Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tonetto_af_me_rcla.pdf: 1077078 bytes, checksum: f064a230b49104d5525789cc80a0787e (MD5) / Os efeitos provocados pela variação quantitativa e qualitativa da luz incidente sobre a estrutura das comunidades de macroalgas lóticas em riachos da região Centro-Sul do estado do Paraná foram investigados a partir de experimentos utilizando-se amostradores com substratos artificiais que modulam a quantidade e qualidade da luz incidente. Os resultados reveleram que as respostas das divisões algais isoladamente foram mais claras do que àquelas observadas para as comunidades de macroalgas como um todo. As algas verdes mostraram-se melhores adaptadas as condições com maiores energias luminosas. A espécie de cianobactéria registrou clara preferência por comprimentos de onda mais longos (faixa do vermelho). As algas vermelhas apesar de apresentarem baixos valores de abundância, aparentemente, preferiram condições levemente sombreadas e, como as cianobactérias, apresentaram maiores valores de abundância quando submetidas a luz vermelha. Neste contexto, o aparato fotossintético característico de cada divisão algal parece ser determinante para os seus comportamentos ecológicos, uma vez que desempenham funções adaptativas diante das diferentes condições de luminosidade / The effects of light intensity and quality on the structure of lotic macroalgal communities in streams from the mid-southern region of Paraná State were investigated using artificial substrata that simulate different levels of light and specific wavelengths. The results showed that the abundance values of each algal divisions were clearer to that observed to global macroalgae communities. The green algae were better adaptated on higher light energies conditions. The cianobacteria species reported a clear preference to longer wavelengths (red light). Red algae, on the other hand, despite of the low abundance values, apparently prefer lightly shaded conditions and like blue-green algae, they showed better colonization on the red light. In this context, the characteristic photosynthetic apparatus of each division seems to be determinant to the ecological behavior of these communities once they play an important adaptative role face to the different light conditions

Orientadora: Eliane Gonçalves de Feitas / Banca: Luiz Henrique Florindo / Banca: Gelson Genaro / Banca: Silvia Mitiko Nishida / Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes / Resumo: Alterações no ambiente aquático, provocadas por ações antrópicas no ambiente natural ou artificial, causam mudanças em fatores físicos (ex: luminosidade) que podem afetar o comportamento e a fisiologia dos peixes. Assim, foi testado o efeito da luminosidade sobre o comportamento agressivo, a hierarquia social, indicadores de estresse e os níveis de esteróides sexuais em ciclídeos. Para isso, foram realizados 4 experimentos. Experimento I: foi avaliada a influência da intensidade luminosa sobre a agressividade em juvenis de Geophagus proximus, Oreochromis niloticus e Pterophyllum scalare. Foram comparadas duplas submetidas a duas intensidades luminosas (253,56 ± 62,25 lx e 1.435,92 ± 481,40 lx). A maior luminosidade reduziu a agressividade em O. niloticus, aumentou em P. scalare e não afetou a de G. proximus. Observou-se também que o nível de agressividade em O. niloticus foi maior que em G. proximus, que, por sua vez, foi maior que P. scalare. Isso sugere que a intensidade luminosa modula diferentemente a interação de peixes sociais, podendo o mecanismo estar associado aos padrões de agressividade de cada espécie. Experimento II: foi testada a influência da intensidade luminosa sobre o comportamento agonístico e indicadores de estresse (taxa ventilatória e atividade da catalase) em fêmeas de Tilapia rendalli. Foram comparadas duas intensidades luminosas: menor (253,56 ± 62,25 lx) e maior (1.435,92 ± 481,40 lx) em condições social (dupla) e de isolamento. A menor luminosidade aumentou a freqüência de ataques na dupla e no dominante, mas não afetou a interação do submisso. A taxa ventilatória do animal isolado foi maior na menor intensidade de luz. Assim, conclui-se que a luminosidade afeta a agressividade e atua como um estressor em fêmeas de T. rendalli. No entanto, essa resposta estressora pode não funcionar como o mecanismo causador do efeito da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Animals show behavioral and physiological changes due to variations of environmental physical factors. Thus, we compared the effect of luminosity on agonistic behaviour, hierarchy settlement, stress, and plasma sexual steroids levels in cichlids. Experiment I: we compared the effect of light intensity on agonistic behavior of pair juvenile cichlids Geophagus proximus, Oreochromis niloticus and Pterophyllum scalare under two light intensities ( minor: 253.56 ± 62.25 lx and major: 1435.92 ± 481.40 lx). Major light intensity reduced aggressiveness in O. niloticus; increased in P. scalare and did not affect agonistic interactions in G. proximus. In the 2 light conditions, the aggressiveness level in O. niloticus is higher than G. proximus and P. scalare. We concluded rising light intensity affects agonistic interaction in different way in the three fish species, and mechanism underlying this data could be related to specific agonistic profile. Experiment II: we tested the influence of light intensity on aggressive behavior and indicators of stress (ventilatory frequency and catalase activity) in adult females of Tilapia rendalli. A minor (253.56 ± 62.25 lx) and major (1435.92 ± 481.40 lx) light intensity were compared in social condition (pair) and isolation. The pair and winner exhibited higher agonistic interactions at major intensity group, but luminosity did not affect attacks in loser. The ventilatory frequency of isolated animal was higher in the minor light intensity. Thus, we concluded that the luminosity affects the aggressiveness and it is a stressor in females of T. rendalli. However, that stressful event can not be main causing mechanism of the light intensity on agonistic behavior effect. Experiment III: we evaluated the effect of the light intensity on social hierarchy settlement and indicators of stress (hematocrit and glycemia) in males of Oreochromis niloticus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Neste trabalho foram caracterizados cinco fotopolimerizadores, Visilux 2, Resilux, Fibralux, Translux III e Primelite. Inicialmente foram obtidos os espectros de emissão das cinco fontes de luz com um monocromador, e a estes espectros foram ajustadas funções gaussianas. Os melhores ajustes foram obtidos com um somatório de funções gaussianas, que originaram uma função matemática característica para cada uma das fontes de luz. Foi obtido também o espectro de absorção ótica da resina composta utilizada, no intervalo de 350-600 nm do espectro eletromagnético, e observou-se que havia uma absorção maior para comprimentos de onda menores. Foram calculados os valores dos coeficientes de atenuação linear para as lamínulas e para as amostras de resina, e observou-se que para uma mesma fonte de luz, haviam variações dos valores do coeficiente de atenuação linear para as diferentes espessuras, tanto das lamínulas como das amostras, concluindo-se que o sistema não estava em equilíbrio. As fontes de luz utilizadas foram ordenadas de acordo com a sua eficiência na polimerização da resina, através dos valores de dureza durante a polimerização da amostra, na seguinte ordem: Visilux 2, Translux III, Resilux, Fibralux, Primelite. / In this work, five photopolymerizators was characterized, Visilux 2, Resilux, Fibralux, Translux III and Primelite. Initially the emission specter from five light sources was obtained with a monochromator, and to these specters was adjusted gaussians functions. The better adjustments was obtained with a sum of gaussian functions, originating a caracteristic mathematical function to each light source. The resin's optical absortion specter was obtained in the 350-600 nm interval from eletromagnetic specter, and was observed that was greater absorption for smaller weavelength. The values of linear attenuation coefficient from slabs and samples was calculated, and was observed that for one light source, there was variations in the values of linear attenuation coefficient to differents thicknesses, both to the slabs and the samples, concluding that the sistem was not in equilibrium. The light sources used was disposed in agreement to their efficience in the resin's polymerization, through the values of the hardness during the photopolymerization, in the order: Visilux 2, Translux III, Resilux, Fibralux and Primelite.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-16T11:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Deivid Almeida da Costa.pdf: 1708608 bytes, checksum: 55e94fba63a2ca110e5fe18e96acf2bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T11:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deivid Almeida da Costa.pdf: 1708608 bytes, checksum: 55e94fba63a2ca110e5fe18e96acf2bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro development and antioxidative response of cane sugar, micropropagated in different conditions of gas exchange, sucrose and light. Plants were grown in multiplication and rooting medium, composed of: MS salts and vitamins, supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose, 100 g L-1 of inositol, 8 g L-1 of agar and 0.3 of mg L-1 kinetin, 0.2 mg.L-1 BAP (multiplication) or 1 mg.L-1 NAA (rooting). To evaluate the effect of gas exchange, we used 4 different caps, which allow different schemes of gas exchange (0.0787 ml d-1; 0.3446 ml d-1; 0.7330 ml d-1; 1.1970 ml d-1) in a growth room at 27 ± 2 °C with 16 hours photoperiod under a light intensity of 47.6 μmol m-2 s-1. In the experiment that evaluated the interaction effect between gas exchange and sucrose concentration in the culture medium, we used three concentrations of sucrose (0, 30 and 15 g L-1) and three regimes of gas exchange (0.0787 ml d-1, 0.3446 ml d-1 and 0.7330 ml d-1). In the experiment that evaluated the interaction between gas exchange, sucrose and light intensity, plants were grown at a temperature of 30 ± 1 ° C with a photoperiod of 16 hours in three different light intensities (55.2 μmol m-2 s-1, 100.8 μmol m-2 s-1, 147.9 μmol m-2 s-1), two concentrations of sucrose (30 to 15 g L-1) and two gas exchange systems (0.11 and 0.59 ml.d-1). Biometric parameters and the antioxidant enzymes activity of peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were evaluated in the late phase of multiplication and rooting. In the experiment that evaluated the four regimes of gas exchange, the plants showed high mortality in 1.1970 ml.d-1 gas exchange. However, the conditions of 0.3446 ml d-1 until 0.7330 ml d-1 gas exchange, showed the highest values of fresh weight and leaves number, promoting a decrease in activity of antioxidant enzymes when compared with the control treatment (0.0787 ml.d-1). In the experiments evaluating that evaluated the interaction between the gas exchange and sucrose showed that the reduction in sucrose of 30 to 15 g.L-1 promoting a reduction in dry weight, and the absence of sugar in the culture medium led to the death all plants at the end of the multiplication phase. There was an increase in biomass and number of leaves with the increase in gas exchange. In the rooting phase the increasing of gas exchange stimulated the production of roots. The enzyme activity in the rooting phase, for all enzymes showed significant differences in gas exchange and sucrose factor. What was observed is that the treatments with 0.3446 ml d-1 (with 15 and 30g L-1 sucrose) in all the enzymes analyzed, showed significantly lower mean of enzymatic activity. The effect of the interaction between gas exchange, sucrose and light intensity showed better growth and reduction of enzyme activity with 30g L-1 sucrose, 100.8 μmol m-2 s-1 light and evaporation rate of 0.59 ml d-1 treatments. The results suggested a reduction in oxidative stress and improved development of the plants under conditions that increased light intensity and gas exchange as compared to the cultivation system with sealed caps and low light. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento in vitro e a resposta antioxidativa da cana-de-açúcar, micropropagada em diferentes condições de troca gasosa, sacarose e luminosidade. As plantas foram cultivadas em meio de multiplicação e enraizamento, compostos por: Sais e vitaminas MS, acrescido de 30 g.L-1 de sacarose, 100 g.L-1 de inositol, 8 g.L-1 de agar e 0,3mg/L-1 de Kinetin, 0,2 mg/L-1 de BAP (multiplicação) ou 1 mg.L-1 de ANA (enraizamento). Para avaliar o efeito da troca gasosa, utilizou-se 4 diferentes tampas as quais permitiam diferentes regimes de troca gasosa (0,0787 ml.d-1; 0,3446 ml.d-1; 0,7330 ml.d-1; 1,1970 ml.d-1), em sala de crescimento à temperatura de 27 ± 2 °C, com fotoperíodo de 16 horas sob uma intensidade luminosa de 47,6 μmol m-2 s-1. No experimento que avaliou o efeito da interação entre a troca gasosa e a concentração de sacarose no meio de cultura, foram utilizados 3 concentrações de sacarose (0, 30 e 15 g.L-1) e três regimes de troca gasosa (0,0787 ml.d-1; 0,3446 ml.d-1 e 0,7330 ml.d-1). Já no experimento que avaliou a interação entre troca gasosa, sacarose e intensidade luminosa, as plantas foram cultivadas à temperatura de 30 ± 1 °C, com fotoperíodo de 16 horas em 3 diferentes intensidades luminosas (55,2 μmol m-2 s-1 ; 100,8 μmol m-2 s-1 ; 147,9 μmol m-2 s-1), 2 concentrações de sacarose (30 e 15 g.L-1) e dois regimes de troca gasosa (0, 11 e 0,59 ml.d-1). Foram avaliados os parâmetros biométricos e a atividade das enzimas antioxidativas Peroxidase, Catalase, polifenoloxidase e peroxidase do ascorbato, no final da fase de multiplicação e enraizamento. Com relação ao efeito das trocas gasosa, as plantas apresentaram alta mortalidade em regimes de troca gasosa de 1,1970 ml.d-1. Contudo, as condições de troca gasosa de 0,3446 ml.d-1 a 0,7330 ml.d-1 apresentou os maiores valores de matéria fresca e numero de folhas bem como promoveu a redução na atividade das enzimas antioxidativas, quando comparadas com o tratamento controle (0,0787 ml.d-1). Os experimentos que avaliaram a interação entre a troca gasosa e as concentrações de sacarose mostraram que a redução da sacarose de 30 g.L-1 para 15 g.L-1 promoveu uma redução da biomassa seca e a ausência de açúcar no meio de cultura provocou a morte de todas as plantas no final da fase de multiplicação. Houve um aumento na biomassa seca e numero de folhas com ao aumento das trocas gasosas. E na fase de enraizamento o aumento da troca gasosa estimulou a produção de raízes. Com relação a atividade enzimática, na fase de enraizamento, todas as enzimas mostraram diferenças significativas no fator troca gasosa e sacarose. O que se observou é que os tratamentos com 0,3446 ml.d-1 de troca gasosa (com 15 e 30g.L-1 de sacarose) em todas as enzimas analisadas, apresentou significativamente menores médias de atividade enzimática. Com relação ao efeito da interação entre troca gasosa, sacarose e intensidade luminosa os melhores resultados de crescimento e redução de atividade das enzimas foram observados nos tratamentos com 30g.L-1 de sacarose, 100,8 μmol m-2 s-1 de luz e troca gasosa de 0,59 ml.d-1. Os resultados sugerem uma redução no estresse oxidativo e melhor desenvolvimento das plantas em condições que promovem maior intensidade luminosa e troca gasosa, quando comparadas com o sistema de cultivo em frascos vedados e com baixa luminosidade.

This master‘s thesis deals with possibility of a spotting differently dressed pedestrian by motorcycle rider at night based on realized experiment with different types of motorycycles and its coparison with already measured values from personal motor vehicles

Diapause is often an adaptation for survival during periods of harsh environmental conditions. Some diapausing stages do not terminate the dormancy once the favourable conditions are restored. Such prolonged diapause may be enforced by environment if a diapausing stage cannot be reached by the cues inducing termination of dormancy. However, it may also be an advantageous bet-hedging strategy to allow only a fraction of dormant stages produced in any given season to hatch the next time conditions become favourable. I tested whether such strategy can be observed in hatching patterns of dormant eggs of Daphnia obtusa - a cladoceran occurring in small Central European temporary waters. I investigated the influence of intensity of illumination on hatching success, and effect of isolating the eggs encased in ephippia from the sediment. Fraction of eggs terminating diapause, fraction of embryos successfully leaving the egg membranes, and timing of the response were assessed at 15 ˚C under four intensities of illumination (100% = 35µmol.m2 .s-1 , 75%, 50%, 25%; photoperiod 12h light: 12h dark) and in complete darkness for 21 days. My results support previous suggestions that there is no genetically-fixed bet-hedging strategy in D. obtusa. I observed high proportion of eggs which terminated diapause in all...

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Raymond A. Cloyd / James R. Nechols / Raymond A. Cloyd / James R. Nechols / Greenhouse studies were conducted to examine direct effects of light intensity and nitrogen source on primary and secondary metabolism of pac choi (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis cv. ‘Mei Qing Choi’) and indirect effects on diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)(DBM). In the first study, plants were exposed to high and low light intensities during different times of the year, resulting in a range of light intensities. From four experiments, plants exhibited higher phenolic content, greater shoot biomass, and higher C:N ratios under high light intensity, whereas plants under low light intensity contained higher protein. Ferulic acid increased under high light intensity, and this increase was negatively correlated with male DBM body weights. However, DBM developed faster on plants in the August experiment (high light), compared to the July experiment (lower light). This implies that light intensity may not be affecting DBM through plant-mediated changes unless reduced male weights confer a reduction in larval consumption. In the nitrogen source study, application of an organic source of nitrogen (fish hydrolysate fertilizer) was compared to a conventional fertilizer to determine whether nitrogen source directly impacts pac choi chemistry and biomass, thus indirectly impacting DBM fitness. In two experiments, there was no significant effect of fertility treatment on pac choi nutrients or biomass, with the exception of percent leaf phosphorus, which was significantly higher in the conventional fertility treatment. For DBM, percent survival and cohort development were significantly reduced on pac choi receiving the organic fertilizer. Calcium and magnesium were significantly higher in pac choi infested with DBM larvae than plants without DBM. In addition, calcium was negatively correlated with female DBM body weights in one experiment for the organic treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated that pac choi plants that received the organic fertilizer were similar to pac choi plants that received a conventional fertilizer with the exception of phosphorus. Furthermore, female DBM body weights were negatively impacted by calcium in the organic treatment. As multiple fitness traits for DBM were negatively affected in the organic treatment, pac choi crops grown with fish hydrolysate fertilizer may experience less feeding from DBM.

O estresse de luz pode afetar consideravelmente o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos organismos fotossintetizantes. Nestas situações, é comum verificar respostas químicas que podem indicar diferentes estratégias de fotoproteção adotado pelo organismo. No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidas metodologias de análise e extração de pigmentos fotossintetizantes e compostos fenólicos na macroalga vermelha Gracilariopsis tenuifrons com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do aumento intensidade de luz sobre estes compostos. Foi verificado que aumento da intensidade de luz não provocou redução na biomassa desta alga, ao contrário houve um maior incremento. Os pigmentos majoritários no extrato foram clorofila α, β-caroteno e zeaxantina. O carotenoide β-caroteno teve um comportamento correlacionado com o pigmento clorofila a, tendo as concentrações reduzidas com o aumento da intensidade de luz, sugerindo que ambos os pigmentos possuam uma mesma função na fotossíntese. Já a concentração da zeaxantina aumentou com a intensidade de luz nos dias iniciais, indicando uma função fotoproteção deste pigmento nesta alga. A capacidade redutora do extrato aumentou com a intensidade luminosa. No entanto, não foi possível afirmar se esse aumento foi realmente devido à síntese de compostos fenólicos ou a outras substâncias que desempenhem o mesmo papel. As análises em CLAE revelaram que um derivado da micosporina palitinol apresentou alta relação com o aumento da intensidade de luz, sendo essa resposta altamente correlacionada com os resultados no ensaio no Folin-Ciocalteu. Em conclusão, das substâncias analisadas neste trabalho, a zeaxantina e o derivado do palitinol foram as que apresentaram os resultados mais evidentes como antioxidantes / The high-light stress can adversely affect growth and development of photosyn-thetic organisms. In these situations, it is common to note chemical responses that may indicate different strategies of photoprotection. In this study, protocols were optimized for analysis and extraction of phenolic compounds and photosynthetic pig-ments in macrophytic red algae Gracilariopsis tenuifrons in order of evaluat-ing the effects of high-light stress on these compounds. It was found that an increase in light intensity has not caused decrease in biomass of algae; on the contrary, promotes a greater increase in biomass. Zeaxanthin, β-carotene and chlorophyll α were the major pigments present in the extract. The β-carotene and chlorophyll a were inversely dependent on the intensity of light. Both pigments were highly correlated sug-gesting the same role in photosynthesis. The concentration of the zeaxanthin was de-pendent on the intensity of light in the initial days, indicating a photoprotection function for this pigment. The reduction capacity of the extract increased with light intensity. However, it was not possible to state that this increase was actually due to the synthesis of phenolic compounds or other substances that perform the same role. The HPLC ana-lyzes revealed that a derivative of micosporina palitinol showed high correlation with the increase in light intensity. This response was highly correlated with the results for Folin-Ciocalteu assay. In conclusion, from all compounds analyzed in this work, zeax-anthin and the palitinol derivative presented clearer results as antioxidants