The recent revival of urban living in the UK has been stimulated by many different factors, including life style choices and government policies. This has led to a rapid increase in the number of apartments in the UK cities. This increased density living has also brought about various changes in the city infrastructure, including the way energy is supplied to residential buildings. The recent trend of ‘electrification of heat’ represents one of these changes, whereby electricity rather than natural gas is now typically being used for space and water heating as well as for cooking. Further growth in electricity demand has been predicted in the governments Carbon Plan with the increased use of all-electric systems including heat pumps for domestic heat. This will in turn impact the environment since electricity supplied in the UK is predominantly based on fossil fuels and contributes to significant greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions. However, greater penetration of renewable sources in the future would be expected to reduce GHGs. This would also help to improve the security of supply through diversification of energy sources. On the other hand, there are concerns that increasing reliance on electricity could lead to fuel poverty for a greater section of society. Thus, it is not immediately clear whether the change from gas to electricity would contribute to the sustainability or otherwise of energy supply in the UK residential sector. Therefore, this research has set out to understand better the implications of the electrification of heat in the urban residential sector by examining the trade-offs between environmental impacts, techno-economic costs and social aspects. This work therefore goes beyond the previous research that has typically focused solely on GHG emissions and energy pay-back times of different energy options. This is also the first time as far as the author is aware that the sustainability of the electrification of heat in cities are analysed in depth. Various tools have been used for these purposes, including life cycle assessment (LCA), indoor air quality monitoring (IAQ), life cycle costing (LCC), social surveys (SS), scenario analysis (SA) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).Assuming all sustainability aspects considered here to be equally important, the most sustainable option is the district heating system. All-electric heat-providing systems (electric panel, electric storage, and air source heat pumps) have on average 2.5 times higher environmental impacts than gas-based systems (individual gas boiler, solar thermal and gas, district heating and community CHP systems). The techno-economic costs of all-electric systems are 80% that of the district heating system – however, fuel cost and demand changes increase substantially all-electric system cost vulnerability. Gas-based systems are widely accepted and valued - all-electric systems while a ‘good fit’ for particular city homes - have greater social impacts including affordability. If the proposed decarbonisation of electricity generation is realised, the global warming potential from electric heat-providing systems could be reduced to a 1/10th of present emission levels by 2050 increasing electrification of heat sustainability. Therefore, the choice of the most sustainable heat-providing options in the future, including that of the ‘electrification of heat’, will depend on the extent of the decarbonisation of the UK electricity supply and the relative importance placed on sustainability impacts by different stakeholders.

<p>NR 20140805</p>

The building sector is a major contributor to theenvironmental loads generated by the society. The recognitionof this fact by the sector and a general strive toward asustainable society have lead to afocus on different toolsthat can be used to enhance the environmental performance ofthe sector and the society. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is oneof these tools. The LCA methodology was initially developed forassessments of short-lived consumer products. The increasinginterest in using the LCA methodology in the context of thebuilding sector has initiated a development of the methodologyto be able to consider the specific characteristics andconsiderations of the building sector. These are specific forthe building sector, but not always unique. Examples ofcharacteristics and considerations are: that each building isunique, the functional output is not always a physical productbut rather a service, the long service lives of buildings.These have implications on several elements in the LCAmethodology. The influenced elements that are dealt with inthis thesis are in particular the modeling of the system, thefunctional unit, boundary setting, life cycle scenarios,scenarios and inventory of the usage phase and allocationprocedures. Buildings and constructions are commonly not static systems.The systems are rather dynamic in the sense that the systemwill provide different services based on the same physicalstructure during its service life. To be able to model thedynamic system sequential life cycle thinking is introduced anda list of topics is derived. The list of topics is a structuredpresentation of issues that are of interest in the pursuit of aflexible LCA methodology. The goal is to find out if amethodological approach is suitable for modeling dynamicsystems with a functional unit that is based on the providedservice rather than the physical building. Boundary setting, life cycle scenarios, allocationprocedures, predicted service life and the modelling of theusage phase are all elements of the LCA methodology that havean potential to influence the result of an LCA in a significantway. The magnitude of the potential influence has beenmonitored based on the results of three case studies, whichhave been elaborated further to be able to estimate themagnitude of the potential influence. There is a multitude of available allocation procedurespresented and used in different contexts. The procedures aredeveloped based on different considerations and with differentintended applications. Two alternative allocation proceduresare presented in this thesis. The first is a proceduredeveloped with multi recyclable materials in mind and it isbased on the recyclability of materials and products. Thesecond procedure is quite recently developed and it is based ona combination of economic parameters and recyclability. The importance of the usage phase for buildings andconstructions has previously been recognised. The maincontributors to the environmental loads generated during theusage phase are energy use, maintenance and emissions fromproducts. It is, however, not very common to consider the usagephase in assessments conducted on materials and components,even though it is stipulated in e.g. ISO 14025 that the wholelife cycle should be considered. A proposal of a model toestimate the environmental loads is, therefore, presented. Keywords:Life cycle assessment, Building materials andcomponents, Buildings and constructions, Allocation, Resultvariation, Usage phase, Energy demand / <p>NR 20140805</p>

Orientadores: José Roberto de França Arruda, Pierre Lamary / Tese (doutorado) ¿ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pegoretti_ThaisdosSantos_D.pdf: 2527596 bytes, checksum: 4a887632523490eee648b59c0de7e4a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia capaz de adicionar critérios ambientais à fase de pré-projeto de um tratamento acústico veicular. Essa integração foi realizada através de uma otimização multiobjetivo baseada em um algoritmo genético. Um caso real foi analisado com a metodologia proposta. Ele consiste em um painel acústico multicamadas aplicado em um automóvel de passeio. O método da matriz de transferência é usado para o cálculo do comportamento acústico do painel. Neste método é feita a hipótese simplificadora de painel de área infinita, o que permite um custo computacional muito menor do que modelos de elementos finitos. Para a modelagem de materiais poroelásticos, utiliza-se o modelo de Johnson-Champoux-Allard, que inclui os fenômenos de dispersão de energia resultante da interação térmica e viscosa entre as fases sólida e fluida. O custo computacional menor do modelo é essencial para a otimização. Foram estabelecidos como objetivos da otimização a curva de perda de transmissão desejada e os resultados da análise do ciclo de vida do painel. Uma curva de perda de transmissão em função de bandas de oitava foi estabelecida como um critério de desempenho acústico mínimo. Para os critérios ambientais, o impacto de um painel existente foi estabelecido como máximo. A análise do ciclo de vida quantifica o impacto do produto em relação a diversos aspectos. Na metodologia proposta três critérios foram selecionados inicialmente: aquecimento global, destruição de recursos abióticos e toxicidade da água doce. Finalmente, apenas um deles foi utilizado na otimização, o aquecimento global, pois os critérios máximos estabelecidos para os demais eram facilmente atingidos ao longo da otimização. A otimização multiobjetivos gera como resultado uma frente de Pareto com um conjunto de soluções, e cabe ao projetista escolher a melhor opção, analisando-a em relação ao impacto ambiental e a outros aspectos, tais como disponibilidade e custo / Abstract: This work aims at developing a methodology capable of adding environmental criteria to the pre-design of a vehicular acoustic treatment. This integration was accomplished through a multi-objective optimization based on a genetic algorithm. A real case study was analyzed with the proposed methodology. It consists of a multilayered acoustic panel applied in passenger vehicles. The transfer matrix method is used to calculate the acoustic behavior of the panel. In this method the panel area is infinite. It provides a lower computational cost than finite element models, which can take into account the real dimensions of the panel. The Johnson-Champoux-Allard model was used for poroelastic material modeling. It includes the energy loss generated by the viscous and the thermal interactions between the solid and the fluid media. The lower computational cost of the model is essential for the optimization. The desired acoustic transmission and results of the life cycle analysis of the panel were established as the optimization objectives. A transmission loss curve in octave bands was defined as a minimum noise performance criterion. For the environmental criteria, an existing panel behavior was established as the maximum. The life cycle assessment quantifies the product impact with respect to many aspects. In the proposed methodology, three criteria were initially selected: global warming, abiotic depletion, and fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity. Finally, only one of them was used in the optimization, the global warming, because the maximum values established for the other criteria were easily achieved during the optimization. The multi-objective optimization provides a Pareto front solutions set, and it is up to the designer to choose the best option, analyzing the solution set with relation to environmental impact and other aspects, such as availability and cost / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

[ES] La sostenibilidad ha ido adquiriendo una presencia relevante en nuestra sociedad desde su primera definición en 1987 por parte de la Comisión Brundtland. Desde entonces, la comunidad científica ha llevado a cabo importantes esfuerzos en el desarrollo de normativas, herramientas y criterios para lograr diseños en esa línea. A pesar de ello, estos esfuerzos no han sido suficientes para lograr trazar un futuro realmente sostenible a corto plazo. Como respuesta al estado actual e insuficiente de desarrollo, las Naciones Unidas han establecido recientemente los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, los cuales deben alcanzarse en 2030. En dichos Objetivos se atiende explícitamente al papel de las infraestructuras, que se revelan como elementos clave para asegurar la consecución de los mencionados Objetivos. Sin embargo, a pesar de las relevantes implicaciones del diseño de infraestructuras, y a pesar de que la mayoría de las infraestructuras están diseñadas para servir a un grupo significativo de personas durante un periodo intergeneracional de tiempo, el diseño sostenible y resiliente de infraestructuras todavía carece de una metodología estandarizada que considere sus ciclos de vida desde una perspectiva holística. En la actualidad, tanto las metodologías de evaluación del ciclo de vida ambiental como las económicas muestran un estado de desarrollo relativamente maduro. Sin embargo, la dimensión social todavía se considera en estado embrionario, comprometiendo por tanto el empleo de métodos de evaluación multidimensionales de la sostenibilidad. La presente tesis propone una metodología extendida basada en la norma ISO 14040 de enfoque puramente medioambiental para evaluar la sostenibilidad del ciclo de vida de las infraestructuras mediante la consideración simultánea y coherente de las tres dimensiones de la misma, a saber, el medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Se propone aquí una nueva metodología para evaluar las infraestructuras desde la dimensión social, integrando al mismo tiempo dichas evaluaciones en un marco basado en la norma ISO 14040. A continuación, se aplica una técnica de toma de decisión multicriterio para integrar las tres perspectivas. Con el fin de tener en cuenta las incertidumbres no probabilísticas implicadas en la asignación de pesos al emplear dichas técnicas, se propone aquí un nuevo enfoque neutrosófico para la determinación de los pesos resultantes de la aplicación de la técnica AHP con grupos de decisores. Se ha considerado como caso de estudio el diseño sostenible de un puente de hormigón pretensado en un entorno costero para construir la metodología propuesta. El enfoque holístico en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de las infraestructuras se revela esencial frente a las habituales evaluaciones basadas únicamente en la consideración de la dimensión medioambiental. Se ha observado que el mantenimiento preventivo resulta más sostenible a lo largo del ciclo de vida en comparación con las estrategias de mantenimiento reactivo. Esta tesis proporciona una guía para el diseño sostenible de estructuras de hormigón, aunque la metodología sugerida puede aplicarse a cualquier tipo de infraestructura. / [CAT] La sostenibilitat ha anat adquirint una presència rellevant en la nostra societat des de la seva primera definició el 1987 per part de la Comissió Brundtland. Des de llavors, la comunitat científica ha dut a terme importants esforços en el desenvolupament de normatives, eines i criteris per aconseguir dissenys sostenibles. Tot i això, aquests esforços no han estat suficients per aconseguir traçar un futur realment sostenible a curt termini. Com a resposta a l'estat actual i insuficient de desenvolupament, les Nacions Unides han establert recentment els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible, els quals s'han d'assolir en 2030. En aquests Objectius s'atén explícitament al paper de les infraestructures, que es revelen com a elements clau per assegurar la consecució dels esmentats Objectius. No obstant això, tot i les rellevants implicacions del disseny d'infraestructures, i tot i que la majoria de les infraestructures estan dissenyades per servir a un grup significatiu de persones durant un període intergeneracional de temps, el disseny sostenible i resilient d'infraestructures encara no té una metodologia estandarditzada per determinar la seva sostenibilitat al llarg dels seus cicles de vida des d'una perspectiva holística. En l'actualitat, tant les metodologies d'avaluació del cicle de vida ambiental com les econòmiques mostren un estat de desenvolupament relativament madur. No obstant això, la dimensió social encara es considera en estat embrionari, comprometent per tant el desenvolupament de mètodes d'avaluació multidimensionals de la sostenibilitat. La present tesi proposa una metodologia basada en la norma ISO 14040 d'orientació mediambiental per avaluar la sostenibilitat del cicle de vida de les infraestructures mitjançant la consideració simultània i coherent de les tres dimensions de la sostenibilitat, és a dir, el medi ambient, l'economia i la societat. Es proposa aquí una nova metodologia per avaluar les infraestructures des de la dimensió social, integrant al mateix temps aquestes avaluacions en un marc basat en la norma ISO 14040. A continuació, s'aplica una tècnica de presa de decisió multicriteri per integrar les tres dimensions de la sostenibilitat. Per tal de tenir en compte les incerteses no probabilístiques implicades en l'assignació de pesos a l'emprar aquestes tècniques, es proposa aquí un nou enfocament neutrosófic per a la determinació dels pesos resultants de l'aplicació de la tècnica AHP amb grups de decisors. S'ha considerat com a cas d'estudi el disseny sostenible d'un pont de formigó pretesat en un entorn costaner per construir la metodologia proposada. L'enfocament holístic en l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat de les infraestructures es revela essencial en contrast a les habituals avaluacions de la sostenibilitat basades únicament en la consideració de la dimensió mediambiental. S'ha observat que el manteniment preventiu resulta en millors valors de rendiment de sostenibilitat del cicle de vida en comparació amb les estratègies de manteniment reactiu. Aquesta tesi proporciona una guia per al disseny sostenible d'estructures de formigó, encara que la metodologia sugerida pot aplicar-se a qualsevol tipus d'infraestructura. / [EN] Sustainability has gained relevant presence in our society since its first definition in 1987 by the Brundtland Commission. Ever since, the scientific community has put significant efforts in the development of standards, tools and criteria to reach sustainable designs. Notwithstanding the above, such efforts have not been enough to outline a truly sustainable future in the short term. As a response to the actual, insufficient state of development, the United Nations have recently established the Sustainable Development Goals to be reached by 2030. In such Goals, explicit attention is paid to the role of infrastructures, which are revealed as key elements to ensure the achievement of the mentioned Goals. However, despite the relevant implications of infrastructure design, and despite the fact that most infrastructures are designed to serve a significant group of people over an intergenerational period of time, the design of sustainable and resilient infrastructures is still lacking of a standarised methodology to determine their sustainability along their life cycles from a holistic perspective. Currently, both the environmental and the economic life cycle assessment methodologies show a relatively mature state of development. However, the social dimension is still considered to be in an embryonic state, thus compromising the use of multidimensional sustainability assessment methods. The present thesis proposes an extended methodology based on the environmentally oriented ISO 14040 standard to evaluate the life cycle sustainability of infrastructures through the simultaneous and consistent consideration of the three dimensions of sustainability, namely environment, economy and society. A new methodology is suggested here so as to assess infrastructures from a social dimension, while integrating such assessments into an ISO 14040 based framework. A multi criteria decision making technique is then applied to integrate the three sustainability dimensions into one single assessment. So as to take into consideration the non-probabilistic uncertainties involved in subjective weighting techniques, a novel neutrosophic approach for group AHP weights determination is proposed here. The sustainable design of a prestressed concrete bridge in a coastal environment is assumed as a conducting case study on which to construct the proposed methodology. The holistic approach in the sustainability assessment of infrastructures reveals itself to be essential rather than the usually conducted sustainability assessments based on the sole consideration of the environmental dimension. It has been observed that preventive maintenance results in better life cycle sustainability performance values when compared with reactive maintenance strategies. This thesis provides a guide for the sustainable design of concrete structures, although the suggested methodology can be applied to any type of infrastructure. / Navarro Martínez, IJ. (2019). Life cycle assessment applied to the sustainable design of prestressed bridges in coastal environment [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/134054 / TESIS

abstract: ABSTRACT Historically, Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) guided companies to make better decisions to improve the environmental impacts of their products. However, as new Circular Economy (CE) tools emerge, the usefulness of LCA in assessing linear products grow more and more obsolete. Research Question: How do LCA-based tools account for reuse/multiple life cycles of products verses CE-based tools? The Kaiteki Innovation Framework (KIF) was used to address the question of circularity of two packaging materials using an Environmental LCA to populate its 12 CE dimensions. Any gaps were evaluated with 2 LCA- based and 2 CE-based tools to see which could address the leftover CE dimensions. Results showed that to complete the KIF template, LCA data required one of the LCA-based tools: Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) and both CE-based tools: Circular Transition Indicators (CTI) and Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) to supplement gaps in the KIF. The LCA addressed 5 of the KIF dimensions: Innovation Category Name, Description, GHG Impact, Other Environmental Impacts, and Value Chain Position. 3 analytical tools addressed 5 more:: Effect on Circularity, Social Impacts, Enabling Technologies, Tier 2 and 3 Requirements, and Value Chain Synergies. None of the tools could address the KIF Dimensions: State of Development or Scale Requirements. All in all, the KIF required both LCA-based and CE-based tools to cover social and socio-economic impacts from a cradle-to-cradle perspective with multiple circular loops in mind. These results can help in the research and development of innovative, circular products that can lead to a more environmentally preferred future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2020

The need to include sustainable design principles during product realization poses several challenges in need of research. The demand for greener products has increased while competition has shortened product realization processes. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) provides solutions in accelerating the development process and time to market by managing the information through a full life cycle of a product line. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) provides a way to predict the environmental impacts that should be expected over the complete life cycle of a given product, but LCA methods are not well suited to efficient comparison of product alternatives during early design stages. Customers and other stakeholders demand products that not only comply with regulations and minimize environmental impacts, but also minimize costs and maximize certain performance objectives of a product. Thus, an approach is needed to unify validation of new products compliance with holistic consideration of environmental impacts along with other objectives over a complete life cycle for the selection of the optimal design concept in an efficient manner. This research addresses these matters by proposing the approach of integrating LCA software with a PLM system. A conceptual LCA framework- LCAatPLM (Life Cycle Assessment of assembly tree in PLM) is proposed that allows environmental assessment of assembly tree directly extracted from PLM. Firstly, relevant existing solutions are reviewed and several challenges are identified that prevent integration. By decomposing the structure of both PLM and LCA, a common foundation is identified for the integration. Then, a design methodology is developed to show the use of LCAatPLM within PLM environment. A charcoal grill design case study is detailed to show how evaluations can be made based on achievement of strategic goals, along with verification of compliance and the visibility of LCA and other results. Our findings show that design executions through LCA integrated with PLM reveal environmental criterion at early stages. It can be considered with other design criteria to identify and select optimal alternatives. This research transforms LCA as an evaluation tool used after a design is already completed to one that can guide designs earlier within the PLM environment.

Content: Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) for calculating the environmental impact of leather manufacturing were approved by the European Commission in 2018. Chemicals are key input data for this methodology, given leather’s chemically intensive makeup. The increasing use of nonpetrochemical materials represents an important part of industry-wide efforts to reduce overall environmental impact. Though still in its infancy, research and commercial use of renewable raw materials for leather chemicals is expected to accelerate in the coming years, especially with regard to understanding the environmental impact of bio-based products. Indeed, when decisions are made to substitute fossil fuel-derived products with alternative bio-based versions, a common assumption is that a reduction in environmental footprint will accompany that substitution. However, reports have been published that challenge this view1,2,3. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of environmental impact data for bio-based polyurethanes and to interpret the data in order to make better decisions about further research and product design. Take-Away: Environmental impact is not just about Climate Change

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely recognized tool usedto evaluate environmental impacts of a product or process, based on environmental inventory database, and supply chain information. Although significant progress has been made on the development of LCA methodology and growth of LCA applications, there areissues to be addressed. As the number of LCA related publication increases rapidly it becomes challenging to gain a comprehensive understanding on the state-of-the-art: only a small number of review papers have been published and they tend to narrowly focus on a particular field or application while literature search is largely done manually. In addition, almost all LCA software tools are still using the legacy desktop application which have steep learning curve, unfriendly user interface, and complicated installation and maintenance requirements. Moreover, life cycle inventory databases, which serve as the data foundation of LCA, are designed and managed as a centralized structure with slow updates and low spatial and temporal resolution i.e., not supply chain specific. The development of informatics techniques opens up numerous opportunities to address these issues. This dissertation reports one of the first effort on applying informatics techniques i.e., automatic content analysis (ACA), web-based application, and blockchain to modernize LCA. <div><br></div><div>For the first time, ACA is applied on LCA related research to comprehend the big picture and get a better overview regarding the focus and evolution of LCA related research. The results show that while the field changed overtime, the most interested environmental category remained to be carbon emissions. However, the result also shows that whilecomputer science has evolved considerably, modern informatic techniques have only had a scattered impact on LCA. To overcome the limitation of current LCA software, an idea of developing a web-based application to benefit LCA implementation is proposed, especially for a certain type of industry with complex and hierarchical bills of materials. In cooperation with International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI), a web-based application is developed named Eco-impact Estimator (EiE). EiE is capable of performing quick and straightforward eco-impact estimation, especially for information and communication technology (ICT)products, with more than 50 users currently. To further optimize LCA, decentralized structure might be necessary. A new method is needed that can automatically back track supply chain along with material flow, with robust data availability and privacy. A blockchain-based LCA (BC-LCA) is proposed to solve this problem, with a framework built up, a detailed mechanism discussed, and a case study provided based on a practical industrial supply chain. Result shows that BC-LCA could improve data availability by providing increased data privacy and timeliness with the application of blockchain. Furthermore, the more nodes from a supply chain that join in BC-LCA, the better it could get.<br></div><div><br></div><div>With the help of informatic techniques, LCA can be improved significantly, including generating a more quantitative research overview, developing a more user-friendly LCA web-based application for ICT product manufacturing, and providing a LCA framework with more data availability, data privacy and data timeliness. Though it is still necessary to estimate the budget for such implication, which e is left as future work, trialing on interdisciplinary solutions may bring a new possibility to classic LCA.<br></div>

<div>As society rapidly migrates to digitized services, the Information, Communications, and Technology (ICT) sector is projected to sustain a 16% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the next five years, surpassing $1 trillion in revenue by 2024. The hardware infrastructure that supports ICT growth, such as semiconductor chips and hard disk drives (HDDs), is also experiencing parallel growth trajectories. Thus, large technology companies need to understand the environmental implications of growth in these vital components within their supply chains, as they strive to reach ambitious targets for carbon, water, and waste reduction.</div><div><br></div><div>Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool for measuring environmental impacts along the life cycle of a product and is implemented here to measure emissions and resource use in the semiconductor and HDD manufacturing supply chains, and to quantify the benefits of circularity for HDD components. However, to understand how environmental impacts of a manufacturing process relate to the landscapes (i.e. ecosystems) where manufacturing occurs, one must look to methods beyond LCA. </div><div><br></div><div>Footprinting methods are a promising tool for bridging the gap between LCA process data inventories and site-specific impacts on ecosystems. Further, the footprint assesses the total volume of emission over a time period, which is aligned with the concept of absolute sustainability. As such, regionalized footprint methods for freshwater use in the semiconductor industry and toxic chemical pollution for the HDD rare earth magnet supply chain were undertaken. In each case, data from the LCA literature or custom LCAs were used as the basis for the life cycle inventory, but advanced methods including regional databases of water scarcity and toxicity factors were used to quantify and communicate impacts. Further, geographic information systems (GIS) were used to allocate emissions or water use from a manufacturing facility with their associated watershed, which enabled aggregation of data across various geographies (i.e. watershed, region, country). </div><div><br></div><div>This work implements multi-disciplinary methods, databases, and tools with the aim to bring water and chemical footprinting methods a step closer towards meaningful assessment of a product’s impact on local, regional, and planetary boundaries. </div><div><br></div>