A vinhaça é um resíduo da produção de álcool após a fermentação do mosto e destilação do vinho, resultando de 10 a 15 litros para cada litro de etanol produzido. Este efluente altamente colorido é um sub-produto rico em nutrientes, principalmente materia orgânica, tendo um alto potencial poluente quando disposto no ambiente. Os fungos ligninolíticos podem ser utilizados para a remediação de poluentes, como a vinhaça, pela ação de enzimas peroxidases. Foram utilizadas em ensaios para descoloração da vinhaça três linhagens de fungos ascomicetos e cinco de basidiomicetos sendo que o basidiomiceto Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB 020 se destacou dos demais. A descoloração foi concomitante com o aumento das atividades de lacase e manganês peroxidase. Entretanto ficou evidende que a lacase é a enzima de maior importância na descoloração. P. sajor-caju é comestível tendo seus valores nutricionais determinados na literatura. A vinhaça desencadeou o processo de estresse oxidativo no fungo, fato observado através da elevação da atividade de enzimas (superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa redutase) associadas a mecanismos de detoxificação de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Quando comparado com crescimento em meio sintético, o cultivo submerso de P. sajor-caju em vinhaça demonstrou aumento na produção de biomassa (1,06 g 100 mL-1), e aumento na atividade das enzimas como a lacase (variando entre 400 e 450 UI L-1) alcançada entre o 9° e 10º dia e para MnP alcançada no 12° dia de cultivo (variando de 60 a 100 UI L-1), a 28ºC, com agitação constante. Nos mesmos tratamentos foram observadas reduções de: 82,76% na DQO, de 75,29% da DBO, da coloração em 99,17% e da turbidez em 99,73%, indicando a participação destas enzimas na despolimerização de compostos fenólicos e pigmentos de melanoidinas. Após 15 dias de tratamento com o fungo, foi evidenciada a redução de toxicidade da vinhaça determinada por exposição aos organismos: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis e Hydra attenuata. Foi concluído que o uso do sistema vinhaça e P. sajor-caju pode ser aplicado em bioprocessos de remoção de cor e na degradação de compostos complexos da vinhaça, ocorrendo destoxicação e melhora em suas qualidades podendo ser indicada como água de reuso, produção de enzimas lacases e manganês peroxidase e aproveitamento de biomassa. / Vinasse is a residue resulting from the production of alcohol after pulp fermentation and distillation of the wine, ensuing from 10 to 15 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. This high colored effluent is a by-product rich in nutrients, mainly organic matter, having a high pollutant potential when disposed in the environment. Lignolytic fungi can be utilized in the remediation of pollutants, such as vinasse, by the action of peroxidases. Assays for the decolorization of vinasse by three ascomycetes fungi and five basidiomycetes were performed and consequently selecting the fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB 020. The activities of manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnP) and laccases and the quantification of the decolorization after the treatment of the vinasse by P. sajor-caju were evaluated and it was observed that this fungus can be utilized to biodegrade and decolorize the vinasse at a concentration of 100% without the necessity of dilution. P. sajorcaju is an edible fungus with nutritional values determined in the literature. The vinasse trigged the process of oxidative stress in the fungus, fact observed through the elevation of the enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) associated to mechanisms of detoxifying reactive oxygen species. When compared to the growth in synthetic medium, the tests in submerged vinasse cultivation with P. sajor-caju demonstrated a raise in the biomass production (1,06 g 100 mL-1), and in the enzyme activities such as laccase (varying from 400 to 450 U L-1) reached between the 9th and 10th day of growth and for MnP at the 12th day of cultivation (varying from 60 a 100 U L-1), indicating the participation of these enzymes in the depolymerization of phenolic compounds and melanoidins pigments. In the same treatments were observed reductions of 82,76% in COD, 75% of BOD, 99,17% in the color and 99,73% for the turbidity. After the treatment with the fungus, a reduction in the toxicity was evident through the exposition of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis e Hydra attenuata. It was concluded that the system P.sajor caju/vinasse can be utilized as a bioprocess for color removal and degradation of complex molecules. It was observed an improvement in the characteristics and detoxification allowing it to be utilized as reused water, laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes production and for fungal biomass production with a high nutritional value.

A vinhaça é um resíduo da produção de álcool após a fermentação do mosto e destilação do vinho, resultando de 10 a 15 litros para cada litro de etanol produzido. Este efluente altamente colorido é um sub-produto rico em nutrientes, principalmente materia orgânica, tendo um alto potencial poluente quando disposto no ambiente. Os fungos ligninolíticos podem ser utilizados para a remediação de poluentes, como a vinhaça, pela ação de enzimas peroxidases. Foram utilizadas em ensaios para descoloração da vinhaça três linhagens de fungos ascomicetos e cinco de basidiomicetos sendo que o basidiomiceto Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB 020 se destacou dos demais. A descoloração foi concomitante com o aumento das atividades de lacase e manganês peroxidase. Entretanto ficou evidende que a lacase é a enzima de maior importância na descoloração. P. sajor-caju é comestível tendo seus valores nutricionais determinados na literatura. A vinhaça desencadeou o processo de estresse oxidativo no fungo, fato observado através da elevação da atividade de enzimas (superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa redutase) associadas a mecanismos de detoxificação de espécies ativas de oxigênio. Quando comparado com crescimento em meio sintético, o cultivo submerso de P. sajor-caju em vinhaça demonstrou aumento na produção de biomassa (1,06 g 100 mL-1), e aumento na atividade das enzimas como a lacase (variando entre 400 e 450 UI L-1) alcançada entre o 9° e 10º dia e para MnP alcançada no 12° dia de cultivo (variando de 60 a 100 UI L-1), a 28ºC, com agitação constante. Nos mesmos tratamentos foram observadas reduções de: 82,76% na DQO, de 75,29% da DBO, da coloração em 99,17% e da turbidez em 99,73%, indicando a participação destas enzimas na despolimerização de compostos fenólicos e pigmentos de melanoidinas. Após 15 dias de tratamento com o fungo, foi evidenciada a redução de toxicidade da vinhaça determinada por exposição aos organismos: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis e Hydra attenuata. Foi concluído que o uso do sistema vinhaça e P. sajor-caju pode ser aplicado em bioprocessos de remoção de cor e na degradação de compostos complexos da vinhaça, ocorrendo destoxicação e melhora em suas qualidades podendo ser indicada como água de reuso, produção de enzimas lacases e manganês peroxidase e aproveitamento de biomassa. / Vinasse is a residue resulting from the production of alcohol after pulp fermentation and distillation of the wine, ensuing from 10 to 15 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. This high colored effluent is a by-product rich in nutrients, mainly organic matter, having a high pollutant potential when disposed in the environment. Lignolytic fungi can be utilized in the remediation of pollutants, such as vinasse, by the action of peroxidases. Assays for the decolorization of vinasse by three ascomycetes fungi and five basidiomycetes were performed and consequently selecting the fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju CCB 020. The activities of manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnP) and laccases and the quantification of the decolorization after the treatment of the vinasse by P. sajor-caju were evaluated and it was observed that this fungus can be utilized to biodegrade and decolorize the vinasse at a concentration of 100% without the necessity of dilution. P. sajorcaju is an edible fungus with nutritional values determined in the literature. The vinasse trigged the process of oxidative stress in the fungus, fact observed through the elevation of the enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) associated to mechanisms of detoxifying reactive oxygen species. When compared to the growth in synthetic medium, the tests in submerged vinasse cultivation with P. sajor-caju demonstrated a raise in the biomass production (1,06 g 100 mL-1), and in the enzyme activities such as laccase (varying from 400 to 450 U L-1) reached between the 9th and 10th day of growth and for MnP at the 12th day of cultivation (varying from 60 a 100 U L-1), indicating the participation of these enzymes in the depolymerization of phenolic compounds and melanoidins pigments. In the same treatments were observed reductions of 82,76% in COD, 75% of BOD, 99,17% in the color and 99,73% for the turbidity. After the treatment with the fungus, a reduction in the toxicity was evident through the exposition of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis e Hydra attenuata. It was concluded that the system P.sajor caju/vinasse can be utilized as a bioprocess for color removal and degradation of complex molecules. It was observed an improvement in the characteristics and detoxification allowing it to be utilized as reused water, laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes production and for fungal biomass production with a high nutritional value.

Orientadores: Lucia Regina Durrant, Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_IvanJoseSantana_M.pdf: 1134875 bytes, checksum: 88af103bdbd26ade9ec5e063cbd582c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: 17a-etinilestradiol (EE2), carbamazepina (CBZ) e ibuprofeno (IBU) são substâncias farmacêuticas muito utilizadas em todo o mundo e vêm sendo frequentemente detectadas em estações de tratamento de efluentes e em águas naturais em vários países, inclusive no Brasil. A grande preocupação da presença destes fármacos em quantidades residuais na água potável e nos ambientes aquáticos são os potenciais efeitos adversos para a saúde humana e animal. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de fungos ligninolíticos e bactérias para degradar esses três compostos, individualmente. Linhagens de bactérias e fungos ligninolíticos foram crescidas em meio mineral com os fármacos, na presença ou ausência de glicose. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma seleção com o objetivo de escolher linhagens bacterianas e fúngicas com maior capacidade de degradação dessas drogas, avaliando a necessidade da presença de glicose para que a degradação ocorresse. As linhagens que apresentaram maior capacidade de degradar tais compostos foram selecionadas e, em seguida, foram realizados ensaios com o intuito de se otimizar o período de incubação, visando-se uma maior porcentagem de degradação no menor período de incubação possível. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises de atividade das enzimas lacase, lignina peroxidase (LiP) e manganês peroxidase (MnP) produzidas pelos fungos selecionados e foi avaliada a participação dessas na degradação dos fármacos. A atuação das enzimas do Citocromo P450 na degradação dos fármacos foi avaliada por meio da adição de piperonil butóxido (PB), o qual inibe esse complexo enzimático. A toxicidade dos fármacos e seus metabólitos para a bactéria Vibrio fischeri também foram avaliadas. A quantificação dos fármacos em todas as amostras foi realizada por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. EE2 foi totalmente degradado por todos os fungos avaliados, sem a necessidade de glicose no meio de cultivo; no entanto, nenhuma das bactérias estudadas foi capaz de degradá-lo significativamente. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm linhagem P1 foi selecionado para os ensaios subsequentes. Após 6 dias, foi encontrada atividade de MnP igual a 5122,11 U.L-1. A lacase teve como atividade 307,69 U.L-1, valor encontrado após 4 dias de incubação. Não foi detectada atividade da enzima LiP em nenhum dos tempos analisados. Apesar da detecção de atividade dessas enzimas, elas não foram capazes de degradar o EE2 na ausência do micélio fúngico. Nos ensaios de toxicidade foi encontrada uma CE50 igual a 76% para o EE2 e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Trametes sp. linhagem BNI foi a selecionado para degradar CBZ, sendo a glicose necessária para o processo de biodegradação. Após 28 dias de incubação, houve 42% de degradação de CBZ. A atividade máxima de lacase foi de 1740,17 U.L-1, sendo encontrada após 21 dias de incubação. LiP teve como atividade máxima 663,08 U.L-1, valor encontrado após 14 dias de incubação. Não foi detectada atividade da enzima MnP em nenhum dos tempos analisados. Não houve a degradação de CBZ utilizando apenas o caldo enzimático. A presença de PB inibiu totalmente a degradação de CBZ. CBZ e seus metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Nenhuma das bactérias foi capaz de degradar CBZ. IBU foi totalmente degradado por todos os fungos avaliados sem a necessidade de glicose no meio de cultivo, sendo Trametes sp. linhagem BNI selecionado para os ensaios posteriores. Após 2 dias de incubação, BNI foi capaz de degradar totalmente IBU. Lacase foi a única enzima que teve atividade detectada nesse ensaio, sendo a atividade máxima detectada igual a 478,18 U.L-1, no sexto dia de incubação. Não foi detectada degradação de IBU utilizando apenas o caldo enzimático e a presença de PB no meio não inibiu a degradação deste fármaco. Nos ensaios de toxicidade foi encontrada uma CE50 igual a 86% para o IBU e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Staphylococcus arlettae e Bacillus megaterium foram capazes de degradar significativamente IBU na presença de glicose. B. megaterium foi selecionado para os ensaios subsequentes. Após 3 dias, essa linhagem foi capaz de degradar todo IBU disponível no meio. Nos ensaios de toxicidade para os metabólitos do processo de biodegradação por B. megaterium, o IBU apresentou uma CE50 inicial igual a 47% e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Esses resultados comprovam que fungos ligninolíticos e bactérias são capazes de degradar fármacos encontrados em matrizes ambientais, sendo plausível a utilização destes micro-organismos, ou suas enzimas, em sistemas de tratamento de água e esgoto / Abstract: 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), carbamazepine (CBZ) and ibuprofen (IBU) are pharmaceutical drugs used worldwide and have been frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters in several countries, including Brazil. The major concern about the occurrence of these drugs in trace amounts in drinking water and aquatic environments are the potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of ligninolytic fungi and bacteria to degrade these 3 compounds individually. Bacteria and ligninolytic fungi strains were grown on mineral medium with these drugs and with or without glucose. A selection was carried out to choose bacterial and fungal strains with capacity to degrade these drugs and if an addition of a carbon source (glucose) was needed for degradation. Strains with greater capacity to degrade these compounds were selected and assays were performed in order to optimize the incubation time to obtain the highest degradation rate in the shortest incubation time. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by the selected fungi was assessed. Also, the action of these enzymes in the degradation of the drugs was evaluated. The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in degradation of the pharmaceutical drugs was evaluated by the addition of piperonyl butoxide (PB), which inhibits this enzyme complex. The toxicity of the drugs and metabolites to Vibrio fischeri were also evaluated. The quantification of the drugs was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. EE2 was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, however none of the studied bacteria was capable to degrade it significantly. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm strain P1 was selected for subsequent tests. The maximum enzyme activity produced by P1 was 5122.11 UL-1 for MnP after 6 days and 307.69 UL-1 for lacase after 4 days, while LiP activity was not detected. Although the detection of the enzymes activity, they were not able to degrade EE2 without the fungal mycelia. Toxicity studies showed the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value equal to 76% to EE2 prior to fungal treatment, after this no toxicity was observed. Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected to degrade CBZ, and glucose was shown to be necessary for the biodegradation process. After 28 days of incubation, 42% of CBZ was degraded. The maximum laccase activity was 1740.17 UL-1, after 21 days of incubation. LiP maximum activity was 663.08 UL-1, found after 14 days of incubation, while MnP activity was not detected. There was no CBZ degradation using only the enzymatic supernatant. The addition of PB completely inhibited the degradation of CBZ. CBZ and its metabolites did not show toxicity. IBU was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, and Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected for further analyses. 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), carbamazepine (CBZ) and ibuprofen (IBU) are pharmaceutical drugs used worldwide and have been frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters in several countries, including Brazil. The major concern about the occurrence of these drugs in trace amounts in drinking water and aquatic environments are the potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of ligninolytic fungi and bacteria to degrade these 3 compounds individually. Bacteria and ligninolytic fungi strains were grown on mineral medium with these drugs and with or without glucose. A selection was carried out to choose bacterial and fungal strains with capacity to degrade these drugs and if an addition of a carbon source (glucose) was needed for degradation. Strains with greater capacity to degrade these compounds were selected and assays were performed in order to optimize the incubation time to obtain the highest degradation rate in the shortest incubation time. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by the selected fungi was assessed. Also, the action of these enzymes in the degradation of the drugs was evaluated. The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in degradation of the pharmaceutical drugs was evaluated by the addition of piperonyl butoxide (PB), which inhibits this enzyme complex. The toxicity of the drugs and metabolites to Vibrio fischeri were also evaluated. The quantification of the drugs was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. EE2 was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, however none of the studied bacteria was capable to degrade it significantly. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm strain P1 was selected for subsequent tests. The maximum enzyme activity produced by P1 was 5122.11 UL-1 for MnP after 6 days and 307.69 UL-1 for lacase after 4 days, while LiP activity was not detected. Although the detection of the enzymes activity, they were not able to degrade EE2 without the fungal mycelia. Toxicity studies showed the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value equal to 76% to EE2 prior to fungal treatment, after this no toxicity was observed. Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected to degrade CBZ, and glucose was shown to be necessary for the biodegradation process. After 28 days of incubation, 42% of CBZ was degraded. The maximum laccase activity was 1740.17 UL-1, after 21 days of incubation. LiP maximum activity was 663.08 UL-1, found after 14 days of incubation, while MnP activity was not detected. There was no CBZ degradation using only the enzymatic supernatant. The addition of PB completely inhibited the degradation of CBZ. CBZ and its metabolites did not show toxicity. IBU was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, and Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected for further analyses / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_KethlenRoseInacioda_M.pdf: 2432672 bytes, checksum: 826723cb3719c2f7f07b98f8e74df361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Em 1977, o polietileno tereftalato (PET), produto derivado do petróleo, começou a ser utilizado como material de embalagem e plástico de engenharia. Porém, sob o ponto de vista ambiental, o uso de plástico é considerado problemático pela sua alta durabilidade e grande volume na composição total do lixo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a biodegradabilidade de polímeros sintéticos por ação de fungos basidiomicetos de podridão branca cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais envolvendo fermentações distintas, a fermentação semi-sólida e a fermentação submersa. Duas linhagens fúngicas de Pleurotus sp foram cultivadas em resíduos agroindustriais juntamente com os pellets ou quadrados de garrafa PET transparente sob fermentação semi-sólida e fermentação submersa e incubados, em estufa à 30ºC, durante 30, 60 e 90 dias. Após incubação, o material obtido após a filtragem das amostras e os polímeros em estudo foram analisados, quanto as atividades enzimáticas, a produção de biosurfactantes, a perda de massa, a morfologia do polímero em estudo, viscosidade intrínseca e a taxa de biodegradação do PET. Dentre todos os ensaios realizados o fungo Pleurotus 001 apresentou os melhores resultados após crescimento em pellets, produzindo alterações na estrutura do polímero, perda de massa e redução da viscosidade intrínseca, produção de biosurfactantes, produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas e uma atividade respiratória baixa quando em comparação com os ensaios realizados. Comprovou-se que os microrganismos lignocelulolíticos podem proporcionar um grande progresso na degradação de materiais sintéticos, sendo de grande importância o estudo das condições ótimas de crescimento destes microrganismos aliado a combinações físico-químicas que podem auxiliar e/ou maximizar o processo de degradação / Abstract: In 1977, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a plastic derived from petroleum, started to be used as raw material for packaging material and engineering plastics. However, under an environmental point of view, the use of plastics is considered problematic because of their high durability and high volume when present in domestic and industrial solid wastes. This study investigated the biodegradability of synthetic polymers by white-rot basidiomycete fungi cultivated on agro industrial residues under two fermentation conditions, semi-solid state and submerged fermentation. Two Pleurotus strains were grown in agro-industrial residues with either PET pellets or squares of transparent PET¿s bottles under semi-solid and submerged fermentation and incubated at 30 C for 30, 60 and 90 days. After incubation, the material obtained following filtration of samples and polymers were analyzed for determination of enzymatic activities, production of biosurfactants, mass loss, modifications on the morphology of the polymer, intrinsic viscosity and determination of the rate of degradation. Pleurotus 001 showed the best results when incubated with pellets, showing changes in the structure of the polymer, weight loss and reduction of intrinsic viscosity, production of biosurfactants, and of lignocellulolytic enzymes and a low respiratory activity. These results show that ligninolytic fungi can help improve the degradation of synthetic materials. However, further studies to determine the optimum conditions for growth of these fungi associated with combinations of physical and chemical treatment to maximize the degradation process are still necessary / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Many organic compounds are released to the environment and can be harmful to living organisms. These compounds are often persistent and toxic. Some are mutagens, carcinogens, endocrine disruptors or they can cause an increase in bacterial resistance. They tend to accumulate in nature and their transformation is a long-term process. Therefore, various remediation techniques are needed for decontamination. Remediation and bioremediation processes depend on many factors which should be critically evaluated. This dissertation thesis studies the relationship between bioavailability, biodegradation and toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. These compounds of different origin, character and properties were degradated by ligninolytic fungi. Desorption behaviour of pollutants from historically contaminated sites, degradation potential of ligninolytic fungi, ongoing degradation mechanisms, transformation products and their toxicity were studied as important factors for evaluation of mycoremediation and its environmental impact. The results show that determination of bioaccessible fraction by sequential supercritical fluid extraction is very useful for precise prediction of biodegradability of pollutants. The evidence that ecotoxicity and...

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of important organic pollutants which undergo very slow degradation and tend to persist for a long time in the environment. PCBs have various negative effects on living organisms, human health and the environment in general. A method for determining PCB levels in aqueous matrices was developed consisting of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and GC/MS determination. The average recoveries of PCB congeners from artificially spiked deionized water were around 85%. The PCB concentration of 3.3±0.1 μg·l-1 (a sum of selected congeners) was detected in contaminated groundwater originated from the area of a former asphalt concrete producing plant. The most abundant PCBs were trichlorinated congeners which together comprised about 80% of the total PCB content. The optimised SPE method was further applied together with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) to assess the degradation potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) which shows high degradation efficiency of various organic pollutants including PCBs. P. ostreatus belongs to ligninolytic (white-rot) fungi, which is a very promising group of microorganisms frequently studied due to their bioremediation potential. P. ostreatus, strain KRYOS was able to remove 41±8% of the initial amount (50 μg) of the...

This work is aimed at the study of the effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on the production and characteristics of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, Mn-dependent peroxidase and lignin peroxidase) in I. lacteus, T. versicolor, P. chrysosporium and P. ostreatus cultures grown on two types of liquid media. Enzyme activity production in fungal cultures was affected by the composition of culture medium. In the case of P. chrysosporium, the addition of EE2 to the complex- medium cultures led to a MnP activity stimulation and simultaneously LiP production was partially repressed in these cultures. In the mineral MM medium, no effect of EE2 on enzyme production by P. chrysosporium was observed. In EE2 treated MM cultures of P. ostreatus lower MnP activities were found when compared to biotic controls. In the case of T. versicolor cultures, the addition of EE2 to the complex medium caused laccase and LiP stimulation in the cultures. In the MM medium, however, only laccase production was affected by EE2. I. lacteus MnP production was partially repressed by EE2 in MM medium. In contrast to that, significantly higher MnP activities were detected in complex- medium I. lacteus cultures after the treatment with EE2. Further EE2 degradation by the fungal cultures was studied. The highest degradation effeciency was...

Today a lot of attention is focused on compounds called endocrine disrupters (EDs) among substances released to environment by humans. They are a group of substances which can disturb function of hormonal system of organisms including humans. Their poor removal at wastewater treatment plants (WwTP) were shown at various studies, thus they can reach the environment in water. A prospective way for the degradation of EDs at WwTP can be their removal by ligninolytic fungi. They are able to degrade lots of lignin-like aromatic substances because of their highly nonspecific enzymes. In this work growth and enzyme production capability of four ligninolytic fungal strains were monitored on three solid substrates (straw pellets, poplar sawdust mixed with straw pellets, oak sawdust with straw pellets), which may be suitable substrates for fungal growth in bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Ability of these enzymes to degrade EDs were tested in in-vitro degradation experiment. Trametes versicolor was found as best degrading strain with 20 μg/ml of bisphenol A, 17 α- ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol degraded below a quantification limit within 24 hours. Fungal strains degraded EDs well on all of the three substrates but wood sawdust seemed to be a better substrate for fungal growth because straw pellets...