This review is an exploration of evolutionary theories with the aim to investigate emotional states, well-being and ill-being from an evolutionary perspective. Functional evolutionary theories of emotional states, posit that emotions have evolved as behavior modifiers responding to specific situations that provided fitness benefits in our ancestral past. Exploring this theory gradually uncover clues towards practical, hands-on suggestions as to how to increase life satisfaction and quality of life. Specifically, these suggestions include interacting with kin, reaping stress-reducing and health effects from letting nature be a part of your life, developing deep friendships, and not comparing yourself with the best or most successful individuals in the world.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Ausprägung von Angst, Depressivität und Körperbeschwerden bei Studierenden der Humanmedizin und deren Lebenszufriedenheit im Vergleich zu einer altersgleichen Repräsentativstichprobe und Studierenden anderer Studienrichtungen. Gesellschaftlicher Hintergrund ist die weite Verbreitung von Angst und Depressivität in der Gesamtbevölkerung und deren zunehmende Bedeutung für Arbeitsunfähigkeit und Frühberentung. Gleichzeitig haben psychische Erkrankungen einen stark negativen Einfluss auf die Lebenszufriedenheit der Betroffenen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Angst, Depressivität und Körperbeschwerden bei Studierenden der Humanmedizin signifikant häufiger auftreten und sie mit einzelnen Bereichen des Lebens unzufriedener sind als die gleichaltrige Gesamtbevölkerung. Sie zeigen im Vergleich zu anderen Studierenden keine erhöhten Werte hinsichtlich Angst, Depressivität und Körperbeschwerden und sind nur in einzelnen Bereichen des Lebens signifikant unzufriedener als Studierende anderer Fachrichtungen. Germanistikstudierende leiden gegenüber den verglichenen Studierendengruppen signifikant stärker unter Angst, Depressivität und Körperbeschwerden und ihre Lebenszufriedenheit ist von allen befragten Studierenden am geringsten. Die Befragungen von Studierenden zum Thema psychische Gesundheit und Lebenszufriedenheit sollten ausgeweitet werden, um repräsentative Stichproben zu erhalten und weitere Studierendengruppen in die Untersuchungen einzubeziehen.

This study aims to describe the quality of life of Turkey in comparison with the European Union Member States including the other candidate countries Bulgaria and Romania. The main question in the study is to determine where Turkey stands in terms of quality of life domains in the membership process to the European Union. For this aim, &ldquo / The European Quality of Life Survey&rdquo / that has been launched in 2003 including 28 countries in Europe has been used. The survey consists of eight life domains including different objective and subjective indicators to measure the quality of life in these countries. The findings revealed that although Turkey displays similar patterns with the other candidate countries, it lags behind the European Union Member States in most of these eight quality of life domains.

The aim of this study is to investigate the vulnerability stress model in prediction of the psychological problems and life satisfaction of newcomer Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Vulnerability factors were considered to be personal characteristics of immigrants which they had both prior and after to their arrival. Stress factors, on the other hand, were selected based on the immigrants&rsquo / experiences after their arrival. Depending upon this distinction, attachment, independent and interdependent self construals, ethnic identity and ethnic self-esteem, religiousness, religious support, and social support were all organised as vulnerability factors. Migration related factors, namely time spent in the Netherlands, level of spoken Dutch, level of socialisation with Dutch natives, level of media use, satisfaction with life in the Netherlands, perceived discrimination, and acculturation orientations were organised as stress factors. Psychological problems of the immigrants were measured by their scores of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic complaints. The participants of the study were 109 newcomer Turkish immigrants who arrived in the Netherlands after 1998. In the regression analysis that attempted to predict the psychological problems of immigrants, the results revealed several significant effects including gender, host culture acculturation orientation, perceived discrimination, and independent self construals. Furthermore, the interaction of independent self construal and host culture acculturation orientation as well as the interaction of religion and host culture orientation showed significant effects on psychological problems. In the regression analysis to predict life satisfaction, only independent self construal revealed a significant relationship with life satisfaction.

ABSTRACT THE DETERMINANTS OF LIFE SATISFACTION IN POST-SOVIET AZERBAIJAN Galip, Hilal MSc., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Dr. Adnan Ak&ccedil / ay September 2007, 99 pages The study aims to investigate main determinants of life satisfaction in newly independent country, Azerbaijan. Taking into consideration of local and cultural characteristics of the region, this research will give the opportunity for making cross-cultural analysis to understand subjective well-being of people living in the country in transition. Moreover, it provides deeper interpretation of daily experiences of people in different fields of life compared to Soviet period. In the survey, 1030 households were selected according to multistage cluster sampling and face to face interviews were conducted with those families. In addition, fifty in-depth interviews were applied to people who are coming from different social backgrounds. All macro societal changes influences subjective well-being of the Azerbaijani people and the further analysis of data will help to taking picture of the society and individuals in a closer perspective. Within this framework, this paper attempts to figure out the quality of life in Azerbaijan from the eyes of Azerbaijani people.

Present study investigated the role of gender, age, perceived level of impairment, income, social activity level, and perceived social support from family, friend, and significant other in predicting total, family, friend, self, school, and living environment related life satisfaction of visually impaired Turkish adolescents. Participants were consisted of 138 volunteered visually impaired adolescents resides in Ankara. Age of the participants ranged between 11 and 22 with the mean of 14.38 (SD = 2.17). Data was collected via Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, &amp / Farley, 1988) and Multidimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1994). Six seperate Multiple Regression Analyses were employed to examine the data. Results of the study indicated that age and perceived family support significantly predicted total life satisfaction of participants. Self related life satisfaction of participants was predicted significantly by perceived level of impairment and income. Friend related life satisfaction was predicted significantly by perceived social support from friend. Family related life satisfaction was predicted by perceived family support and age of the participants. Results of the study are discussed in light of the relevant literature and implications of the results are mentioned. Finally, suggestions for future research are presented.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relation of mother daughter relationship to well- being of the daughters with respect to self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample was consisting of 426 female university students from Ankara and Kirsehir with a mean age of 21.62 (SD= 2.35). The scales which were used in that study are Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) (Rastogi, 1995), The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, &amp / Griffin, 1985). Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) (Rastogi, 1995) has been used to measure the current mother-daughter relationship. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) has been used to measure global self esteem, and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin, 1985) has been used to measure the global life satisfaction. The canonical correlation analysis was utilized to examine the relationships between the mother daughter questionnaire&rsquo / s subscales ( connectedness, interdependency and trust in hierarchy) and the two indicators of well being namely life satisfaction and self-esteem. The results of the study showed that the three indicators of the mother-daughter relationship (connectedness, interdependency, and trust in hierarchy) and the two indicators of well being (self-esteem and life satisfaction) were interrelated. In other words mother daughter relationship is positively related to life satisfaction and self esteem of the daughters.

The purpose of this study was to investigate predictive value of life satisfaction, academic achievement, number of clients, number of counseling sessions, and satisfaction level of supervision both in terms of quality and quantity in determining counselor trainees&rsquo / counseling self-efficacy levels. The sample of this study was the 470 voluntary senior counselor trainees (335 females, 135 males) enrolled in Department of Guidance and Counseling at eleven universities in Turkey. Participants were administered a demographic data form, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Counselor Self-Estimate Inventory and the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales. In the context of this study, the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales were translated to Turkish, validity and reliability studies were conducted. Additionally, reliability studies of the other scales used for the sample of the present study were conducted. Data analysis was carried out by Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis. Results of the study indicated that life satisfaction, number of counseling sessions and satisfaction with quality of supervision explained 13% of the total variance of counseling self-efficacy scores of the counselor trainees. Life satisfaction was found as the most important predictor of counseling self-efficacy, explaining 8.2 % of the total variance. On the other hand, academic achievement, number of clients and satisfaction with quantity of supervision were not found to be significant predictors of counseling self-efficacy.

Research indicates that today’s aging population may obtain various benefits from using computer technology. These benefits include increased self-esteem, decreased depression, increased life satisfaction, and decreased loneliness; however, few of these studies have employed quantitative measures to quantify these results. This study focused on the possible benefits related to self-esteem and life satisfaction of older computer users. Participants belonged to either a control group or an experimental group. The experimental group participated in an eight-week computer training course. The control group did not receive computer training. All participants were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index-Z at the beginning and the end of the study. The researcher hypothesized that participants who received computer training would have higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction when compared with the group of participants who did not receive computer training. Results of the study indicated life satisfaction for both the control and experimental group rose slightly, but was not statistically significant. Therefore it is impossible to say that the SeniorNet computer training course helped to increase aged individuals’ life satisfaction. These results may indicate that any sort of meaningful activity (either participating in a computer class or involvement in social activities at a senior community center) may increase an individuals’ life satisfaction. The results also indicated that self-esteem for the experimental group rose slightly after receiving computer training; however, these results were not statistically significant. It could be possible that the sense of mastery over a subject may have increased the participant’s self-esteem, as stated in the study by Hoot and Hayslip (1983). Further research needs to be conducted on this population, and such research may enhance an aging population’s outlook on life and themselves.

生活滿意度常視為生活品質的指標，是一種心理上主觀對自我生活的評價，也是知覺與期望是否一致。如何在個人、家庭、社會環境中得到主觀情緒的滿足，一直是大家追求的目標，也是現代社會最為重視的領域(蔡明怡，2008)，本研究主要探討影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度之因素，研究目的為：1.探討台灣地區居民的生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與之情況。2.探討性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入、健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異。3.生理健康、經濟狀況、休閒活動參與與生活滿意度之間的關聯性。4.分析影響臺灣地區居民生活滿意度因素。研究資料為「台灣社會變遷基本調查計畫：第五期第三次(休閒組)調查」，樣本數為2147份。研究方法採敘述性統計、差異分析、相關分析、迴歸分析。研究結果顯示性別、婚姻、年齡、教育程度、平均月收入對生活滿意度無顯著差異，但健康狀況對生活滿意度具顯著差異；相關分析方面教育程度愈高、經濟狀況愈好、健康狀況愈好、參與靜態動態活動愈高，生活滿意度愈高；迴歸分析結果顯示影響生活滿意度的因素有年齡、健康狀況、參與靜態活動，其中又以健康狀況最具影響力。 / Life satisfaction often regarded as an indicator of quality of life is a mentally subjective evaluation of one’s life. Being emotionally subjective satisfied in the individual, family and social environments is not only a goal that people pursue, but also a prominent aspect in the modern society (Cai Mingyi, 2008). This study aims to explore the factors that influence Taiwanese residents’ lives satisfaction, and the objectives are as follows: 1 To investigate the conditions of Taiwanese residents’ physical health, financial status and their participation in leisure activities; 2 To investigate the differences among the factors--gender, marriage, age, educational attainment, monthly income, health condition that influence life satisfaction; 3 To investigate the relevance of the factors to life satisfaction; 4 To analyze the factors that affect life satisfaction. The research is based on the data, National Science Council initiated Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), whose sample size is 2147. The research methods involve descriptive statistics, variance analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results have shown that sex, marital status, age, educational attainment or monthly income makes no significant differences to life satisfaction. In contrast, one’s health condition plays an important role in life satisfaction. Moreover, according to correlation analysis, the higher the educational attainment, the better financial status and health condition, the more participation in sedentary as well as dynamic activities, the better the life satisfaction. At last, according to regression analysis, factors that affect life satisfaction are age, health condition, participation in sedentary activities, among which the health condition is the most influential. / 目錄 摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝辭 iii 目錄 iv 圖目 v 表目 vi 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機 2 第三節 研究目的 3 第四節 研究問題 3 第五節 研究範圍與對象 4 第二章 文獻探討 5 第一節 生活滿意度之定義 5 第二節 影響生活滿意度之因素 6 第三章　研究方法 13 第一節 研究架構 13 第二節 研究對象 13 第三節 問卷設計與變項衡量 14 第四節 資料分析 15 第四章　資料分析 17 第一節 敘述性統計百分比 17 第二節 差異分析 27 第三節 相關分析 30 第四節 迴歸分析 32 第五章 結論與建議 35 第一節 研究發現 35 第二節 管理意涵 36 第三節 研究建議 37 參考文獻 41 附錄 47 圖目 圖1-1　研究流程圖…………………………………………………………………4 圖3-1　研究架構圖…………………………………………………………………13 表目 表2-1-1 生活滿意度定義 5 表2-2-1 影響生活滿意度因素-生理健康 6 表2-2-2 影響生活滿意度因素-休閒活動 8 表2-2-3 影響生活滿意度因素-經濟狀況 9 表2-2-4 影響生活滿意度因素-性別 10 表2-2-5 影響生活滿意度因素-年齡 11 表2-2-6 影響生活滿意度因素-教育程度 12 表4-1-1 人口變項分析的性別 17 表4-1-2 人口變項分析的年齡 17 表4-1-3 人口變項分析的教育程度 18 表4-1-4 人口變項分析的婚姻狀況 18 表4-1-5 經濟狀況分析 19 表4-1-6健康狀況分析 19 表4-1-7看電視,dvd,錄影帶 20 表4-1-8 到電影院看電影 20 表4-1-9 逛街購物 21 表4-1-10 看書 21 表4-1-11 參加藝文活動 22 表4-1-12 跟親戚聚會家族聚會 22 表4-1-13 跟朋友聚會 23 表4-1-14 玩牌或下棋 23 表4-1-15 聽音樂 24 表4-1-16 從事體能活動 24 表4-1-17 到現場看體育比賽 25 表4-1-18 做手工藝 25 表4-1-19 使用電腦或上網 26 表4-1-20 生活滿意度 27 表4-2-1 性別對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-2 婚姻對生活滿意度之差異 27 表4-2-3 年齡對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-4 教育程度對生活滿意度之差異 28 表4-2-5 平均月收入對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-6 健康狀況對生活滿意度之差異 29 表4-2-7 Scheffe事後比較 29 表4-3-1 相關分析 32 表4-4-1基本人口背景變項、健康狀況、參與靜態活動、參與動活動對生活滿意度之影響模式 33