The effect of temperature and duration of leaf wetness (DLW) on sporulation of Bremia lactucae was determined for lettuce cv. Ithaca. A single spore isolate of B. lactucae was produced and was identified using lettuce differential lines each of which had known gene for resistance. Potted lettuce plants were inoculated with the isolate and incubated at 15 C, at 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then at a relative humidity lower than 70%. Seven days later, the plants were submitted to five different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C) and six durations of leaf wetness (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h). The number of spores produced was determined at the end of each wet period. After 4 h of incubation no spores were observed at any of the temperatures. Highest number of spores was found at 10 and 15 C for more than 10 h of DLW. The rate of sporulation rapidly increased between 8 and 10 h for all the temperatures, including 25 C, where the amount of spores produced was very low. The observed number of spores was transformed into proportion of maximum sporulation (PMS) by providing each data by the maximum number of spores observed for each experiment. The Richards model was used to describe sporulation as a function of leaf wetness duration and the rate and maximum value expressed as a function of temperature. This approach resulted in a three-dimensional equation that explained 87% of the variation in the PMS. Spore viability was also estimated for each temperature and DLW. It was zero after 6 h of incubation and reached almost the maximum after 10 h for all the temperatures. The sporulation model was validated under field conditions and it predicted high, medium, low, or no sporulation in 8 out of 11 times.

No description available.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Preliminary nitrogen (N) management experiments with spinach, leaf lettuce, romaine collard and mustard were conducted on a Casa Grande s.l. soil at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in the winter and spring of 1990-91. The purpose of this N rate experiment was to develop initial Best Management strategies for N fertilizer use for emerging high value crops grown in Arizona using subsurface drip irrigation. Three rates of urea, ammonium nitrate were applied to each cultivar to provide deficient (N1), adequate (N2) and supraoptimal real (N3) levels of N. All cultivars responded dramatically to the application of N. Fresh weight yields in the N1 and N2 treatments averaged 45 and 53% of the N3 treatment The average N3 yields recorded in these trials were 23.1, 12.8 and 21.8 tons of marketable produce per acre for greens, spinach and leaf lettuce/romaine crops, respectively. Preliminary plant tissue test results indicated that for all five crops, whole plant total N (TN) levels and midrib + petiole NO₃-N and leaf blade TN concentrations in the youngest mature leaf were responsive to differences in soil N supply and show promise as diagnostic N tissue test procedures. The midrib + petiole NO₃-N test appeared to be the best indicator of plant N status throughout the growing season for all five crops studied.

Field trials were conducted in the Yuma and Gila Valleys to assess the commercial field performance of Confirm and Success insecticides against beet armyworm and cabbage looper larvae. Ten lettuce and five broccoli fields were treated with combinations of Confirm, Success, and standard insecticides on various stages of plant growth. Success provided quick knockdown of larvae, but ultimately Confirm provided equitable control. Cabbage looper control with Confirm appeared to be influence by application volume and plant size. Addition of pyrethroid to Confirm did not provide additional efficacy. Success provided good suppression of leafminer adults and thrips. Both products provided control equal to conventional standards and will become valuable components of future lettuce pest management programs in Arizona.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Kimberly A. Williams / Liquid organic fertilizers and microbial inoculants of beneficial microorganisms are garnering interest from commercial greenhouse growers who seek to produce crops more sustainably, but research about their efficacy is limited and results are conflicting. This research focused on comparing the effect of microbial inoculant addition in two soilless crop production systems under organic versus conventional fertilization. Two experiments were conducted with impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) in a peat-based substrate and four experiments were conducted with butterhead lettuce (Latuca sativa) in nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics. In the impatiens studies, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were incorporated pre-plant equally across treatments using OsmocoteTM, or organic fertilizers Bloodmeal or Feathermeal. An inorganic constant liquid feed (CLF) was also evaluated. Microbial inoculants that contained a variety of beneficial species, including Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp. were drench-applied at the beginning of the cropping cycle. Impatiens growth was comparable between the nutrient regimens in one of the studies. CO2 respiration was measured on substrate samples. At a 5X application rate, inoculants contributed to subtle increases in plant growth in organic treatments, but microbial activity was unaffected as measured by CO2 respiration. However, organic nutrient sources contributed to higher CO2 respiration at day 7 of the production cycle compared to inorganic nutrient sources. The hydroponic trials consisted of inorganic and organic nutrient regimens, evaluated with and without microbial inoculant addition. Nutrient analyses and CO2 respiration of the nutrient solutions were collected. Use of inoculants resulted in increased plant growth when used in organic nutrient regimens in some trials. Plant dry weight and CO2 respiration in the inorganic nutrient regimens were increased in certain instances with inoculant addition. No differences in mycorrhizal root colonization were observed in either nutrient regimen with mycorrhizal inoculant addition. Petiole NO3-N concentration of lettuce plants grown with inorganic nutrient sources was greater than that of plants in organic regimens. Organic fertilizers and inoculant products resulted in comparable or positive impacts on plant growth and food crop quality in some treatment scenarios in these studies. The specific circumstances of crop production systems dictate whether plant growth response may occur from inoculant incorporation.

Diante da previsão de escassez de água no mundo, torna-se necessário desenvolver tecnologias que permitem o reaproveitamento de águas salinas.A hidroponia é uma técnica de cultivo sem solo que permite obter produtos de alta qualidade, maior produção por área, menor gasto de água e insumos agrícolas, contribuindo com a preservação dos recursos naturais e do ambiente. A alface (Lactuca sativa) é a hortaliça mais importante produzida no sistema hidropônico (NFT). O uso de água salina na produção de hortaliças constitui no momento atividade essencial, tendo em vista o aumento da demanda de água doce, tanto pela atividade agrícola quanto pelo abastecimento urbano e industrial. Dessa forma os objetivos do trabalho são: i) avaliar o crescimento, a produção e qualidade de duas variedades cultivadas de alface (Verônica e Pira Roxa) em sistema hidropônico NFT (Fluxo Laminar de Nutrientes) com a utilização de águas salinas no preparo da solução nutritiva e na reposição da lâmina diária evapotranspirada ao longo do ciclo de cultivo; ii) avaliar a qualidade, os parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos (teor de nitrato, clorofila e prolina). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido localizado na área experimental do Setor de Irrigação e Drenagem do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba-SP. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso. Avaliaram-se cinco níveis de salinidade obtidos com a adição de NaCl, que resultaram em diferentes condutividades elétricas da água: 0,42, 1,53, 3,52, 5,55 e 7,43 (dS.m-1) e duas variedades cultivadas de alface Verônica e Pira Roxa. Os resultados revelaram que a salinidade da água reduziu o crescimento e a produção de forma linear decrescente. A tolerância à salinidade de alface variedade cultivada Verônica foi superior em relação à variedade cultivada Pira Roxa. A salinidade alterou o teor de nitrato, prolina e clorofila, sendo o efeito superior na cv. Pira Roxa, denotando ser um mecanismo de defesa à salinidade. Com relação à produtividade comercial, obteve-se uma perda de 69% e 64% para as variedades cultivadas Pira Roxa e Verônica, respectivamente, quando se utilizou água mais salina (7,43 dS.m-1). Os resultados obtidos em sistema de cultivo NFT podem indicar a possibilidade do uso da água salina como alternativa para produção de hortaliças para produtores que tem disponibilidade de água salina e restrita disponibilidade de água doce. / Before the forescast of shortage of water in the world, becomes necessary to develop technologies that allow the reuse of saline waters. The NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) is a cultivation technique soil less that allows to obtain products of high quality, larger production for area, minor expense of water and agricultural inputs, contributing with the preservation of the natural resources and environment. A lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the most important vegetable produced in the hydroponic system (NFT). The use of saline water in the production of vegetables constitutes in the moment essential activity, tends in view the increase of the demand of fresh water, so much for the agricultural activity as for the urban and industrial supplying. The objectives of the work were: i) to evaluate the growth, the production and quality of two cultivates of lettuce (Verônica and Pira Roxa) cultivated in hydroponic system NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) with the use of saline waters in the preparation of the nutrient solution and replacement of the evapotranspiration along the cultivation cycle; ii) to evaluate quality, the physiologic and biochemical parameters (nitrate, chlorophyll and prolina content). The experiments were carried out in atmosphere protected on the experimental area of the Irrigation and Drainage Section of the University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks. It were evaluated five salinity levels obtained with the addition of NaCl that resulted in different electrical conductivities of the water (0.42, 1.53, 3.52, 5.55 and 7.43 dS.m-1); and two cultivated variety of lettuce Verônica and Pira Roxa. The results revealed that the salinity of the water reduced the growth and production in a decreasing lineal. The tolerance to salinity of the lettuce cultivated variety Verônica was superior in relation cultivated variety Pira Roxa. The salinity altered the contents of nitrate, prolina and chlorophyll, being the superior effect in the cv. Pira Roxa, denoting to be a defense mechanism the salinity. The commercial productivity was obtained a loss of 69% and 64% for cultivated variety Pira Roxa and Verônica, respectively, when more saline water was used (7,43 dS.m-1). The results obtained in cultivation system NFT they can indicate the possibility of the use of the saline water as alternative for production of vegetables for producers that has availability of saline water and restricted of fresh water.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-04T19:06:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson da Silva Rosa.pdf: 3717734 bytes, checksum: 87724729c4a8c7bfe10174d0b64ea722 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T19:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson da Silva Rosa.pdf: 3717734 bytes, checksum: 87724729c4a8c7bfe10174d0b64ea722 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-12 / Pesticidas são compostos sintéticos que possibilitam o aumento da produção e da qualidade dos produtos agrícolas através da diminuição das perdas geradas por organismos indesejados. No entanto, eles podem gerar um gradativo impacto ambiental devido a sua toxicidade. Resíduos de pesticidas e seus metabólitos têm sido frequentemente encontrados em águas subterrâneas e de superfície. Desta forma, a contaminação de corpos d'água pode afetar direta ou indiretamente a saúde humana e a integridade do ecossistema por induzir uma ameaça significativa em ambientes aquáticos e recursos de água potável. A descontaminação de águas contaminadas por pesticidas tem um custo elevado e envolve grande gasto de energia. A fitorremediação (o uso de plantas para descontaminação de compostos xenobióticos) ganhou popularidade como uma rentável, ambientalmente amigável e eficiente tecnologia insitu para uma variedade de poluentes e, entre eles, muitos pesticidas. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial de fitorremediação da alface (Lactuca sativa L.) em águas contendo uma mistura dos pesticidas quincloraque, 2,4-D, clomazone, propanil e tebuconazole na concentração de 50 μg/L através de cultivo hidropônico. Para tal fim, foi desenvolvido e validado um método multirresidual para a determinação destes pesticidas citados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por arranjo de diodos (HPLCDAD) em água potável e de cultivo hidropônico. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se eficaz, confiável, com boa sensibilidade e repetibilidade para a determinação dos compostos de interesse. O método proporciona ainda, flexibilidade para incluir novos pesticidas e/ou seus produtos de degradação. Para a avaliação da fitorremediação, mudas de alface foram cultivadas e após dez dias os meios de cultivo foram fortificados com os pesticidas em estudo. Foram coletadas amostras da água de cultivo no dia da fortificação, no sétimo e décimo-quarto dia após o tratamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa das concentrações de quincloraque, tebuconazole, 2,4-D e clomazone, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos após sete dias para os dois primeiros compostos e quatorze dias para os últimos, respectivamente. Esse estudo mostra o potencial do cultivo hidropônico de alface para a fitorremediação de pesticidas em água. / Pesticides are synthetic compounds that enable an increased production and quality of agricultural products by reducing losses caused by unwanted organisms. However, they can generate a gradual environmental problem due to their toxicity. Pesticide residues and their metabolites have often been found in groundwater and surface. Thus, the contamination of water bodies may directly or indirectly affect human health and the ecosystem integrity by inducing a significant threat to aquatic environments and drinking water resources. The decontamination of water contaminated by pesticides is expensive and involves great expenditure of energy. The phytoremediation (the use of plants to decontaminate xenobiotics) has gained popularity as a low cost, environmentally friendly and efficient in situ technology for a variety of pollutants and, among them, many pesticides. The present study evaluated the potential for phytoremediation of lettuce to water containing a mixture of pesticides quinclorac, 2,4- D, clomazone, propanil and tebuconazole concentration of 50 μg/L through hydroponics. Therefore, a multirresidue method for determination of pesticides cited by high performance liquid chromatography, with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), in drinking water and hydroponic medium was developed and validated. The method has proven effective, reliable with good sensitivity and reproducibility for determining the compounds of interest. The method provides further flexibility to add new pesticide and/or its degradation products. For the evaluation of phytoremediation lettuce seedlings were grown and after ten days, the culture media was fortified with the x pesticides under study. Water samples were collected from cultivation on fortification, on the 7th and 14th days after treatment. It was observed a significant decrease in concentrations of quinclorac, tebuconazole, clomazone and 2,4-D, and the best results were obtained after seven days for the first two compounds and for the past fourteen days, respectively. This study shows the potential of hydroponic cultivation of lettuce for phytoremediation of pesticides in water.

Mineral nutrients have marked effects on plant health by providing the building blocks for plant growth, as well as for mitigating abiotic and biotic stress factors, particularly disease development. Even if mineral nutrition field studies are conducted to study pest management, they are at the mercy of complex soil, water, and climatic conditions not amenable to strict experimental control. Therefore, a hydroponic method of growing lettuce was developed and growth curves were established for the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Lettuce plants were grown at varying levels of each nutrient: 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg N/L; 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 mg P/L; and 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg K/L. Due to inadequate results lettuce was grown again at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg L K. Optimal levels of N, P, and K were 160 mg/L, 4.0 mg/L, and 80 mg/L respectively. C:N ratios were also looked at for the N experiment. The overall result was consistent with results from similar studies. Unlike similar hydroponic studies done with other plants, micronutrient levels did not become deficient at high phosphorus levels suggesting phosphorus toxicity. These growth curves can be used to test lettuce resilience to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

Bibliography: leaves 128-136.