Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Roberto Antonio Rodella / Banca: José Otavio Machado Menten / Banca: Adriana Martins / Abstract: The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Cláudio Cabello / Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Banca: Luis Fernando Barbisan / Resumo: A farinha de mandioca é consumida intensamente na culinária brasileira, participando como fonte importante de carboidratos na dieta. Em algumas regiões onde condições sócio econômicas impõe restrições a uma dieta balanceada, esta fonte de carboidrato se apresenta talvez como a única fonte de nutrientes para o consumo. A mandioca possui baixas concentrações de proteínas e matérias graxas quando comparada a outras fontes de alimento concorrentes nestes nichos, tais como o feijão e o milho e, portanto esta característica não a recomenda como constituinte principal nas dietas. Aproveitar materiais residuários descartados na colheita significa aproveitamento mais racional do custo de produção. As pesquisas sempre focaram a presença de proteínas nas folhas de mandioca, bem como a importância dessa fonte alternativa de nutrientes, disponível para o consumo humano, onde normalmente são consumidos na forma desidratada e crua, adicionado aos alimentos em diferentes proporções. No entanto, não foi encontrado nenhum trabalho onde a utilização desse alimento não se apresentasse na forma crua, e que fosse submetido ao processo de cocção em temperatura suficiente para diminuir a presença de compostos fenólicos, haja visto que estes compostos são sensíveis à exposição de temperatura elevada, onde supõe-se a possibilidade do processo de degradação parcial dos mesmos compostos, considerando, as condições de tempo de cocção, umidade do material, concentração de fibras presentes na variedade, concentração de ácidos orgânicos, entre outros, onde essa farinha fosse preparada, adicionando proporções dessa folha, antes do processo de cocção e na seqüência submetidos a fornos abertos em temperatura em torno de 150 a 200ºC. O processo de fabricação da farinha pode afetar positivamente ao provocar a redução dos compostos considerados antinutricionais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo) / Abstract: The cassava flour is largest consumed in Brazil and is an important carbohydrate source. Due the social and economic situation of some Brazilian regions, this product shows it the main nutrient source. The cassava has low protein and lipids when compared with other important foods as bean and corn. Because of nutrient deficiency, cassava is not recommended as principal food in diets. The use of harvest residues means a rational production with low cost for industries. In the same way, the addition of plant parts without additives with low alterations in process is other argument for cost reduction with low nutrition risk. The research always aiming the protein presence in cassava leaves, as well as the importance of leaves as alternative source of nutrients, available for the human consumption. The cassava leaves are normally consumed in the dehydrated and raw form and are added in different percentage in food preparations. However, is difficult to observe researches that objective to use temperature aiming to reduce the phenolic components in cassava leaves. The phenolic composites are high temperature sensible and in this conditions occur the partial degradation of these components. It is important to consider the time of exposition, humidity of material, fiber percentage, organic acids concentration, process of flour preparation, percentage of leaves and dryer temperature in opened oven (150ºC to 200ºC) in this process. The cassava flour processing can affect positively due the decrease of anti-nutritional components, increase of digestibility and protein absorption, and the use of the enriched flour can be an alternative to recoup the nutritional state of individuals group with alimentary deficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the composition and nutritional value of cassava flour added of leaves aiming to analyze the viability as alimentary source, as well as the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Banca: Flávia Queiroga Aranha de Almeida / Banca: Magali Conceição Monteiro da Silva / Resumo: As informações sobre a composição de vegetais cultivados em solos brasileiros são escassas e mais ainda de partes não convencionais dos alimentos, como cascas, talos e folhas. O desconhecimento dos valores nutricionais dessas partes induz ao mau aproveitamento, ocasionando o desperdício de toneladas de recursos alimentares. Como incentivo ao melhor aproveitamento dos alimentos e como alternativa de dieta nutritiva e de baixo custo, foram verificados o rendimento e as composições de calorias, proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos, fibras, vitamina C, ferro, cálcio, potássio e umidade em partes convencionais e não convencionais de frutas e hortaliças, amplamente consumidas pela população. Os vegetais foram adquiridos em estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de Botucatu / SP. As análises foram realizadas em polpas, cascas, flores, folhas ou talos de abacaxi, abóbora, beterraba, brócolis, chuchu, couve, couve-flor, manga, mamão, pepino e salsa. Para comparação entre as médias dos resultados, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, sendo os valores encontrados mais significativos para carboidratos em frutas, proteínas em folhas, lipídeos em pequenas quantidades para todas as partes analisadas, fibras em todas as partes não convencionais, vitamina C em mamão, brócolis e salsa, ferro em folhas e talos de beterraba, cálcio em todas as folhas principalmente a de couve-flor e potássio em cascas de mamão e talos de brócolis e salsa. No presente trabalho pode-se concluir que a utilização integral dos vegetais pode auxiliar no alcance das necessidades nutricionais e na melhora do estado de saúde e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, principalmente com a ajuda de programas que divulguem essas informações através de receitas práticas para o dia a dia e orientações para uma alimentação mais saudável e econômica. / Abstract: The information about the composition of fruit and vegetables cultivated in Brazilian soil is scarce, and more so in relation to their mostly non-utilized parts, such as skins, peels, stalks and leaves. The lack of knowledge about the nutritional value of these nutriments often leads to their non-utilization, which results in the waste of tons of food resources. In order to stimulate better utilization of food and offer an alternative of nutritive diet at low cost, the yield and the composition of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, fibres, vitamin C, iron, calcium, potassium and humidity, in both the utilized and non-utilized parts of those fruit and vegetables, which are mainly consumed by the population, were analyzed. The fruit and vegetables were purchased in shops of the city of Botucatu / SP. The analyses were carried out in pulps, skins, flowers, leaves or stalks of pineapple, pumpkin, beetroot, broccoli, chayote, cabbage, cauliflower, mango, papaya, cucumber and parsley. For comparison between the average of the results, the Tukey test, at 5% level of probability, was used and the results found are more significant in relation to carbohydrates in fruit, proteins in leaves, lipids in small quantities for all the parts analysed, fibres in all non-utilized parts, vitamin C in papaya, broccoli and parsley, iron in leaves and stalks of beetroot, calcium in all leaves and mainly in cauliflower leaves and potassium in skins of papaya and stalks of broccoli and parsley. The present study concludes that the integral utilization of fruit and vegetables can assist in obtaining necessary nutrients and improving the state of health and quality of life of individuals, especially with the support of programmes that publicise this information through recipes and guidance towards a more economic and healthy eating. / Mestre