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O Tratado da cozinha portuguesa, cód. I. E. 33, pertencente à biblioteca Nacional de Napóles é composto por quatro cadernos: manjares de carne, manjares de ovos, manjares de leite e coisas de conserva. O principal objetivo em estudá-lo, deve-se à curiosidade em conhecer e analisar os aspectos internos e externos desse tratado, bem como os aspectos culturais e lingüísticos, por apresentarem marcas específicas do século em que foram registradas. / The Um Tratado da cozinha portuguesa belonging to the National Library of Napoles is composited by four books: custard of meat, custard custard of eggs, of milk and conserves things. The first objective in studing this text is about the curiosity from knowing and to analysing the inside and outside aspects from this text, it means that looks for the cultural and linguistics studies that show the specifc of register of the fifteenth century.

O Tratado da cozinha portuguesa, cód. I. E. 33, pertencente à biblioteca Nacional de Napóles é composto por quatro cadernos: manjares de carne, manjares de ovos, manjares de leite e coisas de conserva. O principal objetivo em estudá-lo, deve-se à curiosidade em conhecer e analisar os aspectos internos e externos desse tratado, bem como os aspectos culturais e lingüísticos, por apresentarem marcas específicas do século em que foram registradas. / The Um Tratado da cozinha portuguesa belonging to the National Library of Napoles is composited by four books: custard of meat, custard custard of eggs, of milk and conserves things. The first objective in studing this text is about the curiosity from knowing and to analysing the inside and outside aspects from this text, it means that looks for the cultural and linguistics studies that show the specifc of register of the fifteenth century.

This is a limited linguistic study that focuses on contemporary language use of two British nationals who are well-known professionals within cooking, and who perform linguistically in the writing of cookery books and in television shows. There are two linguistic foci for the study: a gender perspective and a social class perspective. The aim is to evaluate the linguistic features that are characteristic of the two subjects in relation to the research approaches and in relation to previous research from these perspectives, and to compare their respective language use from the selected material. The study also aims to explore how the language use and linguistic style of each subject may contribute to his or her identity and to the professional image marketing processes the employ. A quantitative method is used for the study of specific linguistic features and to detect the presence or absence of these features. A qualitative approach is used when discussing and commenting on how the qualitative result may have impact on, or may contribute to, individual style, identity and professional branding. The texts for the study is randomly chosen and comprises written texts in two cookery books of each individual and spoken language in one television episode, of each person, from broadcasted cookery shows. Due to the randomly selected and limited data, the study does not claim to be statistically relevant. Rather, it presents possible tendencies. The results of the study show that the subjects act linguistically in accordance with traditional findings and previous research from the perspective of social class, but opposite to traditional findings regarding gender. This result raises the question as to whether or not class may have priority over gender as a linguistic feature, with higher relevance as a social variable, and further research is suggested within this area.

Le bégaiement est un trouble de la fluence de la parole qui se caractérise, entre autres, par une présence accrue d’accidents de parole venant entraver l’intelligibilité de l’énoncé. Ce travail de doctorat a pour objectif d’étudier les disfluences catégorisées comme pathologiques produites par des locuteurs qui bégaient et ce, en tâche de lecture et en situation de parole spontanée. Plus précisément, il s’agit, d’une part, de vérifier si des éléments morphologiques et phonétiques peuvent expliquer l’apparition d’un bégayage et, d’autre part, d’observer les événements articulatoires présents avant et pendant les disfluences. Pour mener à bien les études ayant trait aux éléments linguistiques posant le plus de difficultés aux personnes qui bégaient, 10 locuteurs francophones et 10 locuteurs slovacophones, tous atteints de ce trouble, ont été enregistrés en train de lire un texte et de parler spontanément dans leur langue maternelle. Quant aux travaux portant sur les événements moteurs se déroulant avant et durant les disfluences, ils ont été réalisés grâce à des données EMA acquises auprès de 4 locuteurs francophones (2 locuteurs qui bégaient et 2 sujets normo-fluents) en tâche de lecture. Nos résultats ont montré que les consonnes non-voisées et les occlusives faisaient partie des éléments les plus problématiques à prononcer pour les personnes bègues. L’étude morphologique a révélé que plus un mot contient de morphèmes et plus le risque de voir apparaître une disfluence est accru. Ce résultat doit notamment être mis en corrélation avec le nombre de syllabes présentes dans le mot. En ce qui concerne le second couple d’études, portant sur le niveau moteur de la parole bègue, nos données montrent, en particulier, des similitudes dans les événements articulatoires se déroulant au niveau supra-glottique entre les disfluences perçues acoustiquement comme des blocages et des prolongations. Enfin, une perturbation des gestes coarticulatoires a pu être relevée lors de la production de certaines disfluences. / Stuttering is a speech fluency disorder. It can be mainly characterized by an increased presence of disfluencies that affect the speech intelligibility. The aim of this thesis is to study stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) produced by persons who stutter (PWS) during reading tasks and during spontaneous speech. More specifically, we propose, as our first objective, to verify if any morphological or phonetic elements can explain the presence of these disfluencies. Our second objective is to observe articulatory events before and during SLDs. For the studies dealing with the linguistic and phonetic elements that can be problematic to PWS, 10 French-speaking and 10 Slovak-speaking PWS were recorded while reading a text and while having a conversation in their mother tongue. The studies on speech motor events taking place before and during SLDs were realized by means of an EMA. 4 French-speaking subjects participated in this part of the study (2 PWS and 2 control subjects). Our results show that non-voiced consonants and stops were part of the most problematic elements to produce for PWS. The morphological study reveals that the risk of a SLD appearance was higher when the word contained more morphemes. This result should be correlated to the number of syllables that constitute the word. As for the second couple of studies, they focus on the speech motor events in stuttered speech. Our data show that similar articulatory events can take place in the supraglottic cavity during disfluencies perceived as blocks or prolongations. Furthermore, a disruption of coarticulatory gestures was observed in certain disfluencies.