Este estudo é uma pesquisa do tipo exploratório-descritiva que objetivou identificar como os alunos de um Curso Técnico de Enfermagem de uma Escola de Educação Profissional na cidade de São Paulo avaliam a estratégia de ensino estudo dirigido aplicada na Disciplina Saúde do Adulto. A população constituiu-se de 17 alunos e a amostragem 14, com formação básica profissional de auxiliar de enfermagem que concluíram o Curso de Habilitação Profissional de Técnico de Enfermagem. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário, contendo 11 questões, aplicado em um único momento, após autorização do Comitê de Ética da mantenedora da Escola e da diretoria da Instituição, os preceitos éticos que envolvem os sujeitos participantes foram seguidos.A metodologia para análise dos resultados ocorreu de acordo com a natureza das questões, quantificados em porcentuais simples e as demais analisadas pelo conteúdo de acordo com a proposta de Bardin (1977). Os resultados foram apresentados em quadros, tabelas e gráficos. A análise dos resultados foi realizada à luz do referencial de Freire (2000). Os alunos conceituaram como boa (86,0%) e excelente (14,0%) a estratégia utilizada, e foram identificadas 83 (100%) unidades semânticas na análise das respostas que justificaram os conceitos, sendo categorizados em: Vantagens, 44 (53,0%); Não “Legal", 13 (16,0%); Dificuldades, 6 (7,0%); Sentimentos, 10 (12,0%) e Sugestões, 10 (12,0%). Os sujeitos aferiram notas de 1 a 4 em nível crescente de aceitação aos propósitos didático-pedagógicos, conferidos ao estudo dirigido inspirado em Nérici (1992), os proósitos didático-pedagógicos receberam maiores notas que permitem o desenvolvimento de temas de interesse do aluno; estimulam o prazer para estudar e incentivam o aluno a ser o sujeito de seu aprendizado. Considerando que o estudo dirigido foi usado dentro de uma pedagogia interacionista, dialética, materialista e progressista, concluiu-se que os alunos justificaram o conceito atribuído ao estudo dirigido de forma competente e responsável, contribuindo para a melhoria dos resultados do processo ensino-aprendizado em sala de aula, trazendo importantes reflexões docentes para o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências no uso do estudo dirigido. / This is a descriptive exploratory study that aimed to identify how students attending a practical nurse course at a vocational school in the city of São Paulo evaluate the teaching strategy of direct study applied to the course Health of Adults. The population was comprised by seventeen students and the sample by fourteen of them. Students had a basic professional training as nursing assistants, and had finished the practical nurse course by the time the evaluation of direct study was carried out. A questionnaire with twelve questions was used as the tool to collect data. It was applied once after the authorization of the Ethics Committee of the entity that supports the school and the school management team. Ethical concepts with regards to the subjects were followed. Different methodology was applied to study the results based on the type of questions: quantified in simple percentages or content analysis, according to what was proposed by Laurence Bardin (1977). Results are presented in charts, tables and graphs. Result analysis was performed according to Freire (2000). Students rated the strategy used as good (86%) and excellent (14%). Eighty-three (100%) semantic units were identified to examine the answers that justified the rates. The units were separated in cathegories: advantages, 44 (53%); not “nice", 13 (16%); difficulties, 6 (7%); feelings, 10 (12%), and suggestions, 10 (12%). Subjects graded the didatic educational proposals from 1 to 4, in crescent order of acceptance regarding directed study as proposed by Nérici (1992); the educational proposals that received higher rates were those that allowed the development of issues that interest the student, that increases the pleasure in studying, and that encourage the student to be the subject of his learning process. Considering that directed study was used in a progressive materialist dialectical interactive educational style, we conclude that the students justify the concept given to directed study in a competent and responsible manner, contributing to the improvement of results of learning-teaching process in the classroom, and raising important thoughts on teacher regarding development of skills and competences to use directed study.

Este estudo é uma pesquisa do tipo exploratório-descritiva que objetivou identificar como os alunos de um Curso Técnico de Enfermagem de uma Escola de Educação Profissional na cidade de São Paulo avaliam a estratégia de ensino estudo dirigido aplicada na Disciplina Saúde do Adulto. A população constituiu-se de 17 alunos e a amostragem 14, com formação básica profissional de auxiliar de enfermagem que concluíram o Curso de Habilitação Profissional de Técnico de Enfermagem. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário, contendo 11 questões, aplicado em um único momento, após autorização do Comitê de Ética da mantenedora da Escola e da diretoria da Instituição, os preceitos éticos que envolvem os sujeitos participantes foram seguidos.A metodologia para análise dos resultados ocorreu de acordo com a natureza das questões, quantificados em porcentuais simples e as demais analisadas pelo conteúdo de acordo com a proposta de Bardin (1977). Os resultados foram apresentados em quadros, tabelas e gráficos. A análise dos resultados foi realizada à luz do referencial de Freire (2000). Os alunos conceituaram como boa (86,0%) e excelente (14,0%) a estratégia utilizada, e foram identificadas 83 (100%) unidades semânticas na análise das respostas que justificaram os conceitos, sendo categorizados em: Vantagens, 44 (53,0%); Não “Legal”, 13 (16,0%); Dificuldades, 6 (7,0%); Sentimentos, 10 (12,0%) e Sugestões, 10 (12,0%). Os sujeitos aferiram notas de 1 a 4 em nível crescente de aceitação aos propósitos didático-pedagógicos, conferidos ao estudo dirigido inspirado em Nérici (1992), os proósitos didático-pedagógicos receberam maiores notas que permitem o desenvolvimento de temas de interesse do aluno; estimulam o prazer para estudar e incentivam o aluno a ser o sujeito de seu aprendizado. Considerando que o estudo dirigido foi usado dentro de uma pedagogia interacionista, dialética, materialista e progressista, concluiu-se que os alunos justificaram o conceito atribuído ao estudo dirigido de forma competente e responsável, contribuindo para a melhoria dos resultados do processo ensino-aprendizado em sala de aula, trazendo importantes reflexões docentes para o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências no uso do estudo dirigido. / This is a descriptive exploratory study that aimed to identify how students attending a practical nurse course at a vocational school in the city of São Paulo evaluate the teaching strategy of direct study applied to the course Health of Adults. The population was comprised by seventeen students and the sample by fourteen of them. Students had a basic professional training as nursing assistants, and had finished the practical nurse course by the time the evaluation of direct study was carried out. A questionnaire with twelve questions was used as the tool to collect data. It was applied once after the authorization of the Ethics Committee of the entity that supports the school and the school management team. Ethical concepts with regards to the subjects were followed. Different methodology was applied to study the results based on the type of questions: quantified in simple percentages or content analysis, according to what was proposed by Laurence Bardin (1977). Results are presented in charts, tables and graphs. Result analysis was performed according to Freire (2000). Students rated the strategy used as good (86%) and excellent (14%). Eighty-three (100%) semantic units were identified to examine the answers that justified the rates. The units were separated in cathegories: advantages, 44 (53%); not “nice”, 13 (16%); difficulties, 6 (7%); feelings, 10 (12%), and suggestions, 10 (12%). Subjects graded the didatic educational proposals from 1 to 4, in crescent order of acceptance regarding directed study as proposed by Nérici (1992); the educational proposals that received higher rates were those that allowed the development of issues that interest the student, that increases the pleasure in studying, and that encourage the student to be the subject of his learning process. Considering that directed study was used in a progressive materialist dialectical interactive educational style, we conclude that the students justify the concept given to directed study in a competent and responsible manner, contributing to the improvement of results of learning-teaching process in the classroom, and raising important thoughts on teacher regarding development of skills and competences to use directed study.

This research set out to explore how a group of nine educators from a Catholic Church school in Malta, who have attended the Let Me Learn professional Learning process (LMLpLp), experienced personal and professional transformation. This study investigates those factors influencing participants in their transformative learning journey. It also explores the dynamics of transformative learning and whether individual transformation affects the school’s transformative learning experience. More specifically this study set out to explore how teachers who participated in the Let Me Learn professional Learning process have experienced transformative learning. This study takes a qualitative phenomenological approach. It seeks to identify phenomena of personal and professional transformative learning through the perceptions of the educators participating in this study. Through the use of the semi-structured interview it seeks to gather ‘deep’ data. This data represents the voices of these educators in narrative, thus emphasising the importance of the personal perspective and interpretation. This allowed this research to understand the subjective experience, motivation and actions of the participants. The Literature review informs the questions asked during the interview. The interview was used as a tool for gathering information regarding values, attitudes and beliefs of participants. Each interview was transcribed, translated (when response was given in Maltese) and categorised according to Mezirow’s ten stages. Excerpts from each stage were further processed to generate themes. The themes were later streamlined and an acceptable interpretive framework was created. Each interview excerpt was then analysed through the framework. Once all interviews were coded, detailed narratives were written. These narratives are meant to help the reader reflect on the process of transformative learning. It underscores those factors highlighted by the participants, which helped bring about both personal and professional transformative learning. This research has identified that individual constructs are strongly determined by an individual’s personal learning characteristics. Awareness of these personal learning characteristics (self-knowledge) helped educators assess their practice and understand how their personal characteristics were determining their approach to teaching and affecting their interpersonal relationships with students and colleagues. This research showed that transformative learning is a mutually interdependent experience. Individual transformation amounts to, and is influenced by, the collective transformation. This study highlighted the role of the school community in the pursuit of personal transformation. Yet another important finding of this research is the importance of a shared language of possibility. Through a shared language, a learning community can create a dialogic environment through which intentions, beliefs and interventions can be shared among the professional community. This research accentuates the importance of a shared language as a means of articulating a change in perspective. The study identified three main agents of change. The Let Me Learn team, as promoters and experts of this particular learning process; the teachers, who internalised the process and applied it to their practice; and the school’s senior management team, who internalised the Process, positioned it into the larger vision of the school and created a conducive environment through which the whole school community was empowered to take responsibility to bring about change in practice. A number of implications emerge from this study that could inform policy on teacher professional learning. A major implication concerns the importance of a shared language – a language that reflects the shared values and ideological position of the community. Such language frames the learning process, makes learning visible for teachers to be able to respond effectively with strategies that respect each learner’s learning preference and makes learning visible to the learner himself. Another implication from this study arises from the finding that the transformative learning process of any individual educator and effectively of the whole school community, goes beyond the effectiveness and limitations of any one professional development programme. True and deep-seated transformative learning comes from within the individual educator. This statement has serious repercussions on any professional development programme that aims to aid participants in their quest to transform their practice. This study also emphasised the importance that any professional development needs to be seated in the local experience and needs of the school community. Any attempts at developing comprehensive, nation-wide projects with pre-packaged approaches, are doomed to fail. What this research has shown is that for effective professional development, the identified outcomes need to correspond to the local needs of the school, rather than the national guidelines, detached from the realities of the particular school. Finally, this study accentuated the importance of incorporating mentoring support in any professional development proposal. Delivery of information and skills without follow-up tend to lead to superficial application. Transformative learning presupposes a period of shared reflection on practice and collegial mediation of ideas through contact between teachers and their leaders and on-the-job support from their professional development mentors.

An increasing number of university freshmen has been observable in absolute number as well as percentage of population over the last decade. However, at the same time the drop-out rate has increased significantly. While a drop in attendance could be observed at the same time, statistics show that young professionals consider only roughly thirty percent of their qualification to originate in their university education. Taking this into consideration with the before mentioned, one conclusion could be that students fail to see the importance of fundamental classes and choose to seek knowledge elsewhere, for example in free online courses. However, the so acquired knowledge is a non-attributable qualification. One solution to this problem must be to make on-site activities more attractive. A promising approach for raised attractiveness would be to support students in self-regulated learning processes, making them experience importance and value of own decisions based on realistic self-assessment and self-evaluation. At the same time, strict ex-cathedra teaching should be replaced by interactive forms of education, ideally activating on a meta-cognitive level. Particularly, as many students bring mobile communication devices into classes, this promising approach could be extended by utilising these mobile devices as second screens. That way, enhanced learning experiences can be provided. The basic idea is simple, namely to contribute to psychological concepts with the means of computer science. An example for this idea are audience response systems. There has been numerous research into these and related approaches for university readings, but other forms of education have not been sufficiently considered, for example tutorials. This technological aspect can be combined with recent didactics research and concepts like peer instruction or visible learning. Therefore, this dissertation presents an experimental approach at providing existing IT solutions for on-site tutorials, specifically tools for audience responses, evaluations, learning demand assessments, peer discussion, and virtual interactive whiteboards. These tools are provided under observation of anonymity and cognisant incidental utilisation. They provide insight into students\' motivation to attend classes, their motivation to utilise tools, and into their tool utilisation itself. Experimental findings are combined into an extensible system concept consisting of three major tool classes: anonymous peer discussion means, anonymous control facilities, and learning demand assessment. With the exception of the latter, promising findings in context of tutorials are presented, for example the reduction of audience response systems to an emergency brake, the versatility of (peer) discussion systems, or a demand for retroactive deanonymisation of contributions. The overall positive impact of tool utilisation on motivation to attend and perceived value of tutorials is discussed and supplemented by a positive impact on the final exams\' outcomes.:List of Definitions, Theorems and Proofs List of Figures List of Tables Introduction and Motivation Part I: Propaedeutics 1 Working Theses 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Context of Working Theses and Definitions 2 Existing Concepts 2.1 Psychology 2.1.1 Self-Regulation and self-regulated Learning 2.1.2 Peer Instruction, Peer Discussion 2.1.3 Learning Process Supervision: Learning Demand Assessment 2.1.4 Cognitive Activation 2.1.5 Note on Gamification 2.1.6 Note on Blended Learning 2.2 Computer Science 2.2.1 Learning Platforms 2.2.2 Audience Response Systems (ARS) 2.2.3 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard Systems (V-IWB) 2.2.4 Cognisant Incidential Utilisation (CIU) 2.3 Appraisal 3 Related Work 3.1 Visible Learning 3.2 auditorium 3.3 Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service 3.4 ARSnova and other Audience Response Systems 3.5 Google Classroom 3.6 StackOverflow 3.7 AwwApp Part II: Proceedings 4 Global Picture and Prototype 4.1 Global Picture 4.2 System Architecture 4.2.1 Anonymous Discussion Means 4.2.2 Anonymous Control Facilities 4.3 Implementation 4.3.1 The Prototype 5 Investigated Tools 5.1 Note on Methodology 5.2 Anonymity 5.2.1 Methodology 5.2.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.2.3 Assertion 5.2.4 Experiments 5.2.5 Results 5.2.6 Conclusions 5.3 Learning Demand Assessment 5.3.1 Methodology 5.3.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.3.3 Tool Description 5.3.4 Assertion 5.3.5 Experiments 5.3.6 Results 5.3.7 Conclusions 5.4 Peer Discussion System 5.4.1 Methodology 5.4.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.4.3 Tool Description 5.4.4 Assertion 5.4.5 Experiments 5.4.6 Results 5.4.7 Conclusions 5.5 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard 5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.5.3 Tool Description 5.5.4 Assertion 5.5.5 Experiments 5.5.6 Results 5.5.7 Conclusions 5.6 Audience Response System and Emergency Brake 5.6.1 Methodology 5.6.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.6.3 Tool Description 5.6.4 Assertion 5.6.5 Experiments 5.6.6 Results 5.6.7 Conclusions 5.7 Evaluation System 5.7.1 Methodology 5.7.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.7.3 Tool Description 5.7.4 Assertion 5.7.5 Experiments 5.7.6 Results and Conclusion 6 Exam Outcome 7 Utilisation and Motivation 7.1 Prototype Utilisation 7.2 Motivational Aspects Part III: Appraisal 8 Lessons learned 9 Discussion 9.1 Working Theses’ Validity 9.2 Research Community: Impact and Outlook 9.2.1 Significance to Learning Psychology 9.3 Possible Extension of existing Solutions 10 Conclusion 10.1 Summary of scientific Contributions 10.2 Future Work Part IV: Appendix A Experimental Arrangement B Questionnaires B.1 Platform Feedback Sheet B.1.1 Original PFS in 2014 B.1.2 Original PFS in 2015 B.2 Minute Paper B.3 Motivation and Utilisation Questionnaires B.3.1 Motivation 2013 and 2014 B.3.2 Motivation 2015 B.3.3 Utilisation 2014 B.3.4 Utilisation 2015, Rev. I B.3.5 Utilisation 2015, Rev. II C References C.1 Auxiliary Means D Publications D.1 Original Research Contributions D.2 Student Theses E Glossary F Index G Milestones Acknowledgements / Über die vergangene Dekade ist eine zunehmende Zahl Studienanfänger beobachtbar, sowohl in der absoluten Anzahl, als auch im Bevölkerungsanteil. Demgegenüber steht aber eine überproportional hohe Steigerung der Abbruchquote. Während gleichzeitig die Anwesenheit in universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sinkt, zeigen Statistiken, dass nur etwa ein Drittel der Berufseinsteiger die Grundlagen ihrer Qualifikation im Studium sieht. Daraus könnte man ableiten, dass Studierende den Wert und die Bedeutung universitärer Ausbildung unterschätzen und stattdessen Wissen in anderen Quellen suchen, beispielsweise unentgeltlichen Online-Angeboten. Das auf diese Art angeeignete Wissen stellt aber eine formell nicht nachweise Qualifikation dar. Ein Weg aus diesem Dilemma muss die Steigerung der Attraktivität der universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sein. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist die Unterstützung der Studierenden im selbst-regulierten Lernen, wodurch sie die Wichtigkeit und den Wert eigener Entscheidung(sfindungsprozesse) auf Basis realistischer Selbsteinschätzung und Selbstevaluation erlernen. Gleichzeitig sollte Frontalunterricht durch interaktive Lehrformen ersetzt werden, idealerweise durch Aktivierung auf meta-kognitiver Ebene. Dies ist vielversprechend insbesondere, weil viele Studierende ihre eigenen mobilen Endgeräte in Lehrveranstaltungen bringen. Diese Geräte können als Second Screen für die neuen Lehrkonzepte verwendet werden. Auf diese Art kann dann eine verbesserte Lernerfahrung vermittelt werden. Die Grundidee ist simpel, nämlich in der Psychologie bewährte Didaktik-Konzepte durch die Mittel der Informatik zu unterstützen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind Audience Response Systeme, die hinlänglich im Rahmen von Vorlesungen untersucht worden sind. Andere Lehrformen wurden dabei jedoch unzureichend berücksichtigt, beispielsweise Tutorien. Ähnliche Überlegungen gelten natürlich auch für bewährte didaktische Konzepte wie Peer Instruction oder Betrachtungen in Form von Visible Learning. Deshalb präsentiert diese Dissertation einen experimentellen Ansatz, informationstechnische Lösungen für vor-Ort-Übungen anzubieten, nämlich Werkzeuge für Audience Response Systeme, Evaluationen, Lernbedarfsermittlung, Peer Discussion, sowie virtuelle interaktive Whiteboards. Die genannten Werkzeuge wurden unter Beachtung von Anonymitäts- und Beiläufigkeitsaspekten bereitgestellt. Sie erlauben einen Einblick in die Motivation der Studierenden Tutorien zu besuchen und die Werkzeuge zu nutzen, sowie ihr Nutzungsverhalten selbst. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden in ein erweiterbares Systemkonzept kombiniert, das drei Werkzeugklassen unterstützt: anonyme Peer Discussion, anonyme Kontrollwerkzeuge und Lernbedarfsermittlung. Für die ersten beiden Klassen liegen vielversprechende Ergebnisse vor, beispielsweise die notwendige Reduktion des Audience Response Systems auf eine Art Notbremse, die Vielseitigkeit von (Peer-)Discussion-Systemen, oder aber auch der Bedarf für eine retroaktive Deanonymisierung von initial anonymen Beiträgen. Der allgemein positive Einfluss der Werkzeugnutzung auf die Motivation an Tutorien teilzunehmen sowie den wahrgenommenen Wert der Tutorien werden abschließend diskutiert und durch verbesserte Abschlussklausurergebnisse untermauert.:List of Definitions, Theorems and Proofs List of Figures List of Tables Introduction and Motivation Part I: Propaedeutics 1 Working Theses 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Context of Working Theses and Definitions 2 Existing Concepts 2.1 Psychology 2.1.1 Self-Regulation and self-regulated Learning 2.1.2 Peer Instruction, Peer Discussion 2.1.3 Learning Process Supervision: Learning Demand Assessment 2.1.4 Cognitive Activation 2.1.5 Note on Gamification 2.1.6 Note on Blended Learning 2.2 Computer Science 2.2.1 Learning Platforms 2.2.2 Audience Response Systems (ARS) 2.2.3 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard Systems (V-IWB) 2.2.4 Cognisant Incidential Utilisation (CIU) 2.3 Appraisal 3 Related Work 3.1 Visible Learning 3.2 auditorium 3.3 Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service 3.4 ARSnova and other Audience Response Systems 3.5 Google Classroom 3.6 StackOverflow 3.7 AwwApp Part II: Proceedings 4 Global Picture and Prototype 4.1 Global Picture 4.2 System Architecture 4.2.1 Anonymous Discussion Means 4.2.2 Anonymous Control Facilities 4.3 Implementation 4.3.1 The Prototype 5 Investigated Tools 5.1 Note on Methodology 5.2 Anonymity 5.2.1 Methodology 5.2.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.2.3 Assertion 5.2.4 Experiments 5.2.5 Results 5.2.6 Conclusions 5.3 Learning Demand Assessment 5.3.1 Methodology 5.3.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.3.3 Tool Description 5.3.4 Assertion 5.3.5 Experiments 5.3.6 Results 5.3.7 Conclusions 5.4 Peer Discussion System 5.4.1 Methodology 5.4.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.4.3 Tool Description 5.4.4 Assertion 5.4.5 Experiments 5.4.6 Results 5.4.7 Conclusions 5.5 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard 5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.5.3 Tool Description 5.5.4 Assertion 5.5.5 Experiments 5.5.6 Results 5.5.7 Conclusions 5.6 Audience Response System and Emergency Brake 5.6.1 Methodology 5.6.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.6.3 Tool Description 5.6.4 Assertion 5.6.5 Experiments 5.6.6 Results 5.6.7 Conclusions 5.7 Evaluation System 5.7.1 Methodology 5.7.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.7.3 Tool Description 5.7.4 Assertion 5.7.5 Experiments 5.7.6 Results and Conclusion 6 Exam Outcome 7 Utilisation and Motivation 7.1 Prototype Utilisation 7.2 Motivational Aspects Part III: Appraisal 8 Lessons learned 9 Discussion 9.1 Working Theses’ Validity 9.2 Research Community: Impact and Outlook 9.2.1 Significance to Learning Psychology 9.3 Possible Extension of existing Solutions 10 Conclusion 10.1 Summary of scientific Contributions 10.2 Future Work Part IV: Appendix A Experimental Arrangement B Questionnaires B.1 Platform Feedback Sheet B.1.1 Original PFS in 2014 B.1.2 Original PFS in 2015 B.2 Minute Paper B.3 Motivation and Utilisation Questionnaires B.3.1 Motivation 2013 and 2014 B.3.2 Motivation 2015 B.3.3 Utilisation 2014 B.3.4 Utilisation 2015, Rev. I B.3.5 Utilisation 2015, Rev. II C References C.1 Auxiliary Means D Publications D.1 Original Research Contributions D.2 Student Theses E Glossary F Index G Milestones Acknowledgements