Arsenic (As) poses a significant water quality problem and it is a big challenge for all coal-based power plant industries worldwide. Currently most of the researches on the leaching behavior of arsenic from fly ash are based on the titration experiments. In this study a simulation method is used to study on the pH effect on the arsenic separation of coal-based power plants. Both single point and composition survey simulation of the OLI stream analyzer are used in the study. The simulation results of single point calculation indicates that for the fly ash which has high lime weight percent and equilibrium fly ash solution pH is over 11 and between 7 and 9, that is, Type C fly ash, the simulation results for equilibrium pH in fly ash solutions have great accuracy compared to actual experiment results. Based on the results obtained from single point simulation, both acid and base titrations of composition survey are simulated and the output results suggest that for the same type of fly ash, the simulation results proves the general trend of arsenic solubility in fly ash solutions. The solubility of arsenic decreases with the increase of pH value. It is also noted that at the equilibrium pH fly ash solutions, the maximum solid/liquid ratio of arsenic concentration is observed for type C fly ash. For other fly ashes which have low lime weight percent, the simulation results have discrepancy compared to actual experiment results. This work is important in offering an alternative way of analyze the reasonable output species and relative concentrations for type C fly ash in the waste water storage pond under specific pH conditions, which can be of great importance for the power plants to monitor and minimize the environment pollution in order to meet the future federal regulations.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekstil Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

This research was able to identify a wide range of elements present in fresh volcanic ash from a 2010 eruption in Indonesia using varied instrumental neutron activation analysis techniques. The ash was then leached into slightly acidic distilled water meant to simulate rainwater. This thesis focuses both on the methods used to identify the elements present in the ash, as well as the possible impacts of the results. The research included the use of both thermal and epithermal neutron irradiations from the University of Texas's TRIGA research reactor in conjunction with a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) with a Compton suppression system. The leachate was analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and the results were compared to the original material present in the ash. Several potentially toxic metals and metalloids leached out of the system at relatively high rates. For example, 2.7% of the original antimony present in the ash leached into the simulated rainwater, as well as 1.7% of the original nickel, and 0.71% of the original arsenic. However, the concentrations of the elements identified in the ash were mostly similar to average crustal rock, and the concentrations of the elements identified in the leachate were not determined to be at toxic levels. The total amount of each element released during the eruption was also calculated based on the estimate of 160 million tonnes of ash released during the eruption, which was determined by a different study. / text

M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / Investigate the dissolution behaviour of sphalerite minerals in sulphuric acid using ferric ions as oxidants. The specific objectives are to study the following: 1. the mineralogical characteristics of sphalerite ores ; 2. mineralogical effects on dissolution kinetics in sulphuric acid and 3. Effect of ferric ion concentration on the dissolution kinetics of sphalerite ores in sulphuric acid. Mineralogy is a critical area in mineral processing and has to be considered during process design stage, and during each processing stage. The type and concentration of oxidizing agent depend on the mineralogical composition of the ore. Many researchers investigations and test-works have been reported on leaching of sphalerite using both ferric sulphate and ferric chloride (Al-Harahsheh and Kingman, 2007; Rath et al., 1981). However, little or no studies have been reported on the combined oxidants.

M. Tech. Chemistry.

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

Οι μεγάλες ποσότητες ιπτάμενης τέφρας και τέφρας εστίας που παράγονται κατά την καύση του χαμηλής ποιότητας λιγνίτη, όπως είναι ο λιγνίτης της Μεγαλόπολης, περιέχουν διάφορα τοξικά στοιχεία, όπως Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, τα οποία είναι δυνατό να εκπλυθούν και να ρυπάνουν το έδαφος, το επιφανειακό και το υπόγειο νερό. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να εκτιμηθεί η κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων και η δυνατότητα έκπλυσής τους κάτω από συνθήκες διαφορετικών pH (3, 5, 7 και 8,5). Αντικείμενο της εργασίας αποτελεί η γεωχημική μελέτη δειγμάτων λιγνίτη, ιπτάμενης τέφρας, τέφρας εστίας και αποθέσεων. Οι εργαστηριακές εξετάσεις περιελάμβαναν προσεγγιστική και άμεση ανάλυση, καθώς και στοιχειακή ανάλυση με φασματομετρία ατομικής απορρόφησης φλόγας. Ακολούθησαν πειράματα απόπλυσης και προσδιορισμός των εκπλυομένων ιχνοστοιχείων As, Β, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr µε φασµατοµετρία μάζας επαγωγικού ζεύγους πλάσματος. Επίσης, προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί η πτητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων κατά την καύση, υπολογίστηκε ο συντελεστής εμπλουτισμού. Για τη στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος της παραγοντικής ανάλυσης τύπου R στα ποσοστά έκπλυσης των ιχνοστοιχείων. Από τις εργαστηριακές αναλύσεις προέκυψε ότι ο λιγνίτης και οι τέφρες περιείχαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά σε Ca και Fe έναντι των K, Mg και Na. Όσον αφορά στα ιχνοστοιχεία, ο λιγνίτης εμφανίζει υψηλές περιεκτικότητες σε Ba, Mn, P, Sr, Ti, ενώ οι τέφρες παρουσιάζονται εμπλουτισμένες σε αυτά τα ιχνοστοιχεία, με εξαίρεση το Ba, και επιπλέον σε Cr, Mo, Ni, V. Με βάση τους συντελεστές εμπλουτισμού, τα ιχνοστοιχεία B, Ba, Li, Rb, Sn εμφανίζονται ιδιαίτερα πτητικά. Μέτρια πτητικότητα παρατηρείται για τα As, Cd, Ga, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ta, W, Zn, ενώ τα Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Hf, Mn, Nb, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Yb, Zr χαρακτηρίζονται ως μη πτητικά. Ως προς την κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων, τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά έκπλυσης εμφανίζουν τα Cd, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sr. Μέτρια κινητικότητα παρατηρείται για τα As, B, Ba, Cr, Ga, Li, Mn, P, U, V, W, ενώ αρκετά δυσκίνητα παρουσιάζονται τα Be, Co, Cu, Ge, Hf, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr. Γενικά, σε όλες τις τιμές pH, τα As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ρ, Th δείχνουν μία προτίμηση έκπλυσης από το λιγνίτη, ενώ τα Ba, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr, V από την ιπτάμενη τέφρα. Η κινητικότητα των B, Cd, Ga, Ge, Sb, U, W αυξάνεται στα δείγματα της τέφρας εστίας, ενώ στις αποθέσεις δεν παρατηρείται κοινή τάση έκπλυσης για κάποια ιχνοστοιχεία. / The great quantity of fly and bottom ash produced during the combustion of high-ash lignite, like the Megalopolis lignite, are rich in toxic elements, such as Co, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn; these can be leached resulting in contamination of the soil, as well as of the surface and underground water. The aim of this study is to estimate the mobility of trace elements and the leaching possibility from ash in different pH values (3, 5, 7 and 8.5). The object of the current study is the geochemical analyses of samples from bulk lignite, fly ash, bottom ash and ash deposits. Lignite and ash samples were evaluated by means of proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as by determining the concentrations of elements using FAAS. ICP-MS analyses were carried out in order to determine the contents of the trace elements As, Β, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr in leachates. Furthermore, to approach the volatility of trace elements during combustion, the relative enrichment factor (RE) was calculated. For statistical reason, the type R factor analysis was applied in the leaching percentage of trace elements. The results reveal that the Ca and Fe contents were higher than these of K, Mg and Na in the lignite and ash samples. As far as trace elements are concerned, the lignite shows higher Ba, Mn, P, Sr, Ti contents, while the ashes are enriched in Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sr, Ti, V. Boron, Ba, Li, Rb, Sn appear to be the most volatile elements, while As, Cd, Ga, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ta, W, Zn show a medium volatility. Likewise, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Hf, Mn, Nb, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Yb, Zr are not volatile during combustion. Cadmium, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sr reveal the highest mobility. Medium mobility is observed in As, B, Ba, Cr, Ga, Li, Mn, P, U, V, W, while Be, Co, Cu, Ge, Hf, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr are not mobile. Generally, in all pH values, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ρ, Th are leached from lignite and Ba, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr, V from fly ash. The mobility of B, Cd, Ga, Ge, Sb, U and W is higher in bottom ash samples, while such behavior is not common in the ash deposits for any elements.

To assess strategies aimed at minimizing the release of trace elements and the impact of disposal of coal waste materials on the environment, two long-term leaching experiments of up to five months duration were performed using waste materials from two plants cleaning high and low sulfur bituminous coal. The tests evaluated the mobility of major trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) a static leaching test designed to simulate the quiescent conditions encountered by coal waste material stored under water in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere, either in variable wet/dry storage conditions, or in unusual circumstances like those resulting from breaching of an impoundment containment wall. The results indicate that different refuse streams have different leaching characteristics due to difference in their mineralogy and the mobility of most elements is enhanced under highly alkaline or acidic conditions with a few being mobilized under both conditions, suggesting that the minimization of element mobility requires the pH value of the medium to be maintained around neutral. In addition, most of heavy metals were associated with the illite and pyrite minerals. Two strategies of treating coal refuse were evaluated: fly ash mixed with coarse refuse and co-disposal of coarse and fine refuse. Both methods were found to neutralize the pH conditions and thus reduce mobility of the trace elements in static leaching tests whereas the opposite was found from dynamic experiments. The results indicate that such controlled storage under water could retard acid generation and the mobility of trace elements.

Non-point source pollution of surface waters with phosphorous (P) transported from agricultural soils has emerged as a major environmental issue in the last decade. Regulations limiting P accumulation in surface soils have been established to protect surface water quality. Yet, little information is available on the quantities of P that may leach through soils and the factors influencing P leaching in agricultural soils. One important factor may be the type of fertilizer P applied, since it is known that P solubility varies among fertilizer sources. The purpose of this thesis was to quantify P leaching in soils amended with inorganic and organic fertilizers. / In a field study, we found that the fertilizer P source (triple superphosphate, composted cattle manure, or a mixture of the two) did not affect soil test P concentration, the degree of soil P saturation, or P leaching in a sandy-loam soil. The soil test P level in the 0--15-cm depth (146 mg P kg -1) exceeded the critical limit of 66-mg kg-1 established in Quebec, and ortho-P and DOP concentrations in leachates collected from piezometers were generally higher than the provincial water quality standard of 0.03 mg P L-1. If transported from our study site, P leached through this coarse-textured soil could pose a threat to groundwater and surface water quality. / These findings were verified in the laboratory with two coarse-textured soils. We found that more NO3-N and DON were leached from soils receiving inorganic N and P fertilizers than composted cattle manure, but the amounts of ortho-P and DOP leached were not affected by fertilizer sources. In coarse-textured soils, the quantities of P leached can be substantial, but depends more on soil characteristics than the fertilizer P source.