Effects on plant performance and soil properties / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate sampling and analysis --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Leachate irrigation experiment --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Soil sampling and preparation / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Soil texture / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- pH and electrical conductivity / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Organic carbon / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Nitrogen / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Phosphorus / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Chloride / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Metals / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Foliage analysis / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Chemical properties / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Phytotoxicity / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Plant responses --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Growth / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Plant survival and health / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Tissue contents / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Incorporating the results of germination tests in leachate irrigation practice / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Soil --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Initial properties / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Soil reaction (pH) / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Nitrogen / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Phosphorus / Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Conductivity / Chapter 3.3.3.6 --- Chloride / Chapter 3.3.3.7 --- Metals / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Fate and distribution of N after soil application of landfill leachate / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The needs of external N supply in ecological restoration --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Objectives of study --- p.122 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Leachate --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil column --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Plant selection and establishment --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Leachate application --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Post irrigation harvesting and analysis --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Leachate --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Plants --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Growth / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Tissue N contents / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil and soil percolate --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Percolate volume and soil moisture / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- pH / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Electrical conductivity / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Nitrate / Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Ammonium / Chapter 4.3.4 --- N balance of the soil-plant system --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Change in the N capital after leachate irrigation / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Leaching loss / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Unaccountable N loss / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.174 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.176 / Chapter 5.2 --- Ecological consequence of increased and excess N deposition --- p.179 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research prospects --- p.182 / References --- p.185