A presente Tese de Doutorado foi composta por um capítulo introdutório e três estudos, todos eles empíricos apresentados em formato de artigos. Os artigos objetivaram investigar as variáveis satisfação de vida, rede de relações, coping e neuroticismo nos grupos estudados. A amostra do primeiro artigo foi composta por um grupo não-clínico de estudantes (n = 502) e a do segundo, por um grupo clínico de portadores do HIV (n = 45), todos procedentes da Grande Porto Alegre e com idades entre 14 e 23 anos. No terceiro estudo participaram os jovens do grupo clínico e 494 jovens do grupo não-clínico. Em todos os três, os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de dados sócio-demográficos, Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Adolescentes – EMSV-A, Inventário de Rede de Relações – IRR, Inventário de Estratégias de Coping e Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo – EFN. Para a análise dos dados dos dois primeiros estudos foram realizadas MANCOVAS e MANOVAS e análises de regressão múltipla e para o terceiro estudo, análises discriminantes entre os grupos para cada um dos instrumentos. Tanto os resultados do primeiro quanto do segundo estudo indicaram que os jovens participantes utilizaram um número variado de estratégias de coping e apresentaram um bom nível de satisfação de vida, porém para o grupo clínico houve declínio na satisfação com as amizades. As relações com amigos e com a figura materna mostraram-se como aspectos importantes. Verificou-se, ainda, que o melhor preditor do nível de Satisfação de Vida Total de ambas amostras foi o fator Depressão do EFN. No terceiro estudo foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos em todos os instrumentos. Evidenciou-se também uma perda do sentido vital no grupo clínico, principalmente pelos achados da EFN. Os resultados contribuíram para o conhecimento acerca da adolescência, assim demonstraram a necessidade de se criar intervenções para a promoção do bem-estar de portadores e não portadores do HIV. / The present doctoral consists of an introductory chapter and three studies, all of them empirical and presented in article format. The papers aimed to investigate the variables life satisfaction, network of relationships, coping and neuroticism. The first study’s sample was non-clinic and consisted of students (n = 502) and the second study’s sample was clinic, formed by HIV patients (n = 45), all of them from metropolitan Porto Alegre. The clinic sample and 494 students from the non-clinic sample took part of the third study. The instruments used were: questionnaire of sociodemographic data, Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (MLSS- A), Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI), Coping Strategies Inventory and Neuroticism Factorial Scale. In order to analyze the data from the two first studies it was used MANCOVAS and MANOVAS and multiple linear regression analyses. Discriminant analyses between the clinic and non-clinic samples for each of the instruments were developed to analyze the data from the third study. The results of the first and the second study showed that the participants revealed a varied number of coping strategies and presented a good level of life satisfaction, although there is a fair decrease in the satisfaction with friendships. The relationships with friends and the maternal figure proved to have a important influence on the youths. Moreover, it was verified that the best predictor of Total Life Satisfaction of the sample was the factor Depression of the Neuroticism Factorial Scale. In the third study the findings revealed differences between the groups in all of the measures. It was also evidenced a loss of the vital sense in the clinic group, especially through the findings of the Neuroticism Factorial Scale. The results contributed to increase the knowledge about adolescence and showed the importance of developing intervention programs to promote wellbeing in HIV carriers and non-carriers.

The goal of this work is to provide an overview of new trends in the research of decision-making, as well as offer practical guidelines for the practice of decision-making based on up-to-date knowledge. Theoretical part offers an overview of current developments and efforts in decision-making along with a critical perspective on the limited view of decision-making. I offer a new perspective on the purpose and goals of research in the area of decision-making with the aim to improve not only objective results of decision-making, but also overall well-being. I also revitalize intuition as a valid strategy for decision- making. Empirical part presents three research studies, which focus on various aspects of this new approach to decision-making. First focuses on time decisions, which are, unlike financial decisions, almost uncovered by decisional research. Second research builds on current work of D. Ariely and D. Gilbert and supports their thesis, that commitment plays a key role in decisional satisfaction. Last research maps our self- perception in decision-making and how it relates to our well-being. Key words: decision-making, intuition, well-being, life satisfaction, commitment

In a theoretical part of diploma thesis is presented a gratitude and psychological conceptions of this phenomenon. Gratitude can be an emotion, disposition, life approach or a virtue. Gratitude has effect on different aspects of well-being. We can measure gratitude by different tools and cultivate it by different ways. In our research we tried to increase well-being by intervention of gratitude. We compared efficacy of the intervention of gratitude with the intervention known as ,,three good things". We also wanted to know if a belief in efficacy of intervention can change a scores of well-being. We tried to discover short-term and long-term effects. Our sample was created by 153 university students but only 56 of them stayed up to the end of study. We chose following method for measuring: GQ-6, Questionnaire of life satisfaction, Positivity Self Test, Zung's self rating inventory of depression and Beck's inventory of anxiety. Participants were randomly put into the one of three group (intervention of gratidue, intervention ,,three good things" and comparison). Data were counted by multilevel linear regression. We found out no significant differences. Due to very small sample this conclusion is not surprising.

This study investigated the relationship between coping style and academic satisfaction, as well as the role each plays in overall life satisfaction. Further, this study examined the potential utility of coping style within Lent and Brown’s (2006) social cognitive career theory (SCCT) model of work satisfaction. A sample of students in a university setting took a measure to assess coping style, academic satisfaction, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and goal progress. Results indicated that both problem-focused and avoidance coping styles predicted academic satisfaction individually. Only for problem-focused coping was this relation strong enough for academic satisfaction to partially mediate the direct effect on life satisfaction. Coping styles did not explain variance above and beyond the SCCT variables of goal progress and self-efficacy. This study supports the existing model of work satisfaction in SCCT, and offers preliminary evidence for full mediation of coping styles’ effects on satisfaction by stress and goal progress.

Using pooled European Social Survey data (Rounds 4-7, 2008-2014), we investigate the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility and subjective wellbeing (SWB) for young Europeans (N = 16,050 individuals aged 25-34 from 18 countries). Previous research has been struggling with inconclusive results due to the methodological challenge of disentangling the independent (i.e., "net") effect of social mobility over and above the effects of social origin and destination. We contribute to this line of research by contrasting mobility effects estimated in a conventional linear regression framework with net mobility effects estimated by (non-linear) diagonal mobility models (DMM). We show how model selection influences estimates of mobility effects and how different specifications lead to radically different findings. Using DMM, we estimate how intergenerational educational mobility affects the SWB of young Europeans, differentiating between downward and upward mobility and different country groups. Our results suggest that status loss/gain across generations affects young adults' SWB in addition to the level-effect of ending up in a lower/ higher status position only in Continental Europe.

Este estudo buscou investigar os níveis de materialismo e sua relação com os níveis de satisfação de vida em adolescentes de escola públicas e privadas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: (a) Ficha de Dados Sóciodemográficos; (b) Escala de Valores Materiais (EVM); (c) Questionário de Valores Psicossociais (QVP-24); e (d) Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Adolescentes (EMSVA). Foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: (a) há diferença nos níveis de materialismo entre os sexos, sendo que os meninos tendem a ser mais materialistas que as meninas, (b) há diferença nos níveis de materialismo nas diferentes idades estudadas: quanto maior a idade, menores os níveis de materialismo, (c) os níveis de materialismo não diferem entre os adolescentes que frequentam escolas públicas e aqueles que frequentam escolas privadas, e (d) há uma correlação inversamente proporcional entre os níveis de materialismo e de satisfação de vida na amostra investigada. Nos resultados, não se encontrou diferenças nos níveis de materialismo entre os sexos e entre os grupos etários dos participantes, não confirmando as duas primeiras hipóteses. Conforme esperado, os resultados não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os tipos de escola investigados, confirmando a terceira hipótese. Em relação à quarta hipótese, os dados apontam para uma correlação inversamente proporcional significativa entre os níveis de materialismo e satisfação com a vida. A presente dissertação destaca a importância do desenvolvimento de valores ao longo do desenvolvimento como forma a minimizar os efeitos de um materialismo extremo. / This study sought to investigate the levels of materialism and its relation to life satisfaction levels in teenagers from public and private school in the city of Porto Alegre. The instruments used were: (a) Demographic data sheet; (b) Materialism Value Scale (MVS); (c) Psychosocial Values Questionnaire (QVP-24); and (d) Multi-dimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (EMSVA). The following hypotheses were tested: (a) there is a difference in the levels of materialism between sexes, being that boys tend to be more materialistic than the girls, (b) there is a difference in the levels of materialism in different ages studied: the higher the age, the lower the levels of materialism, (c) levels of materialism does not differ among teenagers who attend public schools and those who attend private schools and (d) there is an inversely proportional correlation between levels of materialism and of life satisfaction in the sample investigated. In the results, we not found differences in levels of materialism between genders and between age groups of participants, not confirming the first two hypotheses. As expected, the results did not indicate significant differences between types of school investigated, confirming the third hypothesis. Regarding the fourth hypothesis, the data point to a significant inverse correlation between levels of materialism and satisfaction with life. This paper highlights the importance of developing values along the development as a way to minimize the effects of an extreme materialism.

abstract: The demands and expectations of graduate school can be stressful for any student. Graduate students in a romantic relationship, in particular, contend with both individual and dyadic effects of graduate school stress, as stress has been found to be negatively associated with both individual and relational well-being. Asymmetrical graduate student couples, wherein one partner is in graduate school and the other is not, may be particularly vulnerable to relationship strain because of differences in their experience of graduate school. However, non-student partners can help the graduate student cope with stress through dyadic coping. This study sought to examine whether: a) there were associations between graduate school stress on individual (life satisfaction) and relational (relationship satisfaction) well-being, and b) whether these associations were moderated by positive and negative dyadic coping behaviors. Cross-sectional data from 62 asymmetrical graduate student couples were gathered using an online survey. Data were analyzed using Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook 2006). Separate models were conducted to examine overall associations between graduate stress and well-being, and additional analyses were conducted to examine potential moderation effects of perceptions of partner dyadic coping (actor effects) and partner self-reported dyadic coping (partner effects) on the overall associations between stress and life- and relationship satisfaction mentioned above. Results for the overall model suggested that graduate stress is associated with both individual- and relational well-being. Surprisingly, and against prior literature, positive dyadic coping did not buffer the negative association between graduate stress and well-being, and negative dyadic coping did not exacerbate the association. Implications of the findings for future research and for mental health counselors are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling 2017

abstract: Numerous psychosocial and health factors contribute to perceived stress, social support, and problem-solving coping relating to overall well-being and life satisfaction in older adults. The effect of social support and problem-solving coping, however, remains largely untested as potential moderators. The present study was conducted to test whether social support and problem- solving coping would moderate the relation between perceived stress and life satisfaction in older adults. First, I anticipated that stress will be negatively related to life satisfaction at low levels of social support, while at high social support; stress will be unrelated to life satisfaction. Second, I expected that with low problem- solving coping, stress will be negatively related to life satisfaction, whereas, at levels of high problem- solving coping, stress will be unrelated to life satisfaction. Using an experimental survey and interview design with hierarchical regression analyses, I found no support that social support would moderate the relation between stress and life satisfaction. I found support that problem-solving coping moderated the relation between stress and life satisfaction. For individuals who engage in higher levels of problem- solving coping, higher levels of stress predicted lower levels of life satisfaction. On the other hand, at lower levels of problem-solving coping, more stress predicted lower levels of life satisfaction. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2017

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T12:40:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1772445 bytes, checksum: dc48ddeede012cdf82e99a25d42992cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T12:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1772445 bytes, checksum: dc48ddeede012cdf82e99a25d42992cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to test a mediation model where life satisfaction is explained by human values, taking the belief in a just world as mediator of this relationship, which has been pursued over three studies. In study 1, it was sought to determine whether the belief in just world scale version showed evidence of validity and reliability in the Brazilian context. In this study, participated a sample of 300 individuals, recruited by criteria of convenience (non-probabilistic) through social networks and contacted via email. The results showed that the data can be presented in a structure with two factors, with internal consistency indices to conducting research. In study 2, it was tried to check the value correlates of belief in a just world, observing what subfunctions could predict such beliefs. To this end, it counted on the participation of 1294 people from four countries, two in South America (Argentina and Chile) and two from Europe (Belgium and Bulgaria). The results showed that the belief in just world has relation with the normative values, which can be observed in the samples from all the countries. However, this was not the only verified relationship because the two countries in South America investigated showed similar correlation patterns with each other, with respect to the subfunction suprapersonal, existence, interactive and normative. The countries from Europe, showed distinct correlation patterns with each other, and in Belgium, as well as normative subfunction, the CMJ was related to the interactive values and a relationship that had not been seen in previous studied, with the promotion values. Bulgaria already has relations with the interactive subfunction, normative and excitiment. Finally, in study 3 it was sought to verify whether the belief in a just world would mediate the relationship between human values and life satisfaction in a second Brazilian sample. To this end participated 331 people, including those from the general population and university students, who answered the questionnaires available in the same way of previous studies. The results showed that the factorial structure of the scale Belief in Just World showed to be adequate. Moreover, correlation tests were performed for the three variables. It was observed that the life satisfaction was positively correlated with the interactive and normative subfunction and with beliefs in just world general and personal, as well as negative correlation with the belief in an unjust world. Belief in a just world had relationship with the interactive, excitement and normative subfunctions, being greater magnitude with the latter. Therefore, it was seemed consistent to test a model in which the beliefs in the just world personal and general mediate the relationship between the normative values and life satisfaction. The results showed that, in fact, there is mediation, which is indirect, given the fact that with the entry of beliefs in the model, the normative subfunction continued to post directly related to life satisfaction, even with the inclusion of belief in just world. In view of the presented results, it trusts that the present work contributes to the understanding of the life satisfaction and belief in a just world, being the latter little explored in Brazil. / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo principal testar um modelo de mediação em que a satisfação com a vida é explicada pelos valores humanos, tomando a crença no mundo justo como mediadora desta relação, ao longo de três estudos. No estudo 1, buscou-se verificar se a versão da escala de Crença no Mundo Justo apresentava evidências de validade e fidedignidade em contexto brasileiro. Contou-se com uma amostra de 300 participantes, recrutados por critério de conveniência (não-probabilística) por meio das redes sociais e contatos via email. Os resultados demonstraram que os dados podem ser apresentados em uma estrutura com dois fatores, apresentando índices de consistência interna adequados para a realização de pesquisas. No estudo 2 procurou-se verificar os correlatos valorativos da crença no mundo justo, observando, além disso, quais subfunções poderiam predizer tais crenças. Para tal, contou-se com a participação de 1294 pessoas provenientes de quatro países, sendo dois da América do Sul (Argentina e Chile) e dois do continente europeu (Bélgica e Bulgária). Os resultados demonstraram que as crenças no mundo justo apresentam relação com os valores normativos, o que pode ser observado nas amostras de todos os países. No entanto, esta não foi a única relação verificada, pois os dois países da América do Sul investigados apresentaram padrões de correlação semelhantes entre si, mostrando relação com as subfunções suprapessoal, existência, interativa e normativa. Já os países da Europa, apresentaram padrões de correlação distintos entre si, sendo que na Bélgica, além da subfunção normativa, a CMJ teve relação com os valores interativos e uma relação, que não havia sido verificada em estudos anteriores, com os valores de realização. Já a Bulgaria as relações foram com a subfunção interativa, normativa e experimentação. Por fim, no estudo 3 buscou-se verificar se as crenças no mundo justo poderiam mediar as relações entre os valores humanos e a satisfação com a vida em uma segunda amostra brasileira. Para tanto, contou-se com uma amostra de 331 pessoas, incluindo a população geral e estudantes universitários, os quais responderam os questionários disponibilizados de forma semelhante aos estudos anteriores. Os resultados demonstraram que a estrutura bifatorial da escala de Crença no Mundo Justo mostrou-se adequada. Ademais, foram executados testes de correlação para as três variáveis estudadas. Observou-se que a satisfação com a vida apresentou correlação positiva com as subfunções interativa e normativa e com as crenças no mundo justo geral e pessoal, além de correlação negativa com a crença no mundo injusto. A crença no mundo justo apresentou relação com as subfunções interativa, experimentação e normativa, sendo de maior magnitude com esta última. Portanto pareceu coerente testar um modelo em que as crenças no mundo justo pessoal e geral mediam a relação entre os valores normativos e a satisfação com a vida. Os resultados demonstraram que, de fato, há mediação, sendo esta indireta, haja visto que, com a entrada das crenças no modelo, a subfunção normativa continuou apresentando relação direta com a satisfação com a vida, mesmo com a inclusão da crença no mundo justo. Tendo em vista os resultados apresentados, confia-se que a presente dissertação contribui para o entendimento da satisfação com a vida e da crença no mundo justo, sendo esta última ainda pouco explorada no Brasil.

Studier visar att många sjuksköterskestudenter upplever sig oförberedda inför ansvaret och stressen som sjuksköterskeyrket innebär och därmed överväger att lämna yrket inom fem år. Redan under studietiden är det många sjuksköterskestudenter som upplever stress- och utmattningssymtom, vilket påverkar det psykiska välbefinnandet samt engagemang och ambition till att leverera en säker och kvalitativ vård i kommande yrkesliv. Stresshantering innebär att individen hanterar en situation på ett adaptivt sätt och inte påverkas psykiskt av den. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka vilka effekter en KBT (Kognitiv beteendeterapi)- baserad stresshanteringsintervention i storgrupp har på sjuksköterskestudenters resiliens, användning av copingstrategier samt livstillfredsställelse. Studien undersöker även om individens resiliens kan prediceras av livstillfredsställelse och coping. Urvalet bestod av 28 sjuksköterskestudenter på termin 2 vid Karlstad universitet. Deltagarna besvarade frågeformulär för CD-Risc som mäter individens upplevda resiliens, Brief COPE som mäter individens användning av copingstrategier samt SWLS som mäter individens livstillfredsställelse. Frågeformulären besvarades innan stresshanteringsinterventionen startade, 10 veckor senare då interventionen var slut samt tre månader senare vid ett uppföljningsmöte. Studien är ett experiment med inomgruppsdesign för att mäta både kort- och långsiktiga effekter med stresshanteringsinterventionen. Med ANOVA för beroende mätningar visades att deltagarnas resiliens, problemfokuserade coping samt livstillfredsställelse ökade under interventionen, medan den dysfunktionella minskade. Vid uppföljningen var den problemfokuserade copingen, dysfunktionella copingen och livstillfredsställelsen stabil, medan resiliensen hade minskat. Den emotionsfokuserade copingen var oförändrad under både interventionen och fram till uppföljningen. Resiliens ses som individens förmåga att anpassa sig till och övervinna motgångar och att inte påverkas psykiskt. En multipel regression med resiliens som beroende variabel och livstillfredsställelse och copingstrategi som prediktorer beräknades. Regressionen visade att livstillfredsställelsen är en prediktor för resiliensen, medan copingen inte visades vara prediktorer för deltagarens resiliens. Studiens resultat visar att en KBT-baserad stresshanteringsintervention i grupp har effekt på sjuksköterskestudenters stresshanteringsförmåga. / Studies show that many nursing students feel unprepared for the responsibility and stress that the nursing profession implies and thus consider leaving the profession within five years. During the study period, there are many nursing students experiencing stress and fatigue symptoms, affecting mental well-being as well as commitment and ambition to deliver safe and qualitative care in the forthcoming professional life. Stress management means that the individual manages a situation in an adaptive manner and is not psychologically affected by it. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of a CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) - based stress management intervention in group on the resilience of nursing students, the use of coping strategies and the satisfaction of life. The study also investigates whether the resilience can be predicted by life satisfaction and coping. The selection consisted of 28 nursing students at Term 2 at Karlstad University. Participants responded questionnaires for CD-Risc, which measure the individual's experienced resilience, Brief COPE, which measures the individual's use of coping strategies and SWLS that measure the individual's life satisfaction. The questionnaires were responded before the stress management intervention started, 10 weeks later when the intervention was over and three months later at a follow-up meeting. The study is an experiment and within-group design to measure both short and long term effects with the stress management intervention. ANOVA for dependent measurements showed that participants' resilience, problem-focused coping and life satisfaction increased during intervention while dysfunctional decreased. In the follow-up, problem-focused coping, dysfunctional coping and life satisfaction were stable, while resilience had diminished. The emotion-focused coping was unchanged during both the intervention and the follow-up. Resilience is seen as the individual's ability to adapt to and overcome adversities and not to be psychologically affected. Multiple regression with resilience as dependent variable and life satisfaction and coping strategy as predictors were calculated. The regression showed that life satisfaction is a predictor of resilience, while coping was not shown to be predictors for the participant's resilience. The study's results show that a KBT-based stress management intervention in a group has an impact on nursing students' stress management ability.