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Studiens syfte är att besvara frågan vilka attribut som föranleder att kommuner uppger att de har bostadsbrist. Genom att betrakta svenska bostadsbristen ur historisk kontext ges en bild av vad tidigare erfarenheter inombostadsplaneringen kan bidra med till dagens utveckling. De tidigare utföranden som beprövats sätts i kontrast till dagens tillvägagångssätt som i hög utsträckning tillskrivs liberalisering av bostadsmarknaden sedan 1990-talet. Med Boverkets Bostadsmarknadsenkät 2021 har Sveriges kommuner uppgett huruvida de uppleverbostadsbrist eller inte. Med logistisk regressionsanalys svarar studien på i vilken utsträckning olika faktorer somtas upp kopplade till Life Cycle Theory påverkar skillnader i efterfrågan på bostäder kommunerna emellan. Teorin lyfter de olika stadierna i livet som ger upphov till hushållens skilda behov. Detta yrkar en förståelse för hushållens situation och att bostadsbristens räddning inte enbart ligger i uppförandet av nya bostäder. Resultatet visar på att det i högst grad är demografiska faktorer som kan förklara variationer i svenska kommuners tendens att uppge om de har bostadsbrist. Däremot kan ökad upplevd bostadsbrist främst tillskrivas befolkningstillväxten, ekonomiska- och byggnadsrelaterade faktorer.

The importance of Hydrogen (H2) in current global energy systems is undeniable. Moving from the energy systems depending on fossil fuel to energy systems that are carbon-free is a necessity, thus solutions such as hydrogen economy is required. Especially after recent geopolitical challenges in Europe which could make the energy acquisition a crucial problem. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) are applicable pathways for transitioning H2 into energy and to avoid the storage and transportation limitations of gaseous and liquid H2. Formic acid (FA) is an attractive alternative for such purposes due to its minimal level of toxicity and its significant volumetric storage capacity for H2. In this study, a Life cycle assessment (LCA) of the supply chain involving the Trans-Atlantic export of energy from Canada to Germany is conducted using formic acid as a LOHC and OxFA process to convert biomass to formic acid. The environmental impacts of all units and processes involved in this supply chain are examined, and the results are compared against other traditional systems for hydrogen production. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to recognize the crucial contributors and assess the processes and units that impose considerable influence on the overall environmental impact. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Hydrogen (H2) plays a crucial role in transitioning from fossil fuel-based to carbon-free energy systems, a shift highlighted by recent geopolitical challenges in Europe. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) offer a solution for hydrogen storage and transport issues associated with its gaseous and liquid states. Formic acid (FA) is particularly promising as a LOHC due to its low toxicity and high hydrogen storage capacity. This study conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a supply chain that uses formic acid to export energy from Canada to Germany, involving the OxFA process for converting biomass to formic acid. The environmental impacts of all processes in this supply chain are evaluated and compared with traditional hydrogen production methods. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis identifies key contributors and assesses their impact on the overall environmental footprint.

Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases causing 1-3 million fatalities a year. The majority of these cases occur amongst children in developing countries. Malarial strains in these areas are exhibiting increasing resistance to canonical treatments proving the importance of new drug targets for anti-malarials. Identification of new drug targets is dependent upon a better understanding of the molecular biology of the parasitic agent of malaria, Plasmodium. The regulation of Plasmodium's complex life cycle is still not well understood. Elucidation of signaling pathways involved in Plasmodium cell cycle regulation will provide insights into how the parasite thrives in human cells. A subset of kinases, referred to as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are crucial regulators of eukaryotic cell cycle progression. In silico studies show high homology between mammalian CDK's and a group of CDK-like Plasmodium kinases including PfPK5 (Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 5). Plasmodium homologues to CDK regulators, cyclins, have also been identified. Understanding the role of PfPK5 in cell cycle regulation would require analysis of subcellular localization and cell cycle-dependent expression. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrate that PfPK5 is localized in the nucleus. PfPK5's expression profile, as determined by western blotting, shows highest expression in the schizont stage, the stage when the atypical multiple nucleated form of the parasite is observed. Possible PfPK5 interacting partners were detected by performing an anti-PfPK5 immunoprecipitation assay. Additionally, a hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PfPK5 construct was made to increase the sensitivity of immunoprecipitation assay and identification of PfPK5 interacting partners. The characterization of PfPK5 and its interacting partners may prove useful in identification of novel drug targets in the future.

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The MIND optimization method is a tool for life cycle cost minimization of a flexible range of industrial energy systems. It can be used in analyses of energy systems in response to changes within the system, changes of the boundary conditions and synthesis of energy systems.  In analysing industrial energy systems there are a variety of issues to consider in finding the best way of production. Both the energy supply part and the energy demand part is of great significance. The structure of the energy supply part is often decided on economic terms such as fixed costs, fuel prices or energy tariffs but also on availability. The energy demand is depending on the technology employed and the layout of the system. A change to new technology or recondition of old equipment may as well as alterations in the production schedule give considerable overall savings.  In order to comprise all aspects in the analysis it is essential that the optimization method can handle:  all occurring flows in the energy system,  time-dependent components and conditions,  non-linearities.  A change regarding the production schedule, kind of energy or renewal of process equipment may cause a change of material and energy flows as well as a change of the interaction between them. Since industry as a rule has a production goal to fulfil it is necessary to represent both material and energy flows in the calculations.  Time dependency for components indicates that process equipment must be represented in a way that allows different process routes to be chosen within the industrial system. Changes in boundary conditions, such as varying energy rates or climatic conditions, will also have to be represented. This implies that the system has to be represented with a proper time division.  It is also necessary to let flows pass between time steps to be able to consider storage of both material and energy.   Optimization of industrial energy systems at the component level involves non-linear relationships, such as energy demand functions and investment cost functions. It is important to use the proper level of accuracy in the representation of equipment units. If non-linear relationships are not included there may be considerable errors involved. The accuracy of representation must be chosen for each industrial system to be optimized.  These demands can be met in optimization with mixed integer linear programming. Non-linear relationships can be approximated with step functions and piecewise linear segments giving the opportunity to optimize all levels of energy systems.  The objective of the optimization is to minimize the life cycle cost of the studied energy system. The life cycle cost includes both fixed and variable costs.  Two applications are presented to show the flexibility of the MIND method, heat treating processes in the engineering industry and milk processing in a dairy.

Functionality of Cnidarian symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae is fundamental to reef ecosystem success. Symbiodiniaceae cells have a complex life history, which, in hospite, is controlled by the host. In addition to the endosymbiotic lifestyle, they can exist free-living cells which diurnally alternate between a coccoid, vegetative night-time form to a day-time motile, flagellated cell. Their cell division cycle is gated by external light cues, and correlates with transitions in cell morphology. In contrast, endosymbiotic cells have an elongated G1 phase – demonstrating a de-coupling of cell cycle from 24-hour cycle in response to symbiosis. Furthermore, daughters of dividing endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae remain as coccoid cells, de-coupling morphological and cell division cycles. How this occurs remains unknown. The answer may lie in crystalline uric acid deposits, which are present only in motile, daytime cells, correlating with G1 and S phase. These store excess nitrogen and are quickly metabolized in low nitrogen availability. They also function as an eyespot. The influence of uric acid on the life cycle of free-living and endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae is unknown. In this study, I treated cultures of B. minutum with allopurinol, an inhibitor of uric acid synthesis. Flow cytometry showed that allopurinol the reduced growth rate and ratio of coccoid:motile cell cultures. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis identified biological processes enriched in allopurinol treatment. I hypothesize that an intracellular lack of nitrogen imposed lack of uric acid crystals stimulates the General Amino Acid Control pathway. This represses translation, explaining the downregulation of ribosomal proteins, and upregulates amino acid and purine de novo biosynthesis pathways. Repression of translation may slow cellular growth and the G1 phase of the cell cycle, reducing number of cells meeting the size threshold for G1/S transition. Without uric acid deposits, cells may lack a functioning eyespot and not receive light cues which usually trigger morphological transitioning. This may suppress the motile morphology of free-living Symbiodiniaceae and cells in hospite even though the cell division cycle progresses, albeit more slowly. Genes involved in biosynthesis of flagella, thecal plates and the eyespot are upregulated, suggesting suppression of the motile form may act downstream of transcription.