2 TITLE: The Use of French Comic Book in the French language learning SUMMARY: The thesis aims to gather the information from various sources- the historic, specialized sources-books, from the Internet or from personal consultations as well. The topic has been chosen because the French comic books and magazines have been an inseparable part of the French culture, especially among French teenagers. It has been appreciated for its social and aesthetic values. However, the thesis mainly aims to demonstrate the French comics and its important role in the process of the second language learning/teaching. According to a brief survey concerning the Czech students and their knowledge and attitude towards the comics, we have prepared several teaching lists regarding the language level as well as the age of students. KEYWORDS: French comic book, language learning, teaching material

Cette étude relève de la didactique des langues-cultures. Elle s’appuie sur une problématique constitutive de notre moment historique-social, la cohabitation avec un autre beaucoup plus proche de soi, et la reconnaissance de son égalité. Ce travail de recherche n’est qu’une approche dans un temps et un lieu spécifique : il se situe au Brésil, a pour toile de fond une société très diversifiée dans tous les sens et se soutient sur le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE d’un public étudiant d’une université publique au Minas Gerais. Parmi les différents vecteurs dont dispose l’apprenant pour construire des représentations sur l’étranger et les autres cultures, nous avons voulu vérifier la participation des manuels utilisés en salle de classe comme matériel de base de connaissance et reconnaissance de la langue-culture francophone, et nous avons posé les questions de recherche suivantes : - Les méthodes de FLE, vont-elles dans les sens de la construction d’une compétence pluriculturelle ? - La réalité française exposée dans le contenu de ces méthodes montre une France ouverte à d’autres cultures ? - L’espace représenté est de même, le plus souvent, celui de l’Hexagone. Qu’en est-il des pays francophones, qu’en est-il des pays où la langue est utilisée pour des raisons historiques, culturelles ou économiques ? Nous proposons une analyse du rôle des acteurs du processus d’enseignement-apprentissage d’une langue étrangère, et nous présentons les méthodes de FLE retenues pour ce travail, notamment en ce qui concerne le contenu culturel des manuels, divisé en deux catégories : la diversité des espaces et lieux et la diversité sociale. Pour mener bien à cette étude, nous avons conduit des enquêtes par questionnaires afin de mettre en évidence le contenu des représentations des apprenants utilisateurs des manuels choisis. / This dissertation highlights the didactics of languages-cultures. It is based on a constitutive problem of our socio-historical moment: living together with an Other a lot closer to Oneself, and recognizing this Other as an Equal. This research work is not but an approach in a specific time and place: it is located in Brazil; it has as a backcloth a society very diversified in all senses, and it has as a scope the process of teaching-learning French as a Foreign Language related to college students in a public university in Minas Gerais state. Among the various vectors that the learner deploys in order to build representations of foreign countries and other cultures, we have chosen to verify the role of the textbooks used in the classroom as basic material to acquire knowledge of the foreign language and recognition of the francophone culture. The research questions we have posed in this regard were the following: - Do the textbooks of French as a Foreign Language go in the direction of building multicultural competence? - Does the French reality exposed in the contents of these textbooks depict France as a country open to other cultures? - Since the space represented is, most of the time, just the Hexagon, what about the francophone countries, where the language is used for historical, cultural or economic reasons? We propose an analysis of the role the actors play in the process of teaching-learning a foreign language. We thus present the textbooks highlighted for this work, notably regarding the cultural contents they encompass, divided into two categories: the diversity of spaces and places, and the social diversity. To render this study feasible, we have conducted surveys using questionnaires, so that we could reveal the content of the representations of the learners using the chosen textbooks.

La situation sociolinguistique du Chili, historiquement marquée par un processus de glottophagie (Calvet, 1974, 1997, 1999), place actuellement le mapudungun parmi les langues originaires minorisées de cet Etat-Nation officiellement monolingue (espagnol). Le statut de cette langue mapuche et l’abandon progressif de sa transmission intergénérationnelle posent la question de sa «revitalisation» (Hinton & Hale, 2001 ; Costa, 2010) au sein de mouvements militants. Cette thèse de doctorat se fonde sur une recherche ethnographique et collaborative au long cours dans un contexte d’enseignement/apprentissage du mapudungun en direction d’un public urbain de jeunes adultes de Santiago du Chili. Analyser les pratiques pédagogiques contemporaines au sein d’un mouvement militant mapuche et en dégager des pistes pour la didactique des langues minoritaires ont constitué les objectifs prioritaires de cette recherche. Il ressort que l’enseignement du mapudungun, comme celui d’autres langues minoritaires, concerne autant la praxis d’une didactique contextualisée que la prise en compte, dans cette même perspective, d’une tension entre tradition vs modernité qu’il s’agit d’intégrer pleinement à la réflexion didactique pour que le parler des «gens de la terre» ait quelque chance de devenir aussi celui des «gens du bitume». / The sociolinguistic situation of Chile, which has been historically marked by a process of glottophagia (Calvet, 1974, 1997, 1999), now regards mapudungun as one of the native minority languages of this officially monolingual Nation­state (Spanish). The status of the mapuche language and the progressive loss of its intergenerational transmission have raised the question of “revitalization” (Hinton & Hale, 2001; Costa, 2010) among militant movements. This Ph.D study conducts a long­term ethnographical collaborative research on mapudungun learning/teaching contexts for an audience of young urban adults from the city of Santiago de Chile. To analyse contemporary educational practices within a militant mapuche movement and to establish new avenues of research for the didactics of minority languages were the priority objectives of this research.It appears that the teaching of mapudungun, as well as that of the other minority languages, concerns both the praxis of contextualized didactics, and the consideration, in the same prospect, of a tension between tradition and modernity, a question that should be fully integrated in the didactic reflection, so that the language of “the people of the earth” might also become that of “the people of the asphalt”.

Neste trabalho, se descreve a situação atual em que se encontra a Informática Educativa, apresentando as novas formas de auxílio no processo educacional, que participam da inovação do mesmo. A introdução do computador na área educacional visa, principalmente, disseminar esta nova cultura desde a infância. Assim, os estudantes são preparados para lidarem com esta nova tecnologia como ferramenta de auxílio na realização de suas atividades futuras. Um outro objetivo apresentado, refere-se à forma de utilização do computador nos diversos ambientes de aprendizagem. Este deve funcionar como um recurso com potencial para incentivar o aprendizado de forma criativa e autônoma. Enfatiza-se a importância de desenvolvimento de softwares educacionais de boa qualidade, e a formação de bons profissionais que atuem na área de interesse. A partir daí, parte-se para a questão das necessidades básicas exigidas, para o desenvolvimento desses tipos de sistemas. Estes devem ser poderosos tanto a nível educacional quanto computacional. Neste contexto, é apresentado o problema da avaliação dos programas educativos, como uma atividade que deve apoiar a tomada de decisões educativas, relacionadas com a sua seleção e formas de uso. É discutido o problema da escolha dos softwares educacionais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, que se adequem com a pedagogia vigente na escola e ainda, com o novo papel do professor. Este poderá intervir no processo de aquisição do conhecimento do estudante atuando, unicamente, como facilitador e orientador da aprendizagem. Através dos processos e resultados da avaliação, vê-se que é possível adquirir conhecimentos corretos a respeito das formas de uso dos programas. A partir da fundamentação teórica, viu-se a necessidade de construir uma metodologia de avaliação, para apoiar adequadamente qualquer decisão que se pretende tomar, a respeito do software em questão. Por isso, fez-se o estudo de um caso, com o objetivo de concretizar as idéias apresentadas. Assim, aplicou-se a metodologia de avaliação no sistema Win- Logo -ambiente integrado de programação e aprendizagem em linguagem Logo-. Levaram-se em conta, os aspectos considerados fundamentais para realizar uma análise correta e completa. Entre eles, se pode citar a justificativa de usar este programa, o tipo de ambiente utilizado na análise, o papel do professor, a filosofia educacional adotada e os objetivos propostos que devem ser atingidos com esta aprendizagem. Foi analisada a qualidade pedagógica ou educacional e, a qualidade técnica, a nível de hardware e software, a fim de validar ou não o sistema. Adotaram-se os devidos instrumentos de avaliação, para a criação de uma situação desejável, na "prova" do software. Dessa forma, esta amostra serviu como base para generalizar os resultados obtidos. Sendo assim, esta avaliação foi elaborada para explicar, de forma sistemática, determinados fenômenos detectados através deste estudo. / In this work, it is described the present situation of the educational computing, showing the new ways of helping in the education process and that take part in the innovation of it. The introduction of the computer in the education area aims for, mainly, spreading this new culture since childhood. Thus, the students are prepared to deal with this new technology as a helping tool in the realization of their future activities. Another objective showed, is referred to the way of using the computer in the several environments of learning. This should work as a resource with potential to stimulate the learning process in a creative and autonomous way. It is emphasized the importance of good quality educational softwares development and the education of good professionals that act in the interest area. From that on, it goes to the question of the demanded basic necessities for the development of these kind of systems. They must be powerful both education and computing. In this context, it is showed the problem of the evaluation of educational programs as an activity that should support the making of educational decisions related to their selection and ways of using. It is discussed the problem of the education softwares choice in the learning-teaching process that adapt to the school's pedagogy and, to the teacher's new role. He wont's be able to come up in the knowledge acquiring process of the student, acting just learning advisor and guide. Through the process and results of the evaluation, we see that it's possible to acquire the right knowlodge about the ways of systems using. From the theorical basis, we saw the needing of building and evaluation methodology to support any decision that is going to be made about the software in question. Thus, it was made a case study with the aim of making real . the ideas showed. So, it was applied the evaluation methodology in the WinLogo System -an integrated environment of programming and learning in the Logo language- it was taken into account the aspects considered the basis to achieve a complete and right analysis. Among them, we can mention the justification of using this program, the kind of environment used in the analysis, the teacher's role, education phylosophy adopted and the proposed objectives that should be reached with this learning. It was analysed the pedagogyc or education quality and the technical quality - hardware and software - in order to validate or not the system. It was adopted the proper instruments of evaluation for the creation of a suitable situation, in the "test" of the software. In this case, this sample was useful as a basis to generalize the obtained results. In this way, this evaluation was elabored to explain, in a systematic way, such phenomenons detected by this study.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver um método para implementação e acompanhamento de atividades a distância em disciplinas de Estatística, por meio de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. O método inclui alguns recursos comumente encontrados em ambientes virtuais, como materiais de leitura, fórum, chat, correio eletrônico, FAQ, links, espaço compartilhado de trabalho e quadro de notas. O método foi aplicado a uma disciplina semipresencial do curso de graduação em Administração da FEA-RP/USP. Este trabalho se configura como uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva, com delineamento por estudo de caso único, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de observação participante (nos processos de tutoria), entrevistas do tipo focus group, relatórios de acessos dos alunos ao ambiente e um survey sobre o perfil da turma. O gerenciamento do curso ocorreu conjuntamente com o processo de tutoria da disciplina, o que permitiu acompanhar os acessos dos alunos a cada recurso do ambiente e o seu desempenho nas atividades propostas. Observou-se que alguns recursos não foram utilizados da forma planejada pelo método. A análise de regressão revelou que, durante a primeira fase da disciplina, as discussões no fórum e o desempenho nos trabalhos práticos influenciaram positivamente o desempenho do aluno na prova. Na segunda fase, apenas o trabalho prático e o fórum influenciaram na nota da prova. A análise de cluster identificou quatro grupos de alunos com desempenho: excelente, bom, mediano e insatisfatório. Os resultados indicam que outras variáveis, além das atividades a distância, determinam o desempenho do aluno na disciplina. / The objective of this dissertation was to develop a method for distance activities introduction and attendance in Statistics subjects through learning virtual environments. The method includes some resources commonly found in virtual environments, such as reading materials, forum, chat, electronic mail, FAQ, links, shared work space, and table of notes. The method was applied to a subject semi-presence of the Administration graduation course of FEARP/ USP. This work is a qualitative and descriptive research, with an outline by a single casestudy, of which data collection occurred through present observation (in the tutorial processes), interviews like focus group, reports of students accesses to the environment and a survey about the group profile. The management of the course occurred together with the subject tutorial process, which allowed attending the students\' accesses to each environment resource and their development in the proposed activities. It was observed that some resources were not used in the planned way by the method. The regression analysis revealed that, during the first stage of the subject, the discussions in the forum and the development in the practical works influenced positively the student\'s development in the test. In the second stage just the practical work and the forum influenced in the test\'s grade. The cluster analysis identified four groups of students with excellent, good, medium, and unsatisfactory developments. The results indicate that other variables, besides the distance activities, determine the student\'s development in the subject.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2005. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-162).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-200).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2005. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-162).

Neste trabalho, se descreve a situação atual em que se encontra a Informática Educativa, apresentando as novas formas de auxílio no processo educacional, que participam da inovação do mesmo. A introdução do computador na área educacional visa, principalmente, disseminar esta nova cultura desde a infância. Assim, os estudantes são preparados para lidarem com esta nova tecnologia como ferramenta de auxílio na realização de suas atividades futuras. Um outro objetivo apresentado, refere-se à forma de utilização do computador nos diversos ambientes de aprendizagem. Este deve funcionar como um recurso com potencial para incentivar o aprendizado de forma criativa e autônoma. Enfatiza-se a importância de desenvolvimento de softwares educacionais de boa qualidade, e a formação de bons profissionais que atuem na área de interesse. A partir daí, parte-se para a questão das necessidades básicas exigidas, para o desenvolvimento desses tipos de sistemas. Estes devem ser poderosos tanto a nível educacional quanto computacional. Neste contexto, é apresentado o problema da avaliação dos programas educativos, como uma atividade que deve apoiar a tomada de decisões educativas, relacionadas com a sua seleção e formas de uso. É discutido o problema da escolha dos softwares educacionais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, que se adequem com a pedagogia vigente na escola e ainda, com o novo papel do professor. Este poderá intervir no processo de aquisição do conhecimento do estudante atuando, unicamente, como facilitador e orientador da aprendizagem. Através dos processos e resultados da avaliação, vê-se que é possível adquirir conhecimentos corretos a respeito das formas de uso dos programas. A partir da fundamentação teórica, viu-se a necessidade de construir uma metodologia de avaliação, para apoiar adequadamente qualquer decisão que se pretende tomar, a respeito do software em questão. Por isso, fez-se o estudo de um caso, com o objetivo de concretizar as idéias apresentadas. Assim, aplicou-se a metodologia de avaliação no sistema Win- Logo -ambiente integrado de programação e aprendizagem em linguagem Logo-. Levaram-se em conta, os aspectos considerados fundamentais para realizar uma análise correta e completa. Entre eles, se pode citar a justificativa de usar este programa, o tipo de ambiente utilizado na análise, o papel do professor, a filosofia educacional adotada e os objetivos propostos que devem ser atingidos com esta aprendizagem. Foi analisada a qualidade pedagógica ou educacional e, a qualidade técnica, a nível de hardware e software, a fim de validar ou não o sistema. Adotaram-se os devidos instrumentos de avaliação, para a criação de uma situação desejável, na "prova" do software. Dessa forma, esta amostra serviu como base para generalizar os resultados obtidos. Sendo assim, esta avaliação foi elaborada para explicar, de forma sistemática, determinados fenômenos detectados através deste estudo. / In this work, it is described the present situation of the educational computing, showing the new ways of helping in the education process and that take part in the innovation of it. The introduction of the computer in the education area aims for, mainly, spreading this new culture since childhood. Thus, the students are prepared to deal with this new technology as a helping tool in the realization of their future activities. Another objective showed, is referred to the way of using the computer in the several environments of learning. This should work as a resource with potential to stimulate the learning process in a creative and autonomous way. It is emphasized the importance of good quality educational softwares development and the education of good professionals that act in the interest area. From that on, it goes to the question of the demanded basic necessities for the development of these kind of systems. They must be powerful both education and computing. In this context, it is showed the problem of the evaluation of educational programs as an activity that should support the making of educational decisions related to their selection and ways of using. It is discussed the problem of the education softwares choice in the learning-teaching process that adapt to the school's pedagogy and, to the teacher's new role. He wont's be able to come up in the knowledge acquiring process of the student, acting just learning advisor and guide. Through the process and results of the evaluation, we see that it's possible to acquire the right knowlodge about the ways of systems using. From the theorical basis, we saw the needing of building and evaluation methodology to support any decision that is going to be made about the software in question. Thus, it was made a case study with the aim of making real . the ideas showed. So, it was applied the evaluation methodology in the WinLogo System -an integrated environment of programming and learning in the Logo language- it was taken into account the aspects considered the basis to achieve a complete and right analysis. Among them, we can mention the justification of using this program, the kind of environment used in the analysis, the teacher's role, education phylosophy adopted and the proposed objectives that should be reached with this learning. It was analysed the pedagogyc or education quality and the technical quality - hardware and software - in order to validate or not the system. It was adopted the proper instruments of evaluation for the creation of a suitable situation, in the "test" of the software. In this case, this sample was useful as a basis to generalize the obtained results. In this way, this evaluation was elabored to explain, in a systematic way, such phenomenons detected by this study.